Supplementary Materials

Marco Minissalea,b , Cedric Pardanauda , Régis Bissona , Laurent

Gallaisb
a
Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, PIIM, Marseille, France
b
Aix Marseille Univ, CRNS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
E-mail: marco.minissale@univ-amu.fr

1. Tungsten oxidation

The optical properties of a sample strongly depends on its oxidation degree. Since the
oxidation process is enhanced at high temperatures, our sample could undergo a change
of oxidation degree during the experiments. In other words, the measured differences
of reflectivity of W sample could be due to a change in the surface structure, i.e. the
growth of tungsten oxides. We have studied the oxidation growth by using Raman
spectroscopy.
Raman spectra were recorded using a Horiba-Jobin-Yvon HR LabRAM apparatus
in the backscattering geometry (with x50 objective, with a numerical aperture of 0.5 for.
λL = 514.5 nm, 1 spectrum is acquired in 60 seconds). The Raman mapping mode was
used to get an averaged signal (25 spectra), in order to overcome possible inhomogeneity
effects. The laser power was kept at less than ∼ 1mW µm−2 . Figure 1 displays Raman
spectra recorded in the same conditions for the Raman setup (1.5 atm of Argon). The

Figure 1. Raman spectra of the W samples. t0 to tinf refer to light irradiation time.
See the text for details.
Supplementary Materials 2

spectrum labeled t0 refers to the pristine sample. Spectra labeled t1 , t2 refer to the
sample that have been heated 10 minutes and 1 hour at 520-550 K, respectively, while
the spectrum labeled t3 has been heated ≈ 15 hours (cumulative time), 12 hours at
520-550 K and 3 hours at temperatures between 700-925 K. The spectrum labeled tinf
has been heated a longer time (> 50 hours) with higher power laser (temperatures up to
1500 K) and it is fully oxidized. Most of the bands observed in the spectrum labeled tinf
are due to metal oxides[1, 2, 3]. This is not under the scope of this work to identify the
kind of oxide formed as it could be WO3 , WO2 , or WO3−x , potentially with an important
amount of Magneli phases[4]. No spectral features corresponding to a metal-oxide can
be observed for spectra labeled t0 , t1 and t2 whereas two small bands are observed at
333 and 911 cm−1 for the t3 spectrum. Their intensities are ≈ 2% the intensities of
the most intense band of the tinf spectrum, which sets an upper limit for the extent of
oxidation. Note that, we have not considered all the bands present in the tinf spectrum
in the evaluation but only the most intense band. All in all, the sample corresponding
to time t3 can be considered as slightly oxidized subsequently to the laser irradiation
under vacuum, but thick oxide growth can be excluded. Carbon pollution (displaying
the well known D and G bands at 1350 and 1600 cm−1 , respectively, see Pardanaud et
al.[5] and references therein) can be seen in spectra corresponding to t0 , t1 and t2 but
not in t3 , may be because it has been oxidized or it could have been desorbed, forming
volatile species.
Considering that the fully oxidized (at tinf ) sample presents a reflectivity that is
around 15-20 % and assuming a linear decrease of reflectivity with oxidation, the sample
at the time t3 could presents a decreasing of reflectivity < 0.6-0.7 % with respect to
the sample at time t0 , i.e. high temperature oxidation should change the reflectivity in
the opposite direction of what we have observed from the increase of temperature. We
stress that all measurements presented in this work took an overall time of ≈ 7 hours
at temperatures comprised between 400 and 925 K. In other words, the studied sample
should present a reflectivity decrease < 0.3 % due to oxidation over the whole set of
measurements.

2. Transmittance of the fused silica window

The transmittance TSiw of the fused silica window was measured as a function of
wavelength for S and P-polarization and for nine different angles (0, 10, 20, 30, 40,
45, 50, 60, and 70 degrees). In the case of an incidence angle of 20 degrees, we measure
at 550 nm a transmittance of 91.4 % for S-polarization and 94.2 % for P-polarization
(i.e. 92.8 % for unpolarized light). Similar values have been measured also for other
wavelengths between 500 and 1050 nm. The incidence angle and polarization strongly
affect the transmission of light through the window as shown in Fig. 2. Solid lines are
simulations that have been obtained by using refractive indexes from Malitson[6] and
considering reflection on the two faces of the window. As visible the model is able to
fit our experimental data. We have measured that the transmittance of P-polarized
Supplementary Materials 3

Figure 2. Transmittance of S (black dots), P (red dots), and unpolarized (green dots)
light at 550 nm through the fused silica window as a function of AOI. Dots are our
experimental data; solid lines are theoretical simulations.

reaches a maximum (the Brewster angle) between 50 and 60 degrees; this observation is
confirmed by theoretical works [6] where they found a Brewster angle of 55.563 degrees.

