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E NO.
Henry: Since nurses' work mainly focuses on patients, ethics in nursing offers a framework to help
them ensure the safety of patients and their fellow healthcare providers.

Christine: Both codes make the patient the focus of the nurses' work, ensuring they provide
compassionate patient care and ease or prevent suffering.

H: A pleasant day to all of us. Praised be Jesus and Mary!

C: Now and forever.

H: Our heartfelt acknowledgement to our clinical instructor in NCM 108, Ms. Paula Leanillo and to
all our colleagues in the nursing department.

1 C: We are very pleased to be the ones who will commence our reporting in NCM 108, Health Care
Ethics or Bioethics. This subject opens our perspective to a wider one. It is also concerned with the
application of ethico-moral and legal concepts and principles to issues that affect the practice of
nursing.

H: Indeed, and it also provides the basis for an appropriate decision making in varied situations, to
prepare the learner to render effective, efficient and safe nursing care.

C: It is with pure excitement that we will be able to discuss one of the most essential theories
nurses should be well-accustomed with.

H: I am Henry D. Solatorio Jr. and together with me is Christine Joy Sagnay and we will be
discussing about the theory of teleology.

C: Grab your earphones on and focus on your screens as we will simultaneously learn the vast
coverage of this theory.

H: Before we proceed with our discussion with teleology, let us have a short activity pertaining to
our knowledge about ethics. We shall have 4clues, 1 concept. Projected on screen are 4 images
describing a single concept or a word. Below are boxes which contain the correct answer. You may
2 raise your hand virtually if you have an answer. Let us begin. What do you think is the concept
being described in the first item? Anybody? Another clue for this is this is a branch of Science.

H: Correct. The concept being describe by these four pictures is ETHICS.

3 H: The next item is described as doing things that are beneficial for the self and of others. What do
you think is the concept being described in this item?

H: Exactly, the correct answer is the word GOOD.

4 H: Moving forward, the next concept is described as the opposite of the 2nd item which is good.
Anyone who has an idea of what particular concept is being referred to?

H: Precisely, the answer is WRONG.

5 H: The last item is described as a situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two
or more alternatives, especially equally undesirable ones. What do you think is the answer?

H: The answer is referred to us as DILEMMA.

6 H: Prior to our last discussion about ethics, it can be summed up that ethics is a set of moral
 principles that govern a person's behavior or the conducting of an activity. It is also a branch of
knowledge that deals with moral principles. It also worth noting that it is derived from the Greek
word ethos which can mean custom, habit, character or disposition. Lastly, ethics is based on well-
founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do.

7 C: So much with our knowledge about ethics, let us proceed with our topic today which we are
going to discussed deeply. The concept of teleology.

8 C: Henry? Can you please describe the picture.

H: Based on the video, this is a manifestation of football game and the player scores a goal.

C: Exactly, this somehow describes teleology because it is about our GOAL.

9 C: How about the 2nd one? What are your thoughts on this?

H: This is a depiction of an athletics game where it reaches its end.

C: Correct and this undermines teleology which can also be related with the word END.

10 C: How about the third illustration?

H: Who can we forget the honor Catriona Gray has brought to the Philippines upon winning the
coveted Miss Universe crown?

C: Exactly! And this is also related to teleology with RESULTS in mind.

11 H: Based on the three previous illustrations, the theory of teleology can be summarized with these
terms namely, goals, end, and results. Let us discover why.

12 H: Let us watch this video presentation from Youtube and I will ask you to jot down important details
and we will be enumerating the details later on. Let us try to relate your observations to the concept
we will be discussing.

After playing the video:

H: This is a depiction of a man who is on a dilemma of making a decision or a choice. What are
your other observations, Christine?

C: The animated video presentation we have just watched is a portrayal of our choices. As
individuals, we have the ability to voluntarily decide to perform one of several possible acts or to
avoid action entirely. An ethical choice involves ascribing qualities such as right or wrong, good or
bad, better or worse to alternatives. As creatively shown in the video, the man has the power to
choose what he wants to do or to achieve.

H: This situation implies the concept of teleology and how as humans we are exhibiting this concept
of ethical principle. As human beings, we are offered with a crossroad of choices yet we primarily
consider what are our goals, our end results, our purposes in choosing a path, in selecting our
choices. We know that every decision and action that we partake will consequently result to either a
favorable or unfavorable. As shown in the video, why did the man eat healthy food? Why not
consume unhealthy food? Why live a healthier life rather than a life full of addiction, pressure, and
vices? This is the dilemma all of us are experiencing and the outcomes or the results of our actions
determine the principle of teleology since it is concerned with the ending or the consequences of
our actions. At this point, let us now dig deeper with our discussion about teleology.

13 C: Throughout our discussion today, we will be roaming around these three parts of our report.
First, we are going to discover its epistemological definition, we are also going to discuss its applied
 definition, and lastly we are going to know the characteristics or the indicators of teleology. This is a
very interesting concept and I hope that we will really listen to this.

14 H: The word teleology is derived from the Greek word telos which means end and logos which
implies or which means reason.

15 C: Theoretically and historically speaking, the first and well-known proponents of teleology are
Aristotle and Plato
16 C: According to Aristotle, he described teleology as the best way to understand why things are the
way they are is to understand what purpose they were designed to serve. He emphasized the
importance of the word purpose of doing an action or selecting a choice. His concept is governed
on the question, what is the purpose of your action?

