B.Sc.

Thesis Proposal

IOT based Flood Monitoring and Alerting System

Submitted By

Qudsia Ashiq 17-EE-05

Tehreem Fatima 17-EE-11
Aimen Habib 17-EE-17
Khadija Amin 17-EE-95

Supervisor
Dr. Intisar Ali Sajjad
Assistant Professor

Department of Electrical Engineering

Faculty of Electronics & Electrical Engineering
University of Engineering & Technology
Taxila

2020
 Table of Contents

Problem Statement 4

Aims & Objectives 4

Literature Review 5

Methodology of SDP 5

Utilization of SDP Results 6

Work Schedule Plan 6

Budget Description 7

References 7

Undertaking 9

Supervisor’s Comments 10
1. Problem Statement
A problem statement is a concise description of the SDP question that needs to
be addressed.

First paragraph: Very brief and to the point introduction of SDP area.

Second Paragraph: 1) State the problem clearly which you have to solve in
proposed SDP.
2) Describe how the proposed SDP will be validated

Further details regarding the problem statement can be referred in [1], if required.

2. Aims & Objectives

No paragraph required here. Write aims and objectives using brief and crisp statements
numbered like a), b), …..

Example:

a) Optimized design
b) Cost reduction
c) Maximum integration
3. Literature Review

3.1 Background
Flood happen everywhere in the world, they can be completely disturbing the peoples
and the economy of the country. Floods are the most catastrophic and cataclysmic
events of all the natural disasters. In 1995 in Pakistan heavy monsoon rains occurred in
mid-July. Due to this River Indus and other rivers and canals started to flood. The rains
stopped in time. Otherwise they would have caused more damage. In August 2020,
Pakistan (Karachi) received the heaviest rain in a single day ever in its history when 231
mm rain lashed out in just 12 hours. During August 2020, only Karachi received 484 mm
(19 inches) rain. It is the highest rainfall record over the last 90 years. Rainwater and
overflowed water from nullahs and drains flooded most of the main roads and streets in
residential locations, a significant number of residential areas including urban slums and
villages in peri-urban areas, that gravely disrupted the people’s lives. Precisely,
Pakistan has facing the floods devastation since last three decades. IOT based flood
monitoring and alerting system can be proposed to alleviate this risk.

We will design a prototype on PCB using rain drop sensors and water level sensors that
will give input to the microcontroller i.e raspberry pi which will process the input data
and will display the output on LCD as well as send data to cloud server or wifi module
through IOT gecko.

For large scale implementation, previous rainfall data can be used to predict future
rainfall by using machine learning techniques and neural networks which use the
previous data to predict the possible rainfalls in future.

aim= IOT based flood Monitoring system

objctive: design
 1. To interface water level and rain drop sensor with
microprocessor and send warning message to intended
users by using IoT.
2. To predict future rainfall by using previous rainfall data and
Machine Learning models and Neural Networks.
3. To analyze the performance of each Machine learning
model.