3. Experimental procedure

In order to measure the reflectivity of W, we collect four types of reflection spectra:

SDark , if the SL beam is switched off and it is not sent to the spectrometer; Sref , when
the SL beam is sent directly to the reference mirror (M1 in Fig. 1); Smeas , when the SL
beam is sent on the W sample; Str , when the reference mirror replaces the W sample
inside the vacuum chamber. The four spectra are function of wavelength and sample
temperature and are described by the following equations:
SDark = (IBackground + IBB ) · SF S , (1a)
Sref = ISL · TP ol · RAg · SF S + SDark , (1b)
Str = ISL · TP ol · TSiw · RAg ·
·TSiw · SF S + SDark , (1c)
Smeas = ISL · TP ol · TSiw · RW ·
·TSiw · RAg · SF S + SDark (1d)

where IBackground is the background light and IBB the black body radiation from the
sample; SF S is the spectrometer sensitivity; ISL is the SL beam; TP ol and TSiw represent
the transmission through the polarizer and the fused silica window, respectively; RAg
and RW are the silver and W reflectivity, respectively. By using these equations, we can
find the W reflectivity and the silica transmission as follows:
Smeas − SDark 1
RW = 2
(2)
Sref − SDark TSiw

and
2 Str − SDark
TSiw = (3)
Sref − SDark
Supplementary Materials 4

Each spectrum has been studied by varying the polarization of the SL beam, the sample
temperature, and the AOI of the SL beam. Note that Str , and thus TSiw , has been
measured at fixed temperature (300 K) by varying the polarization and the AOI, as
shown in Appendix 2. We pinpoint that Sdark is not dependent on the polarization and
the AOI of the SL beam. The temperature has been monitored via an infrared camera
(IRC). In order to properly use IRCs two parameters have to be set: the transmission of
the optical path between the sample and the camera and the emissivity of the sample. In
our case, the transmission is given essentially by the 90% of BaF2 transmittance, since
vacuum transmittance is ∼100%. The emissivity setting is more challenging. Actually
many producers of IRC (e.g. FLIR) provide emissivity tables for metals; on the other
hand they warn that measurements using extreme corrections (i.e. low-emissivity as
in the case of bare and unoxidized metals) are often unreliable since radiation from
surrounding media represents a inevitable source of light noise[7]. Moreover, emissivity
table provided by IRC producers are based on hemispherical total emissivity. This
quantity results from the integration of spectral emissivity over the entire spectrum of
black body radiation and should not be used for IR cameras since they work in a limited
spectral range. In other words, we underestimate or overestimate thermal radiation in a
spectral range by using hemispherical total emissivity. Being aware of that, in the case
of tungsten we did not use a fixed value for emissivity temperatures but rather values
included in a ± 15% range with respect to the tabulated emissivity[8]. This procedure
naturally enlarges error bars for temperature measurement to typical relative errors
of ∼5% but allows to obtain a more reliable measurement. Another source of error
in the temperature measurement comes from the temperature gradient in the sample
(both along the thickness and the surface). After 1 minute, the exposed (to HPL beam)
section of the sample reaches a constant temperature (±3 K) while the remaining part of
the sample, i.e. the unexposed parts, needs more time to thermalize. The temperature
gradient of the full sample is reduced to ±6 K after 5-10 minutes of exposure to a fixed
power laser. Note that in the present apparatus, the HPL heated face is opposite to the
face of the sample used to perform spectroscopic measurements. Nevertheless we have
checked by using another pyrometer (working at temperature higher than 800 K) that
both faces of a thicker (1 mm) tungsten sample are at the same temperature with a
maximum deviation of ±5 K. The W sample used for spectroscopic measurement being
500 µm thick, it is reasonable to assume that under the same vacuum conditions the
temperature deviation is δ0 ≤ ±5 K. This hypothesis was confirmed by simulations
performed with the COMSOL Multiphysics software. Considering all sources of errors
discussed above, we can estimate the error on temperature measurements by

