19/2021 “Thye phim bién abi gon — Wikipedia ing Vigt ‘WIKIPEDIA Thuc pham bién déi gen Bach khoa toan thu mé Wikipedia Thyc phim bié’n déi_ gen (tié’ng Anh: Genetically Modified food duge goi tit 1a GM) duge ding dé chi cde logi thye phim cé thanh pha’n tir cay tro ng bié’n déi gen, dong vat bié’n di gen (dng vat chuyén gen) — hay cdn goi la thye phim GM, hoie cén goi la thye phim céng nghé sinh hoc (CNSH). Muc luc Téng quan M6t loai khoai tay bién di gen Thye vat Hoa Qua va Rau Cti Ngé Dau nanh Lida mi Ung dung Viet Nam Quan diém Théng tin an toan Dan nhan san pham Chi thich Xem thém Lién két ngoai Téng quan ‘Thuat ngit thye phim bié’n déi gen ban dau ding dé chi nhimng logi cy tré “ng danh cho con ngudi hoe gia sic duge tao ra nho cong nghé sinh hoc fing ché ‘ng e6 dai, chong su bénh hay tang him long duéng chi Vige nang cao cha't *u thai gian lai cho ké’t qua khong chinh xéc. Nguge lai, ky thust bi tao ra gid ng cay tro “ng nhu mong mu6’ n, t6’n it théi gian va c6 d6 chinh xéc cao. “n déi gien c6 t Trong ky thuat bié’n déi nay, ngudi ta c6 thé thém hodc bé bét gen. Né“u thém gen vao mét sinh. ’o dé, nguéi ta thuéng chon gen tir loai khée. Dé lam duge vige dé ngudi ta cé thé gin gen ngoai lai vao mot virus r6 i dua vao té bao vit chi, hoae dua DNA ngoai lai vio nhén cia té” bao ba ng 6 ng tiém. M6t sO” ching vi khuan efing c6 thé chuyén gene vao té” bao va gidi khoa hoc da tan dung ching dé tao ra GMC. hitps:vwikipedta.orghwikThye_phim_bién, bi_genstQuan_siém ao19/2021 “Thye phim bién abi gon — Wikipedia ing Vigt V6" mat nguyén tac, ngudi ta chi kim bié’n ddi gen mang tinh cé Igi. Nghia la chi tié’n hanh bié’n ddi 4 nhimg gen khdng lién quan gi dén than phan gid tri dinh duéng cia thuc pham, hoae né’u cé thi sé lm dgng tée theo huéng ting cuéng ham lugng ma Khéng lam thay déi theo chié"u huéng nguge Iai. Do 46, gid tri dinh duong cia thanh phim khéng hé- bi suy gidm cho nén Bén canh vige cung cp dinh duéng thi thyc phim bié‘n déi gen con cho ching ta nhing vu mia bi thu, nhing vu mila t6’n tai ngay ca 6 trong dié*u kign sau bénh va khi hau kha‘ c nghiét.[2] ai thurs pham en ¢6 nhidu wu éiBm mat Thye phim bié n déi gen thong dung hign nay lA cdy tro"ng bié’n déi gen 1a nhimg cAy ma vat ligu di truyé n cia ching duge bié’n déi theo ¥ mu6’n chi: quan cia con ngudi nhd nhing cdng nghé sinh hoc hign dai, hay cdn goi la céng nghé gene. Cay trd “ng bié’n di gene da phat trién nhié-u n&m trén thé” gidi va viée sir dung dang theo xu huéng gia ting,] trong d6 c6 hai cuéng qué” c ndng nghiép chau Ala Trung Qué’ va Anbé6. Thuc vat Cay thud’ la bié’n ddi gen 1a GMC dau tién duge trong thir nghi Khoa hoc gay bié’n déi gene 6 cay thud’c lé dé ching khang thud c di tai My va Phap vao nam 1986. Mét thap ky sau dé cay tré “ng bié’n dai tra voi myc dich thong mai.