3.2 Application
Research articles gathered have discussed the scope of their work related to small
scale or large scale application, on the basis of area where the relevant work was
implemented. Research paper [1] [6] [8] [9] [10] [14] [15] [17] [18] [21] [23] have
implemented their work on larger scale which can be used to alert the population for
floods and weather forecasting as well. [1] made use of social media particularly Twitter
and Telegram to alert population about the water level at a water gate to replace the
role of human presence in monitoring and alerting the water level. A prototype was
developed to demonstrate the architectural methodology using water level sensors,
microcontrollers and a wifi module at the water gate. [6] [9] and [21] use Android
Applications as well as Web Applications (which transfer data from server to users) to
deploy the approach of IOT in alerting the people of relevant region in case of floods.
Machine learning techniques are used in [8] to analyze the data from sensors and
predict future weather conditions for avoidance of floods. Microsoft Azure Machine
Learning’s built-in 2-Class Neural Network model has been used in [10] to predict the
flood status. RPi camera to monitor water level, image processing and Machine learning
technique to predict the rising water level and time of impact have been used in [14] to
develop prototype for FEWDS. OpenCV library has been used as an image processing
software. Convolution Deep Neural Network (CDNN) has been used in [15] to analyze
the water level data from sensors. [17] and [18] have made use of Artificial Neural
Network, GPRS Module and wifi module respectively, which receive data from water
level, rain drop, humidity and pressure sensors to forecast floods and deploy smart
flood warning systems. [23] uses IOT sensors to monitor blockage in water carrying
bodies and Deep learning to analyze the data output from sensors to monitor flood.
[2] [3] [4] [5] [7] [11] [12] [13] [16] [19] [20] [22] [24] have implemented small scale
application by designing the solution at prototype stage. A prototype using Twilio
Messaging Platform for SMS Alert, Water Level, Rain level, Humidity and Pressure
Sensors (IOT Sensors), Raspberry Pi 0 W, YouTube Streaming for live feed of the site
and audio buzzer for audible alerting for rural areas has been developed in [2] for flood
warning system. [3] uses Android Application to inform concerned users and
deployment of sensor nodes at different locations to check water level for developing a
flood warning system. An open circuit micro-model which closes when comes in contact
with water has been used in developing a prototype for alerting people about flood in
[4]. This micro-model is performed on the basis of Netduino Plus-2 which is an
electronic programmable board, electrical resistors located at different heights of the
water body, and STMicro 32-bit microcontroller. [5] uses Blynk app to generate warning
and alert messages from output of IOT sensors after being processed by nodeMCU in
the form of three warning alerts as safe, warning and critical level. This prototype also
uses a Solenoid valve which allows excess water to flow out in suitable places. [7] and
[16] use a general architecture for Flood Early Warning Detection System (FEWDS)
where Arduino UNO R3 and RPi respectively serve as the microcontroller which
process the data from IOT sensors and SIM 900 Module as GSM module for SMS Alert
interfaced with it. [11] focuses on developing a prototype to demonstrate automation
and centralization of all dams of any state, where IOT Sensors and their far field
communication can be used to control opening or closing of dam gates at relevant water
level. For this protype Bluetooth module / XBee module and LoRa or Narrow Band-IoT
have been used for short and long-range communication respectively both interfaced
with Arduino MCU along with IOT Sensors. [12] implements FEWDS using ThingSpeak
and Telegram for alerting communication. [13] uses Node MCU, RPi3 and IOT sensors
in developing the prototype. [19] implements FEWDS architecture along with weather
forecasting communicated in alerts. [20] [22] perform the similar task using android app
and web services respectively. Along with this Machine learning has also been used in
[24].
 3.3 Geographical Application
Geographical application describes the location where the certain work has been
deployed. Research work done in [6] provides a solution for the adverse effects
Malaysia has to face as a result of climate change in the form of floods. [8] uses ML
techniques to predict future data where past data has been collected from Environment
agency which contains datasets from 30 countries around the globe which is sensor
data from a total of 4214 records. Work in [9] has been done to provide a solution to the
huge loss Chennai had to face in 2015. [17] the simulations were done from data taken
from The Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna basin which is known for its catastrophic floods
over the years. The flood dataset used in [18] was taken from the Chennai region. [20]
provides solution to overcome the deadly loss which Kerala, India had to face due to
extreme flooding.

3.4 Prototype and Simulation

[5] , [7], [11], [12], [16] , [19], [21], [22], [24] have discussed prototype in their research
paper . [11] have discussed only short range controlling prototype.