∆T = δ0 + 0.05 ∗ Tmeasured (4)

Supplementary Materials 5

4. Measured reflectivity of W as a function of temperature, wavelength,

polarization, and angle of incidence

Table 1. Temperature dependence of W reflectivity as a function of wavelength for

P- and S-polarized light sent at an AOI of 20◦ .
Temperature (K)→ 300 400 525 690 815 925 300 400 525 690 815 925
Wavelength Energy Reflectivity
nm eV P-polarization S-polarization
500 2.48 48.7 48.9 49.3 50.6 51.2 51.2 53.5 54.5 56.0 55.7 56.2 56.5
510 2.43 48.5 48.7 49.1 50.2 50.9 51.0 53.3 54.2 55.6 55.4 55.9 56.1
520 2.38 48.9 49.1 49.5 50.4 51.1 51.1 53.7 54.5 55.9 55.7 56.1 56.4
530 2.34 48.8 49.0 49.5 50.3 50.9 51.0 53.7 54.3 55.6 55.4 55.8 56.2
540 2.30 49.0 49.1 49.4 50.2 50.8 50.9 53.7 54.2 55.5 55.3 55.7 56.0
550 2.25 49.2 49.2 49.6 50.3 50.9 51.0 53.9 54.3 55.4 55.3 55.7 56.0
560 2.21 49.4 49.4 49.8 50.4 50.9 51.0 53.9 54.3 55.3 55.3 55.6 55.9
570 2.18 49.4 49.5 49.8 50.4 50.8 51.0 53.9 54.2 55.2 55.1 55.5 55.7
580 2.14 49.7 49.7 50.0 50.5 50.9 51.1 54.2 54.4 55.2 55.2 55.6 55.8
590 2.10 50.0 50.0 50.2 50.7 51.0 51.2 54.4 54.5 55.3 55.3 55.7 55.8
600 2.07 50.3 50.3 50.4 50.8 51.1 51.4 54.6 54.7 55.4 55.4 55.7 55.9
610 2.03 50.5 50.5 50.6 51.0 51.2 51.5 54.8 54.9 55.5 55.5 55.8 56.0
620 2.00 50.9 50.8 50.9 51.2 51.5 51.8 55.1 55.2 55.7 55.8 56.1 56.3
630 1.97 51.1 51.0 51.1 51.4 51.6 51.9 55.3 55.3 55.8 55.8 56.1 56.3
640 1.94 51.4 51.3 51.4 51.6 51.8 52.1 55.5 55.5 56.0 56.0 56.4 56.5
650 1.91 51.5 51.4 51.5 51.7 51.9 52.2 55.6 55.6 56.0 56.1 56.4 56.6
660 1.88 51.7 51.6 51.6 51.9 52.0 52.4 55.7 55.7 56.2 56.3 56.6 56.8
670 1.85 52.0 51.9 52.0 52.2 52.3 52.7 55.9 56.0 56.5 56.5 56.9 57.1
680 1.82 52.0 52.0 52.0 52.3 52.4 52.8 55.9 56.0 56.5 56.6 57.0 57.2
690 1.80 52.1 52.1 52.2 52.5 52.5 52.9 55.8 56.0 56.5 56.7 57.1 57.2
700 1.77 52.1 52.1 52.3 52.6 52.6 53.1 55.9 56.0 56.7 56.9 57.3 57.4
710 1.75 52.2 52.4 52.5 52.9 52.9 53.4 56.0 56.2 57.0 57.2 57.6 57.8
720 1.72 52.3 52.5 52.6 53.1 53.1 53.6 56.0 56.2 57.1 57.3 57.8 57.9
730 1.70 52.2 52.6 52.7 53.3 53.4 53.8 55.9 56.2 57.1 57.4 57.9 58.1
740 1.68 52.3 52.6 52.8 53.5 53.5 54.0 55.9 56.2 57.3 57.6 58.1 58.3
