Third Generation PV and Other Ways to

Utilize Solar Energy

Solar Thermal Energy II - Solar Thermal Heating
Week 6.2.2
Arno Smets
 Heat demand
Waste Other 2.9% Agriculture Other 4.6%
2.3% 1.3%
Biofuels
2.8%
Services
12.3%
Coal 37.9% Industry
43.5%
Gas;47.7%
Residential
38.3%

Oil 6.2%

Source: IEA Electricity/Heat in World in 2009

Solar water heating systems
Types of solar water heating systems
Fluid
loop

Direct or Indirect or
open loop closed loop
Types of solar water heating systems
Fluid
movement

Passive Active
systems systems
Heat pump
System components
Collector
 Transparent
Collector cover
Qcol
Qrad Absorber
Qrefl

Qsun 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑙 = 𝑄𝑠𝑢𝑛 − 𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙 − 𝑄𝑟𝑎𝑑 − 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣

Qsun = incident energy from the sun

Qcol = heat output of the collector
Qrefl = reflection losses
Qconv = convection losses
Qconv Qrad = radiation losses
Collector efficiency
Collector
Uncovered Covered

Vacuum
Collector
Flat-plate collector Concentrating collector
Solar system arrays
Series connected Parallel connected
System components
Storage
Energy storage
Energy storage: Water

𝑄𝑠 = 𝑉𝜌𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇

𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑈𝐴∆𝑇
Energy storage: Solids
Energy storage: Phase change
T2

Temperature, T
Solid
sensible Phase-change
heat latent heat
T* Liquid
sensible
heat
T1
Storage heat, Qs

𝑄𝑠 = 𝑚 𝐶𝑠 𝑇 ∗ − 𝑇1 + 𝜆 + 𝐶𝑙 𝑇2 − 𝑇 ∗
System components

Boiler
System components

Collector circuit
 Household energy demand
Computers (1%) Cooking (4%) Washing
machine, dryer
Other and dishwasher
(9%) (5%)
Space cooling
(12%) Electronics (7%)
Refrigeration
(8%)

Lighting (11%)
Space heating
(31%)
Water
heating
(12%)

Source: IEA Electricity/Heat in World in 2009

Solar cooling
Solar absorption cooling Combined solar heating and cooling

Solar dessicant cooling Solar-mechanical cooling