[2] “ng rugng. Cac nha 6, r6°i trong thir nghig¢m gene bat dau duoc tra ng Hoa Qua va Rau Cu Du dit duge bié‘n ddi gen dé khéng vi rit ringspot (PSRV). SunUp 1a mot gid ‘ng du di Hoang hon 6 chuyén gen c6 tinh dé ng hgp tir vé- gen protein PRSV. Cau v6 ng la gid ‘ng lai F1 mau vang duge phat trién ba “ng cdch lai SunUp véi Kapoho mau vang khéng chuyén gen [3] Thai bao New York tuyén b6": "Vio d“u nhing nim 1990, nginh cng nghigp du dii cia Hawaii da phai d6‘i mat voi tham hoa vi vi rat ringpot du du gay ché’t ngudi. Vi ctu tinh duy nha‘t 1a gid. ng duge chinh sira cé kha nang khang lai vi rat. Né'u khéng ¢6 ching, nganh cong nghigp du di cia bang 4a sup a6. Ngay nay, 80% du di Haiwaii duge bié’n ddi gen va van khéng c6 phuong phép hitu co hay théng thuong nao dé kiém sodt vi rat ringspo.{4) Cay tra“ng bién déi gen da duge phé duyét vao nim 1998.{5] G Trung Qué’ c, mét loai du di bié’n déi gen khang PRSV dugc phat trién béi Nam Trung Qué’c va duge phé duyét tré°ng thuong mi nim 2006. Dé"n nim 2012, 95% lugng du di duge tré “ng 6 Quang Déng va 40% duge tré “ng 6 Hai Nam la du di bié’n di gen, (1 6 HO" ng Kéng, noi duge cho phép tré ng va phat hanh ba‘t ky loai du da bién déi gen nao, ¢6 80% s6° lugng du di duge tro “ng hay nhap khau 1a du dui bié’n déi gen.(7I[8I[9] Khoai tay New Leaf, mét loai thye phim bién doi gen duge phat trién sir dung vi khuin ty nhién tim thay trong dat cé tén 14 Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), duge ché” tao dé ung cA’ p mot phuong thite bio vé khai bo khoai tay Colorado lam m4 ‘t nang sua ‘t.0° Khoai tay New Leaf duge dua vao thj truéng béi cOng ty Monsanto vao cué“i nhiing nim 1990 va phat trign cho thj truéng thie dn nhanh. Tuy nhién ching di bj rat khdi thj truéng vao nim 2001 khi hing va én thyc phim gap va‘n dé* vé- xua‘t khdu.[11) hitps:vwikipedta.orghwikThye_phim_bién, bi_genstQuan_siém ano19/2021 “Thye phim bién abi gon — Wikipedia ing Vigt én nim 2005, khodng 13% Ivgng bi dao Zucchini duge trd°"ng & My 1A gid’ng bié’n déi gen ch6 ng 3 loai vi rit. Gid”ng bi nay eiing duge tré"ng 6 Canada, 2IL31 Vao nim 2014, USDA da phé duyét mét logi khoai tay, bié’n di mudi gen duge phat trién bai céng ty J.R.Simplot cé thé ngan ngira tim bam va sin xua’t it acrylamide khi chién, Céc sira di da logi mo protein cy thé tir khoai tay, thong qua can thiép RNA, thay vi cung ca’ p cdc gen méi.41L51 anh loai to bién ddi gen dau Jam giam sy biéu hién cia g 2 nim 2015, tao Bac Cyc da duge USDA cha’ p thuan, tré th tié “n duge cha’p thuan ban tai Hoa Ky. Gen triét 4m duge sir dung. polyphenol oxyase (PPO), do dé ng&n chan trai cy bj nau [6ll+7IL18) Ngé Ng6 duge sir dyng lam thye phim va regu etylic da duge bié’n déi gen dé dung nap cdc Jogi thud’c digt c6 khéc nhau va dé thé hign protein tir Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) tiéu digt mot s6° edn tring nha’t dinh.&2) Nam 2010 khoang 90% ng6 trong & My da duge bié‘n déi gen(20] 6 My nam 2015, 81% dign tich ngo cé tinh trang Bt va 89% dign tich ngé c6 tinh trang chiu duge glyphosate[21] Ng6 c6 thé duge ché” bié’n thanh yé"n mach, bét min hay tinh bét mi va lA thanh phan trong bnh ep, banh muffin, banh rén, bah mi va ede loa bot am bank, cling nhu thye phim tré em, xua‘t vé taco, bim bim ngé v: banh n, ngo! [22] Dau nanh Hat dju nanh bié“n ddi gen dé chd“ng Iai thud’ digt c6 va sin xud’t du to’t cho ste khoe hon 223) Nam 2015, 94% dign tich dau nang 6 U.S duge bié’ n déi dé chiu duge glyphosate !24] Lua mi Tir thang 12 nim 2017, ia mi bié’n déi gen 44 dugc dua vao danh gid trong cdc thir