Senses

1. What are sense organs?

2. What are the two categories of sense organs?
3. What are general sense organs?
4. What are special sense organs?
5. What is a receptor response?
6. What is a receptor potential? How do they travel?
7. How is the adaptation of receptor potential?
8. How are receptors for the special senses of smell, taste, vision, hearing and equilibrium
grouped?
9. How are general sense organs distributed?
10. What are exteroceptors? Where can they be found? What are they often called?
11. What are visceroceptors? Where are they found? Provide the body with what?
12. What are proprioceptors? Where are they found? Provide information on what? What
are the two types of proprioceptors? What do they provide about the body?
13. What are mechanoreceptors?
14. What are chemoreceptors?
what are thermoreceptors?
15. What are nociceptors?
what are photoreceptors?
16. What are osmoreceptors?
17. Classification by structure divides sensory receptors into how many groups?
18. What are those two groups?
19. Receptors with free nerve endings include which receptors?
20. Which is the most widely distributed sensory receptor?
21. What is the primary receptors for pain?
22. Nerve fibers that carry pain impulses are either _____ which transmit ____, ____, _____
____ or _______ which transmit a ______________
23. Free nerve endings are also the ______ receptors for heat and cold.
24. Pain sensations are called _____ sensations for what?
25. What are those tactile sensations?
26. What are the two encapsulated nerve endings?
27. What are tactile or ____ corpuscles?
28. What are the lamellar ____ corpuscles? Do they adapt fast or slow?
29. What do stretch receptors provide?
30. What is the muscle spindle?
31. What are the golgi tendon organs? Where are they located? What are they made up of?
32. What are the olfactory support cells of the olfactory sense organs?
33. What is the olfactory cilia?
34. What is the olfactory cells?
35. Where is the olfactory epithelium?
36. What is the olfactory receptors?
37. When the level of odor producing chemicals reaches a threshold level, what happens?
38. Not only can specific odors trigger long term memory, what happens?
39. People with permanent anosmia can develop what?
40. What are the sense organs that respond to gustatory or taste stimuli?
41. what are the four papillae that are associated with papillae?
42. What are fungiform papillae?
43. What are circumvallate papillae?
44. What are foliate papillae?
45. What are filiform papillae? They don’t contain taste buds but allow us to experience
what?
46. _____ are stimulated by chemicals dissolved in the saliva.
47. Gustatory hairs extend from each what into what?
48. What are gustatory cells?
49. Functionally, each taste bud responds to most effectively one of ____ primary taste
sensations
50. What are the five taste sensations?
51. The sense of taste depends on the creation of a what?
52. ____ and _____ thresholds differ for each of the primary taste sensations.
53. Nerve impulses from the anterior two thirds of the tongue travel over the ____ nerve.
54. Those from the posterior one third of the tongue travel over the _____ nerve.
55. The ____ nerve plays a ____ role in taste/
56. Nerve impulses are carried to the ____ ____ relayed into the ____ And the relayed into
the gustatory area of the _____ _____.
57. The external ear consists of the ____ which is the visible portion of the ear and the ____
_____ _____ which is the tube leading from the auricle into the temporal bone and
ending at the tympanic membrane.
58. The middle ear is a tiny ____-lined cavity hollowed out of the _____ bone.
59. The malleus is attached to the inner surface of the ____ membrane.
60. The incus is attached to the ____ and ____.
61. The stapes is attached to the _____.
62. The ___ window and the ___ window are openings into the inner ear.
63. The opening from the external acoustic meatus is covered with the ____ membrane.
64. In the oval window, ____ fits into this opening.
65. The round window is covered by a ____.
66. Opening into the auditory tube (______) tube: the auditory tube is composed of ___ and
parly of ___ and ____ tissue and is lined with _____.
67. In the structure of the inner ear, the body labyrinth is made up of the ____, ____ and
_____ canals.
68. The membranous labyrinth is made up of the ___ and ____ inside the vestibule, the
cochlear duct inside the ___ and the membranous semicircular ducts inside the _____
_____ canals.
69. The ____ and _____ _____ organs are involved with balance.
70. What is the endolymph?
71. The _____ is similar to the CSF and surrounds the ____ ____ filling the space between
the membranous tunnel and its contents and the bony walls that surround it.
