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This is a guide to conducting Item Analysis on Likert data. R will need some libraries to work out the
following examples, so make sure you run the following lines in your computer.
install.packages("xlsx")
install.packages("foreign")
install.packages("psych")
install.packages("Hmisc")
install.packages("Scale")
library(Scale)
Reading in Data
From Excel
library(xlsx)
my_data <- read.xlsx("YouDataFileHere.xlsx", sheetIndex=1)
From SPSS
library(foreign)
my_data <- read.spss("YourDataFileHere.sav", to.data.frame=T)
Minimal Example
If your questionnaire has no reverse items and it has not been administered in various re-orderings of items,
then you can proceed as follows:
1
Re-Ordered Items
If you have administered your questionnaire in one ore more reorderings - and you know which! - you can pass
them to the orders argument, enclosed in c(), separated by commas. If you have more than one reorderings,
you should use a list() to wrap them up. You also need to provide an orders_id argument, i.e. a c() of
integers indicating which order was administered to each participant.
Reverse Items
If you have reverse items in the questionnaire, you can pass them to the reverse argument. It needs to be a
c() of integers, indicating the position of the items in the original order.
2
Pre-processing Data
Now, all the work and thought you have put into your questionnaire pays off. You don’t have to do anything
complicated from now on. To pre-process your data, just type:
Excluding Items
Either because the program suggested it, or because you studied the report yourself and decided to, you may
want to repeat the analysis without specific items. You can do so by adding an exclude argument.
3
my_scale_it <- ItemAnalysis(my_scale_pr, exclude=c(1, 3, 15))
print(my_scale_it)
# This will show the labels and the contents of the items, provided a text
# file with item statements has been defined, when creating the ScaleData object.
items_content <- ShowItems(my_scale_it)
print(items_content)
Get Scores
There is no use in constructing a scale if you don’t score people with it. So, in order to get the scores of the
people in your data set, just use:
Conclusion
The Scale package has the purpose of quickly giving you the common practice indices of reliability and validity,
in order to facilitate you constructing a scale and use it. So, if your instrument exhibits good properties, go
out and use it. If not - well you know what you have to do!