750 1.65 52.1 52.7 52.8 53.6 53.6 54.2 55.8 56.2 57.4 57.8 58.3 58.5
760 1.63 52.3 52.8 53.0 54.0 54.0 54.5 55.8 56.2 57.6 58.0 58.6 58.8
770 1.61 52.0 52.7 52.9 54.1 54.1 54.7 55.6 56.2 57.6 58.1 58.7 58.9
780 1.59 52.0 52.8 53.1 54.4 54.3 55.0 55.5 56.0 57.7 58.2 58.8 59.1
790 1.57 52.0 52.9 53.2 54.6 54.7 55.3 55.6 56.2 58.1 58.7 59.3 59.5
800 1.55 52.0 53.3 53.5 54.6 54.8 55.3 55.5 56.5 58.0 58.8 59.6 59.7
810 1.53 51.9 53.0 53.3 55.0 55.0 55.7 55.4 56.2 58.2 58.9 59.6 59.9
820 1.51 51.7 52.9 53.3 54.9 55.0 55.7 55.1 56.0 58.2 58.9 59.5 59.8
830 1.49 52.0 53.3 53.6 55.4 55.5 56.2 55.6 56.4 58.5 59.3 60.0 60.3
840 1.48 52.3 53.4 53.7 55.8 55.8 56.5 55.7 56.5 58.7 59.5 60.2 60.5
850 1.46 52.4 53.6 54.0 56.0 56.1 56.7 56.0 56.7 59.0 59.8 60.5 60.9
860 1.44 52.6 53.7 54.0 55.9 56.0 56.8 56.0 56.6 58.9 59.7 60.5 60.8
870 1.43 53.0 54.1 54.4 56.5 56.6 57.3 56.7 57.2 59.6 60.3 61.1 61.4
880 1.41 53.4 54.4 54.7 56.6 56.8 57.4 56.9 57.6 59.6 60.5 61.2 61.6
890 1.39 53.9 54.8 55.2 57.1 57.2 57.9 57.5 58.0 60.0 60.8 61.6 62.0
900 1.38 54.0 55.0 55.2 57.2 57.3 57.9 57.7 58.1 60.1 60.9 61.7 62.0
910 1.36 54.7 55.7 55.9 57.7 57.8 58.4 58.4 58.6 60.5 61.3 62.1 62.4
920 1.35 55.2 55.8 56.1 57.8 57.9 58.7 58.5 58.9 60.7 61.4 62.2 62.5
930 1.33 55.6 56.2 56.3 58.0 58.0 59.0 58.8 59.1 60.9 61.6 62.4 62.7
940 1.32 56.2 56.4 56.7 58.4 58.5 59.1 59.2 59.4 60.9 61.7 62.4 62.9
950 1.31 56.6 56.9 57.1 58.8 58.9 59.7 60.2 60.4 61.9 62.4 63.3 63.6
960 1.29 57.4 57.7 57.8 59.3 59.5 60.2 60.8 60.7 62.3 63.0 63.7 64.1
970 1.28 57.8 58.2 58.3 59.5 59.5 60.5 61.2 61.4 62.5 63.0 63.6 64.1
980 1.27 58.5 58.4 58.8 59.7 59.8 60.6 62.1 61.9 63.1 63.5 64.2 64.7
990 1.25 59.4 59.4 59.4 60.3 60.5 61.5 63.0 62.7 63.9 64.3 64.9 65.4
1000 1.24 59.1 59.3 59.7 60.1 60.4 61.3 63.1 62.8 63.8 64.3 65.1 65.5
1010 1.23 59.9 59.8 59.8 60.8 61.0 61.6 63.2 62.8 64.2 64.5 64.9 65.6
1020 1.22 59.1 59.3 59.4 60.0 60.1 60.5 62.7 62.6 63.0 63.5 64.1 64.4
1030 1.20 59.2 59.6 60.0 60.5 59.7 61.6 63.5 62.7 64.1 64.1 64.2 65.1
1040 1.19 59.4 59.0 59.7 59.7 59.7 61.0 63.5 63.1 62.8 64.0 64.1 64.8
1050 1.18 60.6 59.5 60.5 60.4 61.0 61.1 64.5 64.0 64.2 65.7 65.7 66.9
Supplementary Materials 6