nghigm thye dia, nhung cha duge phat hanh thuong mai,l251l26)(27) Ung dung Do thy té’, dan sO” tang Jén ma luong thyc thi c6 nguy co thié“u do dé nhan loai mud“n c6 nhing gid’ ng cAy tré ‘ng vat nudi c6 mét dac tinh wu viét ndo dé cé kha ning cung cA’ p da thuc phim &n,/8) nguai ta mud’ n c6 nhiing thye vat 6 kha niing chiu han t6°t, nhimng cay tré ng c6 kha nang ché ‘ng chju sau bénh cao nha’m lam ting nang sua t mua mang, tir d6 thie day nghién ecru ché tgo ra loai thye phim nay, ngudi ta con sir dung thye pham chuyén gen nha“m tao ra nhing thyc pham cé mét dic tinh dinh duéng wu viét nao dé. Hoac cing cé khi 1a nha“ téng hop ra cdc ché” pham sinh hgc hay cdc thud’ c ding trong dié‘u tri bénh.[2) Theo bio edo cia Té chite Qué’e té’ vé" Tié’p thu cdc img dung cong nghé sinh hge trong néng nghigp (ISAAA), dign tich cay trd“ng bié’n ddi gen da tang gap 110 lan sau 21 ndm thuong mai cing véi dé 1 sy mé réng cia thyc phim bié’n gen dé cung cap di thye phim cho dan sé thé’ gidi cing trén da tang manh. Tinh téi nim 2017 di c6 67 qué‘c gia sir dung cay tr ng BD! hitps:viwikipedia.orghwikiThye_phim_bién, b\_genstQuan_ciém 30021 Ti oh i ign — Wei tn Vi bao g6°m 24 qu6“e gia canh téc cdy tr "ng BDG (19 nude dang phat trién va 5 nude cOng nghigp); cing 43 qud‘c gia khée (trong 46 EU duge tinh 14 1) ep phép chinh thire nhap khiu va sir dung cy td ng BBG véi muc dich lam thye pham, thite in chin nudi va ché” bié“n,22I{soll31] Tur nam 1996 dé‘n nam 2012, cay bong CNSH 6 Trung Qué ‘c da dem lai loi ich kinh té” trén 15 ty USD, riéng nam 2013 da dat 2,2 ty USD. Trung Qué ’c hién nay 1a nha nhap khdu dau nanh va hat cai d“u bié’n déi gen hang d4°u. Da‘u nim 2019, Trung Qud’c da cho phép nhap khau 5 mi hang néng san bié’n déi gen, duge cong b6’ trén trang web cia BG ndng nghiép Trung Qué’c. sin phim duge thong qua go'm ngé DP4114 Qrome va diu nanh DAS-44406-6 ciia cong ty DowDuPont, diu nanh dju nanh SYHToH2 do Bayer CropScience va Syngenta - hign quyé n sé hau cia cng ty héa chat Dice BASF - phat trién. Hai sin phim cdn lai go’ m hat cai da"u RF 3 cia BASF va hat cai d“u MON 88302 cia cong ty Monsanto. '32! Cay trd “ng bié“n ddi gen c6 nhié“u tac dong to lon Jén doi sé ng kinh té’ - xd hdi — mdi truéng, dic bi ng nghé bié’n déi gen khang sau bénh va ch6’ng chju thud’c trir co da gitp lam giam 8,2% ~ lugng thud‘ trir sau can sir dung, tang thu nh; cho cdc néng hé 186,1 ty USD, tang 6: ° san lrgng néng nghiép trén toan c4°u va lam giim 27,1 ty khi thai nha kinh. Tinh téi nim 2017, c6 67 qué’e gia n di gen, bao go'm 24 qué’c gia canh tac cy trd ng bié’n déi gen (19 nwée dang phat trign va § nuéc cOng nghigp); cing 43 qud’c gia Bleu dd tinh hinh si dung CM trén thé gigi nam. khac (trong dé EU duge tinh 1a 1) c4’p phép chinh 2909 thie nhap khau va sir dung cay trong bié’n déi véi mue dich lam thye pham, thife an chan nudi va ché” bié’n, [33] Viét Nam Tai Viét Nam, cay tré “ng bié’n déi gen da duge dua vao thir nghiém ga°n 5 nam"). Te nim 2015, Chinh phi da cho phép dua 3 gid‘ng ngé bié’n déi gen g°m NK66BT (mang gen chuyén Bt11), NK66GT (mang gen chuyén GA21) va NK66bt/GT (mang gen chuyén Bti va GT), day duge xem nhu mét bude dot pha trong