[7], [11], [12], [19], [21], [22] have used HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor while [5] and [16]
have used waterproof ultrasonic sensor and water sensors respectively, [19] have also
used water flow sensor and water level sensor and [21] have used temperature and
humidity sensor DHT11, and Pressure Measurement BMP180 Barometric sensor as
well. The research papers that have used Node MCU WIFI ESP8266 as
microcontrollers are [5] , [12] and [21] and the research papers that have used Arduino
as microcontroller are [7] [19] and [11] while [22] have used ARM Mbed LPC1768 , [16]
have used Raspberry Pi because Raspberry Pi has more advantages than Arduino. [7]
[16] and [12] [19] have used GSM and WIFI module respectively while [5], [7], [11] and
[22] have used GPS module, GSM and GPRS module , Bluetooth/XBee module , and
Stepper motor module respectively. The research paper that we are following have
used water float sensor to measure the intensity of flood and raindrop sensors and
Raspberry Pi as controller in the prototype [24].

[1],[2], [3], [5], [6], [10], [12], [13] ,[18], [21], [23], [15], [16], [17], [19], [22] and [24] have
discussed simulation in their research paper. [2] [10] [12] [18] and [13] [21] [19] [22]
have displayed the results of simulation on ThingsPeak platform and Website
respectively while [13] and [21],[29] have displayed the results by sending SMS and
showing the results on mobile application respectively. [12] have also displayed their
results of simulation on telegram and [18] have displayed their results in the form of
tweet. [3],[5] have used BlynkApp to control Arduino. [6] have implemented cluster tree
topology using XBee S1 pro version for the simulation process while [10] have used 2-
class Neural Networks for Data Processing. [17] [18] have used Artificial Neural
Networks in the simulation process while [15] and [23] have used Convolutional Deep
Neural Network for Deep Learning image classification and the images are further
classified as “chances of flood”, “No chances of flood” and “fully blocked”, “partially
blocked” , “ no blockage” respectively. [17], [18] have used MATLAB for coding of
Neural Networks. [16] have used PYTHON as project language while [19] have used
JAVA as project language and [1] have done simulation using C# language. The
research paper that we are following have used Artificial Neural Networks for simulation
and the monitoring of data is done using IOT Gecko Cloud [24].

3.5 Modelling and Methodology

Researchers use modelling in their research to make the understanding of their work,
research or project easier. It also aims at making the definition, quantification,
visualization, or simulation easier with reference to the existing and acceptable
knowledge.

[8][10]15] have used mathematical modelling and algorithms in their research work. [8]
have used different machine leaning algorithms for building, testing and selection of
model as well as they used Support Vector Machines for modelling of parameters
whereas [10] have used general model for feedforward Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
for which mathematical calculations are used for modelling input, hidden and output
layers. [15] divides the methodology in training and testing phase. In training phase
Map() and Reduce() functions are used while in testing phase missing value imputation
and normalization are used for modelling. Rule generation and Deep learning algorithm
is also used in modelling the layers of CDNN classifiers.

[4][6][7][9][18][21] have used architectural models in their research for easy

implementation. [4] shows architectural design of water level which efficiently explains
the process of water level detection and sending output to LEDs and speakers via
Netduino board while [6] shows the system architecture and system flow diagram to
explain the methodology in which system architecture divides the system into flood area
and non-flood area. It further shows a network topology which detects river water levels
and sends data to server to be processed and stored on cloud. [7] shows a general
architecture of Flood early warning detection system which begins with water level
detection then proceeds with sensors and microcontrollers and ultimately ending with
sending message directly to user. [9] communicates the pre flood system architecture
along with block diagram of proposed system. System architecture is divided into input
and output while block diagram manifests the proceedings in dam section, server end
and user end. These models and diagrams help in clear understanding of what is going
on in a system. [18] uses NARX architecture for input-output modelling it also uses
ANN architecture which consists of input , hidden and output layer. Both NARX and
ANN architecture are used for non-linear dynamic system i.e. rainfall prediction is non-
linear and dynamic. [21] manifests a simple proposed architecture consisting of input
hardware nodes, a cloud architecture for processing and front end clients for output i.e.
mobile app.

In [17] Wireless sensor Network (WSN) model is used which is based on ZigBee
Specification which support tree, star and mesh networks. Among which mesh network
is the most efficient and provides alternate routes between nodes as a backup route if
some particular route fails.