Table 2. Temperature dependence of W reflectivity as a function of wavelength for

P- and S-polarized light sent at an AOI of 45◦ .
Temperature (K)→ 300 400 525 690 815 925 300 400 525 690 815 925
Wavelength Energy Reflectivity
nm eV P-polarization S-polarization
500 2.48 47.0 47.6 48.1 48.5 48.9 49.4 62.3 63.8 64.5 65.5 66.5 67.0
510 2.43 46.0 46.6 47.0 47.4 47.9 48.3 63.3 63.9 64.6 65.5 66.5 66.9
520 2.38 45.8 46.4 46.8 47.2 47.7 48.1 63.4 63.6 64.3 65.1 66.0 66.4
530 2.34 45.7 46.4 46.7 47.1 47.6 48.1 63.9 63.7 64.2 65.0 65.9 66.2
540 2.30 45.7 46.3 46.6 46.9 47.6 47.9 63.5 63.8 64.4 65.1 66.0 66.2
550 2.25 45.8 46.5 46.7 47.0 47.7 48.1 63.5 63.9 64.4 65.1 65.9 66.2
560 2.21 46.0 46.6 46.7 47.1 47.8 48.1 63.7 64.1 64.5 65.1 66.0 66.2
570 2.18 46.1 46.8 46.8 47.1 48.0 48.2 63.5 64.3 64.7 65.3 66.1 66.3
580 2.14 46.2 46.9 46.8 47.2 48.0 48.3 63.5 64.3 64.7 65.3 66.0 66.2
590 2.10 46.4 47.0 47.0 47.3 48.2 48.4 63.6 64.3 64.7 65.2 66.0 66.1
600 2.07 46.6 47.2 47.1 47.4 48.4 48.6 64.1 64.5 64.9 65.4 66.1 66.2
610 2.03 46.9 47.5 47.4 47.7 48.6 48.8 64.3 64.7 65.0 65.5 66.3 66.4
620 2.00 47.1 47.7 47.5 47.8 48.7 48.9 64.2 65.0 65.3 65.9 66.5 66.7
630 1.97 47.2 47.8 47.5 47.9 48.8 49.0 64.4 64.8 65.2 65.7 66.4 66.5
640 1.94 47.5 48.0 47.8 48.1 49.1 49.2 64.6 65.1 65.5 66.1 66.7 66.8
650 1.91 47.6 48.2 47.9 48.2 49.2 49.3 64.8 65.1 65.5 66.1 66.8 66.8
660 1.88 47.7 48.3 48.1 48.4 49.4 49.5 65.1 64.9 65.4 66.0 66.6 66.7
670 1.85 47.9 48.5 48.3 48.7 49.6 49.8 65.1 65.1 65.7 66.3 67.0 67.1
680 1.82 47.9 48.5 48.4 48.7 49.7 49.9 65.2 65.0 65.7 66.3 66.9 67.0
690 1.80 47.9 48.5 48.5 48.9 49.8 50.0 64.9 65.4 66.2 66.9 67.5 67.6
700 1.77 47.8 48.5 48.6 49.0 50.0 50.2 65.1 65.4 66.3 67.1 67.6 67.8
710 1.75 47.8 48.7 48.8 49.3 50.3 50.5 65.1 65.2 66.2 67.0 67.5 67.7
720 1.72 47.7 48.6 48.9 49.4 50.4 50.6 65.1 65.2 66.2 67.1 67.6 67.7
730 1.70 47.6 48.6 49.0 49.6 50.6 50.9 65.3 65.2 66.3 67.3 67.8 68.0
740 1.68 47.5 48.6 49.1 49.7 50.8 51.0 65.1 65.3 66.6 67.5 68.0 68.2
750 1.65 47.4 48.6 49.2 49.9 51.0 51.3 64.8 65.5 66.8 67.9 68.4 68.6