cdng nghé sinh hoe. Boi vay, 6 Viét Nam, cdc loai ngé va thye pham lam u phim At phé bié’n va Monsanto vin 1a tap doan nim gitr déc quyé’n phn phé’i gié ‘ng dau nanh bié“n déi gen trén khap thé” gisi voi khoang 90%. D§u nanh 1a mot loai thye phim cung cp dam ra‘t n, c6 nhié-u trong dau phy, cae logi banh, sia tuoi, sta céng thie cho tré em, bét ngii ¢6’¢, banh kgo... Bai vay, kh pham nay dug lam ti dau nanh bié’n déi gen 1a ra‘ : m hon 90% thi tradng dau nanh. Ri g Day dé-u la hon quo’c gia c6 dign tich dit nanh bien tn dau nanh tir Brazil, A n D6, Mi (35) éi gen lon nha ‘tthe’ gi M6t cuge khao sit cho tha’ chua, dju Ha Lan... chon ng cho ké’t qua Ia san pham bié‘n doi gen, trong dé c6 ba’p My, bi’p trai non, ba’p non déng hap, hitps:vwikipedta.orghwikThye_phim_bién, bi_genstQuan_siém ano19/2021 “Thye phim bién abi gon — Wikipedia ing Vigt bot bap, ba’p gid ng c6 ngud"n g6"c trong nude va nuée ngoai duong tinh véi promoter 358 hoie terminator nos - mét dang bié ‘n déi gen. Trong d6 c6 45 mau ba’ p, 29 mau dau nanh, 11 mau gao, 15 mau khoai tay, 10 mau ca chua.[36) Dang cha ¥ 14 ngudi tiéu diing, céc nha phan phé ‘i va ci ban quin ly27) ede siéu thi, chg trén dia ban thanh phé” ha"u nhw khéng hiéu bié’t gi vé” thye pham bié‘n doi gen_/28) Trude tinh trang 46, mot s6” nba sin xua‘t di bat di’u quan tim dé"n vige cng bo” ngué'n go’e nguyén lig xua‘t dé ngudi tiéu ding cé quyé’n Iya chon san phim minh mua cé duge lam tir thye pl didi gen hay khéng. Quan diém Thye phim bié‘n déi gen tre thanh cha dé” gay tranh edi trén pham vi toan ea” u.29) Theo Co quan Quan If duge phim va thye phim Hoa Ky (FDA), c4c loai thye phim ti thye vat bié“n déi gen can phai dap img quy dinh an toan nhu céc loai thye phim khdng bien déi gen. i gen khée nhau va duge dua méc d an toan cia thye phim chong thé dua ra due mét khang dinh in thé” giéi cling chia ra cée 16 "ng quan diém khéc nhau. Theo WHO, hin thye pI oi gen trén thj trudmg qudc te” hign nay phai trai qua giai doan danh gid an toan rat nghiém ngit va thuéng sé khong gay ra nguy co gi véi site khée con ngudi. Tai ede qud’c gia chap nhan sit dung thye phim bié’n dai gen, eiing chua quan sat dugc anh huéng nao Ién site khée con ngudi do tiéu thu thc phim bié‘n ddi gen ca. Tuy nhién nhém khéng ting hé thyc phim bié“n déi gen dia ra cée quan diém r&"ng sir dung thye phim GMO lau di iy di img, khang khang sinh, thim chi gay ung thu. Trén thyc t8” van cé kha nang tO°n tai déc t6” trong thyc phim bié’n déi gen, boi vi cay trO ng truyé-n thong va ey trd ng chuyén gen chi khée nhau vé- gen quy dinh tinh trang mong mué’n, lugng dc to ty nhién (né u c6) ton tai trong cdy tro ng truyé’n tho ng cing s mit trong cdy tré ng chuyén gen.