72. The cochlea is part of the ____ ____
73. What is the modiolus? What does it house? What does it consist? What is the spiral
ganglion?
74. What is the cochlear duct?
75. What does it divide?
76. What is the vestibular membrane?
77. What is the basilar membrane?
78. Where does the organ of corti rest on? What does it consist of? What is it also called?
79. Sound is created by ______
80. The ability to hear sound waves depends on ____ ____ And other _____ _____
81. Sound waves must be of sufficient ____ to move the tympanic membrane and have a
frequency capable of stimulating the hair cells in the _____ of _____.
82. The greater the movement, the louder the _____.
83. Basilar membrane’s width and thickness vary along its ____.
84. High frequency sound waves vibrate the ____ portion near the oval window.
85. Low frequencies vibrate the ____ ____ portion near the apex of the cochlea.
86. Each frequency stimulates different hair cells and facilitates perception of ____ ______.
87. Perception of loudness is determined by ______ _______.
88. Sound waves strike the ____ ____ causing vibrations.
89. _____ in the scala vestibuli of the cochlea bebins a ___ that is transmitted.
90. What is the neural pathway of hearing? Movement of hair cells against the ____
membrane stimulates the ______ that terminate around the base of the ____ cells and
initiates ____ conduction.
91. What are the two membranous structures of the vestibule? What is the vestibule?
92. Where is the three semicircular canals found? Each canal is at a ___ angle to the other.
Membranous semicircular ducts are within the ______ canals. Each membranous
semicircular duct contains ____ And connects with the _____. Each canadal enlarges
into an ____ near the junction with the utricle.
93. What is static equilibrium?
94. Where are otoliths located? Where are the maculae located? What does it do?
95. What produces when changing the head position?
96. Vestibular nerve fibers conduct impulses to the ____ And produces a sensation of the
position of the head and also a sensation of a change in the pull of ____.
97. What are righting reflexes?
98. What is the dynamic equilibrium?
99. It is needed to maintain what?
100. It depends on what? Located where?
101. What is the cupula?
102. Does it respond to gravity?
103. It moves with the flow of what?
104. How are semicircular ducts arranged?
105. Action potential passes through the what?
106. What are the external structures of the eye?
107. What is the eyelid lined with?
108. What are the palpebral fissures?
109. What is the angle or canthus?
110. The lacrimal apparatus consists of structures that secrete ___ and drian them
from the surface of the eyeball.
111. What are the lacrimal apparatus structures?
112. What are the lacrimal glands?
113. What are the lacrimal canals?
114. What are the lacrimal sacs?
115. What are the nasolacrimal ducts?
116. What are the extrinsic eye muscles?
117. How are they named?
118. What muscles do they include?
119. What are the intrinsic eye muscles?
120. What is the iris?
121. What is the ciliary muscle?
122. What are the three layers of tissue that compose the eyeball?
123. What is the fibrous layer or outer layer?
124. What is the vascular layer or middle coat? The anterior portion has three
different structures which are the?
125. What is the inner layer? what are the cells that are part of the retina?
126. All the axons of ganglion neurons extend back to a small circular area in the
posterior part of the eye ball known as the ____ ____
127. The optic disk is also called the _____ ____ because light rays striking this area
cannot be seen.
128. The part of the sclera contains ____ through which the fibers emerge from the
eyeball as the ____ ____.
129. What are the retinal blood vessels?
130. What are the cavities?
131. What is the anterior cavity? What is the posterior cavity?
132. What is the vitreous body? What does it help maintain? What does it occupy?
133. What are humors?
134. What is the refraction of light rays?
135. What is accommodation for near vision and what three changes does it require?
136. What is the change of lens shape?
137. What is the constriction of the pupil?what are the two reflexes?
138. What is the convergence of the eyes?
139. What are rods? What is the only photopigment found in rods? What is required
to reform rhodopsin?
140. What are cones? What are the three types?
141. What are the ganglion cells?
142. What is the neural pathway of vision photopigment is ____?
143. What is AMD or age related macular degeneration?
144. What is color blindness?
145. What are cataracts?
146.
147.