17 H: This is complemented with Plato’s remarks that the explanation of a phenomenon or actions is
based on the purposes or goals it serves. The two of them, Plato and Aristotle amplified the
purpose and the goal it serves. Would it be beneficial or not?

18 H: Basically, teleology is referred to us as The fact or quality of being directed toward a definite end
or of having an ultimate purpose.

19 C: Moreover, Organisms like human beings developed as they did because they had a natural goal
or what we might call an end or a function.

20 C: An example for this is a duck, have you notice the feet of a duck? What do you think are its
purpose? Why do you think is it shaped that way?

H: Ducks have webbed feet for the sake of swimming, an activity that supports the goal of a duck's
existence, which is to find food in the water so as to stay alive.

21 H: We would also like to highlight this definition of teleology that Teleological theory focuses on the
possible outcomes of an action rather than the cause. It is not concerned with the reason or the
cause why an individual is doing an action but it is concerned on the outcomes or the results of the
action.

22 C: Another example for this theory is, A student nurse is diligent on his study to become a
successful medical practitioner in the future. This statement is teleological since the student
envisions to be successful in the future and that is the possible goal, outcome or results he wants to
achieve.

23 H: in this picture, A child practices waste segregation to help the environment become sustainable.
At her young age, the child learns the effects of pollution and she wants to help in sustaining the
environment through waste segregation. She does it because she has a vision or an outcome
which is a sustainable environment.

24 H: In the field of nursing, A nurse religiously does her responsibilities to help the client to recover.
This situation is teleological in nature because is guided by her goal of helping the client be healthy
and not because it is just her duty.

25 C: Moreover, This is a theory that derives duty or moral obligation from what is good or desirable as
an end to be achieved.

26- H: At this point, let us discover on how are we going to distinguish or classify teleology from other
theories in ethics. The following are the characteristics or indicators of this theory:

H: First, It is generally opposed to deontological ethics (from the Greek deon, “duty”), which holds
 that the basic standards for an action’s being morally right are independent of the good or evil
generated.

27 H: Next, This theory is solely being judged by the consequence of an action. As what we are
repeatedly saying, the consequence, results, or goal of an action is the sole basis of its judgement
being good or not.
28 H: This theory would like to have The rule for producing a great possible balance of good over "evil”
.
29 H: Above all, teleology is grounded with this concept:

Teleology is also a form of explanation. It is an answer to ‘why’ and ‘what for’ questions.
* Why do birds have wings?
* Why do we have eyes?
* What are cellphones for?
*Why did you cheat?
*What for are your hard work in studying?

In these examples, teleology tries to look at the ending or the goal of a specific thing may it be an
object, an action, or a decision to make.

30 C: Given the characteristics as mentioned by Henry, it can be noted as supported by scholars that
there is a number of other ethical theory which was considered as branched out from teleology,
these are: consequentialism, hedonism, utilitarianism, egoism, and virtue ethics. These theories
can be considered as offspring of teleology. Let us take a look why these theories are related with
teleology.

31 H: The first one is consequentialism which is defined as The doctrine that the morality of an action
is to be judged solely by its consequences. Obviously, this is related with teleology since its focus is
the consequence of the action.

32 C: Hedonism is also related with teleology as it is the pursuit of pleasure; sensual self-indulgence.
Pleasure in this concept can be related to one’s personal goal or results thus it is related with
teleology.

33 H: The doctrine that actions are right if they are useful or for the benefit of a majority is described as
utilitarianism. Thinking of who and how many benefits from an action is a manifestation of teleology.

34 C: Egoism, can also be related with teleology as it is An ethical theory that treats self-interest as the
foundation of morality.

35 C: Lastly, It looks at the virtue or moral character of the person carrying out an action is defined as
virtue ethics and can be related with teleology.

36 H: To sum up what has been previously mentioned, Teleological theory focuses on the possible
outcomes of an action rather than the cause. In classifying teleology from other theories such as
dentology, we all just have to remember three words, if it talks about purpose, if it is about an end,
or one’s goal as the basis of an action or decision, then that is basically a manifestation of
teleology. That is the basic concept of this ethical theory.

37 C: At this point, we will be having a short recap about our discussion. The first question is What are
the characteristics of teleology?

H: It is generally opposed to deontological ethics (from the Greek deon, “duty”), which holds that the
basic standards for an action’s being morally right are independent of the good or evil generated.
 Next is that, This theory is solely being judged by the consequence of an action. And The rule for
producing a great possible balance of good over "evil“.
38 C: How does it differ with deontology?

H: Deontology is based on the rule that what goes around comes around, whereas teleology is
based on the belief that any action that produces happiness with negligible pain is justified.
Deontology is focused on the means, whereas teleology is focused on the results.

39 C: Next is What are other examples of situations which exhibits teleology?

H: Another example is when a nurse does its duty to be patient and persevere during his shift in the
hospital with the goal of being promoted in his or her position.

40 C: Lastly, As a student nurse, is it important to study teleology? Why or why not?

H: Generally, Teleological derives what is good or ethical as an end that is achieved. In other
words, teleological ethics bases the morality of the action on the value that it brings in to being. It
looks for moral goodness in the consequences of our action and not the action itself. And as future
nurses, we have to take note of that and apply it soon.

41 C: And that wraps up our discussion for today.

H: We hope that in one way or another, we have shared something or knowledge to all of you which
we can use in our chosen profession as nurses. This has been Henry Solatorio Jr

C: And this is Cristine Sagnay.

C/H: Thank you for listening and may God bless us all.