[1][12][19] have used flow chart models in their research to make the concept and
methodology easier to understand. [1] shows a system model that consists of a data
center used for data acquisition and transmission, a Twitter API for data processing of
twitter applications and a Telegram API for data processing of telegram applications
whereas [19] gives a flowchart of proposed framework which suggests that IOT device
along with reading weather forecast will send alert to mobile application as early
warning of flood.

[3][5][11][13][20][22] have used flow chart models along with block diagrams for
explaining their methodology. [3] suggests a system which takes data from all water
level sensors and connect it with cloud server and if water level exceeds the limit then
command of opening the gates is run and data is displayed on LCD and again the cycle
repeats by updating data on cloud while [5] divides the block diagram into input,
controller and output. [11] makes the understanding of procedure easier with the help of
schematics and flow diagrams that aim at generating command of gate opening or
closing. [13] divides the flowchart into client side model and server side model in which
client side starts from connecting with network and terminates connecting with server
model which terminates at sending alert text message.[20] uses block diagram to
explain the sending of sensor data to cloud via raspberry pi.[22] explain its procedure
with the help of flowchart and block diagram that show the transmission of input from
ultrasonic sensor to output buzzers and alarms through microcontroller.

We will use machine learning model and neural networks for rainfall prediction. Our
model will include Data Collection, Pre-processing data, Building Model, Training and
Testing.

3.6 Validation / Comparison of Results

Results for our paper will be validated based on the IOT implementation, price of the
equipment or the whole project and the accuracy of the system. The strength of
hardware and security or safety of the system will also be considered for comparing
result.

Comparing to other studies based on these parameters [1] implements the IOT
technology and wi-fi module and designs an integrated system between hardware and
software. The equipment used are ultrasonic sensors and microcontroller so overall it is
a low-cost system. This system has a moderate accuracy rate and the hardware setup
is just a proposed model and its strength cannot be directly estimated.[2][3]implement
IOT technology and the system is made cost effective. But [2] uses Twilio Messaging
platform instead of GSM module which makes the system more reliable while [3] uses
wi-fi module for that purpose. Both systems are accurate based on the readings and
meet the standard.

[4] proposes a system which is IOT compatible using a technique that is low in cost
while [6] designs a micro-model by using the water level meters which reduces its
accuracy compared to other works hence the system is cost-effective but its
implementation on a larger scale will make it less safe.