[9] Tuy nhién c mét thye té” 1a trong thye phim ching ta an ti xua dé"n nay dé"u t6"n tai déc té” & ham lugng nha‘t dinh,[9] hau hé’t 6 mite d6 an toan voi ngudi sir dung [40] Hign nay ¢6 mot nhém cée chuyén gia da Ién tié’‘ng bio vé thye phim bié“n dai gen, ey thé nhu: = Thuc pham céng nghé sinh hoc it cé kha nang gay di ng hon so voi cac loai thc pham théng thuéng khdc béi chting thong dug sang loc trée dé bao dam khéng chira DNA twong ty nhu trinh ty dé ma héa cho cdc protein gay dj ting, Hon niva, cac nha nghién ciru dang theo dudi mét loat cac phong phdp tiép can nham loai bé tac nhan gay di eng thc pham phé bién hign nay da de doa ngudi tiéu ding. Ngoai viée nghién cru phuong phap nay ten dau nanh thi cén dang tién hanh mé rong & nhieu loai thyre pham khdc nhu dau phéng, sia ... Cay tréng céng nghé sinh hoc cling dang lam cho thyc pham an toan hon bang cach glam dur lvgng thuée bao v6 thurc vat va gidm kha nang nhiém dc 16 ndm méc voi rung hop cia cay bap Bt = Thue phdm bién déi gen cling khéng phai la nguyén nhan lam tang kha nang khang thudc khang sinh. Cac nghién ctru vé su phat trién cua vi khuan khang thudc khang sinh trong co thé ngudi bang “gen chi thi" (durgc str dung trong mét sé ging cay trong céng nghé sinh hoc thong mai héa dau tién), cheng minh mét cach thuyét phuc rang can nguyén cua van dé nay chinh [a do sty dung qua liéu mét loai thuéc khang sinh throng mai riéng biét. [41142] Hon niva, mot nghién cutu thytc hign vao nm 2010 cho thay nhiing ngudi trong bap truyén théng bén canh bap Bt dugc huéng Igi tir viéc gidm ap Ic sau duc than bap giéng chau Au.(42) hitps:vwikipedta.orghwikThye_phim_bién, bi_genstQuan_siém si10rae “Thye shim bién igen = Wikipedia ing Viet = Dac biét thyc phm bién déi gen la thyc phdm giau dam hon so voi thye phdm truyén théng. Cc chat dam lai déng vai tro quan trong déi voi strc khde con ngwdi va cdc loai vat néi . chung. Nhéing cay tréng cé gid tri dinh duéng duge cai thign gdm giéng Gao vang 2 (cung cép ti8n sinh té A dé khdc phuc tinh trang thiéu vitamin A & nhém dan sé tiéu ding gao), ngé Lysine (cung cAp chat lyzin chtre nang cho thire an chan nudi lon va gia cam), va dau nanh SDA (cé chtra dau dau nay bd sung ham lwgng axit béo Omega-3 tét cho tim mach).!43) Théng tin an toan Té chite Y té’ thé’ gidi (WHO), Té chire Nong Luong Lién hop qué’ c (FAO)!44], Cuc Duge Phim va Thyc Phim Hoa Ky (KDA)... da thié’t lap ra céc hé thé ‘ng quy chuan dé danh gid va quan ly an toan cia thyc phim GM./45! Moi thye phim GM dé‘u phai duge ching nhan khéng cé nguy co vé> sire khoe voi con ngudi dua trén 4 man bién adi gen Tiéu chuan The pham qué ‘c te” (Codex) thié’ t lap bai WHO méi duge dua ra thong mai héa,{45ll4ell47/L48)L49] Met An toan cia cay tro"ng bié’n déi gen 01, (hittp://www.ama- 's /doc/esaph/a12-csaph2-bioengineeredfoo ds.pdf) Higp héi déc cha t hoc, Vién Khoa hoc sy sé‘ ng Qui ct, Vign Khoa hoc han lam Hoa Ky, Hiép héi Hoang gia Vuong qué’ c Anh, Té chire Y té’ thé gi ign Cong nghé thyc phim, Té chite Néng long Lién hiép qué c, Co quan An toan thyc pham chau Au va Uy ban Lién minh chau ‘Aulsills2lissilsalissil5o] (571 duge khing khdc bao g6°m Hiép Ké tir khi cay trd “ng. GM duge thong mai lan da“ tién vao n&m 1996 (1996-2012), cdc co quan juan If thue 59 qué‘ gia da tié’n hanh @anh gidé khoa hoc mé rdng va khang dinh sw an toan cia ; trong GM véi 2.497 phé duyét dé i voi 319 tinh trang GM khée nhau trén 25 d6"i tugng (58) ng. tri Theo théng tin bao chi phat di tir Cong d6 “ng chung Chau Au vé~ ké’t qua 10 nam nghién ciu sinh vat bié“n doi gen cing cho tha’ y, béo cdo tom tat ké't qua cia 50 dé” an nghién ciru chi yé’u tip trung vao tinh