760 1.63 47.3 48.6 49.4 50.2 51.2 51.6 65.2 65.6 67.0 68.2 68.6 68.8
770 1.61 47.1 48.5 49.4 50.3 51.4 51.7 64.7 65.6 67.2 68.4 68.8 69.0
780 1.59 46.9 48.5 49.5 50.5 51.6 51.9 64.9 65.9 67.7 69.2 69.5 70.1
790 1.57 46.9 48.6 49.8 50.8 52.0 52.3 64.8 65.4 67.2 68.5 68.8 69.1
800 1.55 46.8 48.6 50.0 51.1 52.5 52.6 64.9 65.3 67.0 68.4 68.7 69.0
810 1.53 46.7 48.6 50.1 51.3 52.5 52.9 64.4 65.2 67.1 68.4 68.8 69.0
820 1.51 46.6 48.6 50.1 51.3 52.5 52.9 65.0 66.2 68.1 69.5 69.8 70.1
830 1.49 46.8 48.8 50.4 51.7 53.0 53.3 64.9 66.2 68.1 69.6 70.0 70.3
840 1.48 47.1 49.1 50.8 52.1 53.4 53.8 65.2 66.4 68.4 69.8 70.1 70.5
850 1.46 47.3 49.3 50.9 52.2 53.6 54.0 65.4 66.5 68.3 69.8 70.1 70.4
860 1.44 47.5 49.4 51.0 52.4 53.7 54.1 65.6 67.0 68.8 70.3 70.7 70.9
870 1.43 47.9 49.7 51.3 52.6 53.8 54.3 65.6 67.3 69.2 70.6 70.9 71.3
880 1.41 48.5 50.2 51.8 53.1 54.5 55.0 66.5 67.0 68.8 70.2 70.7 70.9
890 1.39 48.9 50.5 51.9 53.3 54.7 55.1 66.4 67.6 69.2 70.7 71.1 71.3
900 1.38 49.2 50.7 52.1 53.5 54.9 55.2 66.9 67.6 69.4 70.7 71.1 71.4
910 1.36 50.1 51.4 52.6 54.0 55.4 55.8 66.8 69.0 70.7 72.0 72.4 72.6
920 1.35 50.5 51.9 53.0 54.3 55.7 56.1 67.8 68.6 70.2 71.6 71.9 72.1
930 1.33 51.2 52.3 53.4 54.8 56.2 56.6 68.5 68.7 70.2 71.6 71.9 72.1
940 1.32 51.6 52.7 53.6 55.0 56.3 56.7 68.7 68.9 70.4 71.7 72.0 72.3
950 1.31 52.4 53.3 54.2 55.3 56.6 57.0 68.9 69.5 70.9 72.0 72.5 72.7
960 1.29 53.0 54.1 54.6 55.8 57.1 57.5 69.3 69.4 70.7 72.0 72.5 72.5
970 1.28 53.6 54.6 55.1 56.1 57.4 57.7 70.2 69.8 70.8 72.0 72.7 72.7
980 1.27 54.7 55.4 55.8 56.8 58.1 58.4 69.4 71.0 72.3 73.2 74.0 73.8
990 1.25 55.0 55.7 55.9 56.9 58.2 58.6 72.4 72.2 73.3 74.4 74.9 75.0
1000 1.24 55.9 56.7 56.7 57.6 59.0 59.3 69.5 71.4 72.8 73.7 74.2 74.4
1010 1.23 55.3 56.4 56.5 57.5 58.7 59.0 72.8 71.4 72.5 73.5 74.1 74.4
1020 1.22 54.5 55.1 55.1 56.1 57.0 57.3 73.1 72.5 73.1 73.9 75.0 75.1
1030 1.20 55.8 56.3 55.9 56.5 57.6 57.6 74.4 75.1 75.6 76.6 77.9 77.5
1040 1.19 56.5 57.6 57.4 58.5 59.9 59.9 73.2 74.0 74.7 75.7 76.2 76.1
1050 1.18 56.9 57.0 56.4 57.2 58.5 58.5 72.9 73.1 73.4 74.2 75.2 74.9
Supplementary Materials 7