[5] [7] use the IOT approach and ultrasonic sensors [7] uploads the data on ThingSpeak
which is integrated with telegram for flood alert. The accuracy of ultrasonic sensors is
tested showing the result of 0.78% relative error while[5] provides an exact location of
the area where flood can occur by using GPS and a flood avoiding technique by
draining excessive water through a solenoid used as a shutter valve and water pump
hence increasing the hardware strength. [8] uses the same IOT approach but the
method proposed is not suitable for large scale since the devices in sensor network
topology used, were not built for mesh network so the accuracy is compromised.
[9]uses IOT with GPRS module and it uses ultrasonic sensors for data collection the
system is highly accurate but less secure and can be improved by using sensors with
high sensitivity and response time of GSM and GPRS is low which affects its
performance.[10]uses latest IOT approach along with the machine learning technique
and the ensemble learning using Long-Short Term memory model increases the
accuracy and sensitivity of the system as compared to individual models. In [11]a
system is proposed which does not involve the use of internet therefore developing a
cost-effective and low power consumption model which uses less number of parameters
but no hardware setup is designed practically which makes the safety and security of
the system uncertain. [12] has done a laboratory level experiment, miniaturizing the flow
and using the 2-class neural network for flood prediction. It showed 98.9% accuracy
rate if three hidden layers are to be used and deducing a linear relation between
pressure and water flow rate. The systems accuracy can still be increased by increasing
the sensors or by changing the neural network model.[13] through IOT ,designs a
prototype for automatizing the control of dams by monitoring the water level at a small
scale using the Arduino and sensors hence making the system cost effective but the
proposed system only offers the short range communication and mainly focuses on the
water level checking for the automated gate lifting. [14] implements IOT technique and
develops a low-cost prototype with image processing techniques. The proposed system
has a potential for improvement by enhancing the cameras for real-time monitoring so
the system is practically weak for large scale implementation.[15]proposes a system
with IOT and method of convolutional deep neural network for flood detection which is
tested to show highly accurate results than artificial neural network and big data[16] is
IOT based and presents a prototype which is tested for high accuracy in determining the
water flow speed and level rise. It is cost effective but lacks hardware strength since
there is a lot of improvement required for implementing the setup on a large scale. [17]
[18]both propose a system which uses IOT approach and ANN model for prediction of
flood but[17] shows the proposed scheme is better than other networks like mesh, star
etc. The model introduced can be further modified by using different number of neurons
or hidden layers. The results shown are accurate and the proposed system can be
applied practically but several factors are needed to be tested before the
implementation which makes the hardware setup weak while [18] uses different
algorithms and deduces that Levenberg-Marquardt training algorithm with NARX
network performs better and has higher accuracy than Gradient Descent with Adaptive
Learning algorithm.[19][20]propose a system with IOT implementation but[19]uses
Arduino while[20]uses raspberry pi module the system is moderate in cost but has no
hardware setup and there is no validation done to predict its accuracy.[21] and [1] use
the same approach with almost similar accuracy rate.[22] adopts the IOT approach and
proposed a cost effective model and uploads the data on the web server.[23] uses an
IOT enabled camera and deep convolutional neural network and showed that the image
classification with segmentation has higher accuracy than without segmentation. The
system can be improved by using more larger number of images to train the model.

3.7 IEEE Standards

[17][18] have used IEEE standards in their work. [17] has used WSN standards i.e.
IEEE 802.15.4 protocol which mainly operates on a 2.4 GHz radio frequency. It has a
data rate of 250 Kbit/s. It is much simpler and energy efficient than conventional
wireless personal area networks (WPANs) such as Wi-Fi or Bluetooth while [18] has
used Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11 protocol) which is used as a medium for sending data from
sensors to microcontroller.

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Many areas such as coastal areas or areas along rivers or dams are also prone to flooding. Developing a
system of real-time monitoring and warning to reduce flood in real time, which requires speed in river
change. In this system we are going to use three rain sensors and three water sensors, which are to be
placed at three different locations; and raspberry pi with water sensors, rain sensors. The system to be
made predicts floods and warnings are issued to the appropriate authorities while an emergency alarm
is sounded in nearby villages to convey a message about possible floods using the IoT. The system is
designed in such a way so it calculates how long it took for the floodwaters to reach the desired
location. Water flow sensors measure the water level in a body of water, and rain sensors measure the
amount of rain in millimeters. All data can be viewed from a remote place, providing the necessary
information that is required on the IoT gecko platform.

The main local rainfall is influencing the chances of flooding, and many machine learning
models have been tested for flood forecast models. The large donation of paper introduces the
contribution of machine learning models. The work of building flood forecasting models has
contributed to reducing the loss of human life, reducing the risk of disaster, sand reducing the
property damage. This paper provides a machine-learning based technique, predicting the arrival
of floods, by looking at rain data from previously available data to predict next month's rain.
When designing a model, it does not require any knowledge of the weather and geographical
features. From the study, the available types of flood forecasts models are: radar systems,
hydrographic analysis, rain gauge network, stream networks, linear statical models and time
series analysis models; these models have helped predict rainfall over the years. The types of
Machine Learning models used in the work of this system for training are regression regression,
linear regression, SVM, neural networks. Rain speculation is considered very important, in the
time of rainy seasons. Considering the rainfall of previous data, forecasts can be made for short-
term and long-term rainfall forecasts for subsequent months / weeks. To predict the rainfall, the
required data are kept from the Pakistan weather department.