an toan cia sinh vat bié’n déi gen d6 i vai méi trudng, sic khée cia con ngudi va vat nuéi. Cée nghién ciru dé duge tié’n hanh trong giai doan 2001 ~ 2010 duge tai trg bai Cong d6 ng chung Chau Au voi ngué‘n kinh phi khong 200 trigu Euro. Theo ké’t qua cia dy an, tinh dé’n thai diém hign tai, khang dinh khdng c6 bat ett bing chimg khoa hoe cho thay m6’ lién hé gitta sinh vat bié’n doi gen voi nhimng rii ro én hon d6’i véi méi trudng, va sy an toan cia thyc pham, thie an chin nudi so véi cdc sinh vat va cay tré “ng truyé-n thd‘ng.[31) Tai Vigt Nam, dé dim bao an toan cho ngwdi sir dung, BS Nong nghiép & Phat trién néng thon da yéu c4-u thuc vat bié’n déi gen trudc khi dura vao sir dung bat bude phai dng ky gia “y xac nhan tai co quan thuéng truc cia BG Nong nghiép va Phat trién néng thén [59 Dan nhan san pham © EU cdc thye pham va thite an cho gia stic bié’n déi gen phai duoc dan nhan. Tuy nhién quy dinh nay khéng bat buéc cho nhing thye phim tir nhang déng vat ding thie an bié’n déi gen.[©°! [61] Ba’t da°u tir thing 1/2016, da c6 quy dinh vé" vige ba’t bude dan nhan ghi rd “bién déi gen” ba ng tié’ng Viet trén bao bi céc loai the phim bié‘n doi gen. Theo d6, cdc loai thye phim e6 it nha‘t 1 thanh pha’n nguyén ligu bié’n déi gen >5% tong nguyén ligu dé-u phai ghi nhan. Day 1a m6t trong nhitng d6ng thai cho tha y su canh gide d6‘i véi nguy eo cia cdc loai thye phim bié‘n déi gen d6”ivéi ngudi tiéu ding. hitps:viwikipedia.orghwikiThye_phim_bién_48\_gentQuen_aibm ano19/2021 ‘hye phim bign Bi gon — Wikipedia ting Vist Nhung mat han ché’ vin 1a, quy dinh trén chi 4p dung duge voi cdc loai thye phim dong g . Cén d6’i véi cdc logi thye phim tuoi, kh6, déng lanh... ede loai thie an chain nudi thi ngudi tiéu ding van phai da chimg vé" ngud"n go’ c. Truéc nhimg cénh bdo cia ec nha khoa hoc vé ce logi thye phim bié’n dai gen, ngudi tiéu ding Vigt Nam van sé hoang mang truée ma tran thye phim bié n déi gen.!621 Chu thich 4. *2 © Cay tréng bién adi gene va tuong lai & Vit Nam - VnExpress (http://vnexpress.net/gl/kho. a-hoc/2011/1 0/eay-trong-bien-doi-gene-va-tuong-lai-o-viet-nam/) 2, 82 ©4 Thyc phdm bién ddi gen | Y té | suckhoedoisong.vn (http://suckhoedoisong. vn/201105 13084526730p61c67 /thuc-pham-bien-doi-gen.htm) 3, 4 "Gonsalves, D. (2004). "Transgenic papaya in Hawaii and beyond’. AgBioForum. 7 (182): 36-40". Ban géc vu trir ngay 6 thang 7 ndm 2010. Truy cap ngay 31 thang 3 ném 2020. 4, * Ronald, Pamela; McWilliams, James (May 14, 2010). "Genetically Engineered Distortions” The New York Times. Retrieved July 26, 2010. 5, § "The Rainbow Papaya Story". Hawaii Papaya Industry Association. Archived from the original ‘on 2015-01-07. Retrieved April 17, 2015. 6. 4 Li, Y; etal. (April 2014). 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Van ban duge phat hanh theo Gidy phép Creative Commons Ghi céng-Chia sé tung ty; 66 thé ap dung didu khoan b8 sung. Véi viée st dung trang web nay, ban chdp han Digu khoan Siz dung va Quy inh quyén riéng tu. Wikipedia® la thuong hiéu da dang ky cla Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., m6t t6 chirc phi Igi nhuan. hitps:viwikipedia.orghwkiThye_phim_bién_48\_gentQuen_aibm 10110