Table 3. Temperature dependence of W reflectivity as a function of wavelength for

P- and S-polarized light sent at an AOI of 52◦ .
Temperature (K)→ 300 400 525 690 815 925 300 400 525 690 815 925
Wavelength Energy Reflectivity
nm eV P-polarization S-polarization
500 2.48 41.2 41.6 42.0 42.3 42.4 43.2 73.6 74.0 74.9 75.3 75.6 76.2
510 2.43 41.4 41.7 42.1 42.3 42.4 43.1 73.2 73.5 74.4 74.7 75.0 75.6
520 2.38 41.4 41.7 42.0 42.1 42.3 42.9 72.8 73.0 73.8 74.1 74.4 74.9
530 2.34 41.7 41.9 42.2 42.3 42.4 43.0 72.5 72.7 73.4 73.7 73.9 74.4
540 2.30 41.8 42.0 42.2 42.3 42.4 43.0 72.2 72.4 73.0 73.3 73.6 74.0
550 2.25 41.9 42.1 42.2 42.3 42.4 43.0 72.0 72.2 72.7 73.0 73.2 73.7
560 2.21 42.2 42.3 42.4 42.4 42.5 43.1 72.0 72.1 72.6 72.9 73.1 73.5
570 2.18 42.4 42.5 42.6 42.6 42.6 43.2 72.1 72.1 72.6 72.9 73.1 73.5
580 2.14 42.6 42.6 42.7 42.6 42.7 43.3 72.0 72.0 72.4 72.7 72.9 73.3
590 2.10 42.7 42.7 42.7 42.7 42.8 43.3 71.9 71.9 72.4 72.6 72.8 73.2
600 2.07 42.9 42.8 42.9 42.8 42.9 43.4 71.9 72.0 72.4 72.6 72.8 73.2
610 2.03 43.0 43.0 43.0 42.9 43.0 43.5 71.8 71.9 72.2 72.4 72.6 73.0
620 2.00 43.2 43.1 43.2 43.1 43.2 43.7 71.7 71.7 72.0 72.3 72.5 72.8
630 1.97 43.2 43.2 43.2 43.2 43.3 43.8 71.7 71.7 72.1 72.4 72.5 72.9
640 1.94 43.2 43.2 43.3 43.3 43.4 44.0 71.7 71.8 72.1 72.4 72.6 73.0
650 1.91 43.3 43.3 43.4 43.5 43.6 44.1 71.6 71.7 72.1 72.5 72.6 73.0
660 1.88 43.3 43.4 43.6 43.6 43.8 44.3 71.5 71.6 72.1 72.5 72.7 73.1
670 1.85 43.2 43.4 43.7 43.8 43.9 44.5 71.4 71.6 72.2 72.5 72.8 73.1
680 1.82 43.2 43.4 43.7 43.9 44.1 44.6 71.5 71.8 72.4 72.8 73.0 73.4
690 1.80 43.1 43.5 43.8 44.1 44.2 44.8 71.4 71.7 72.3 72.8 73.0 73.5
700 1.77 43.1 43.5 43.9 44.2 44.4 45.0 71.2 71.6 72.3 72.8 73.0 73.4
710 1.75 43.0 43.5 44.0 44.4 44.6 45.2 71.1 71.5 72.3 72.8 73.1 73.5
720 1.72 42.8 43.4 43.9 44.4 44.6 45.2 70.8 71.3 72.2 72.8 73.1 73.5
730 1.70 42.7 43.4 44.0 44.5 44.8 45.4 70.6 71.3 72.2 72.9 73.2 73.6
740 1.68 42.5 43.4 44.1 44.7 45.0 45.6 70.5 71.2 72.3 73.0 73.3 73.6
750 1.65 42.5 43.5 44.3 45.0 45.3 45.9 70.3 71.1 72.3 73.0 73.3 73.8
760 1.63 42.4 43.4 44.3 45.1 45.5 46.2 70.2 71.1 72.4 73.2 73.5 74.0
770 1.61 42.3 43.5 44.5 45.2 45.7 46.3 69.8 70.8 72.1 73.0 73.3 73.8
780 1.59 42.2 43.6 44.8 45.7 45.8 46.4 69.7 70.9 72.6 73.7 74.0 74.4
790 1.57 42.3 43.6 44.8 45.7 46.1 46.8 69.7 70.9 72.4 73.3 73.7 74.1
800 1.55 42.2 43.5 44.7 45.7 46.2 46.9 69.7 70.8 72.4 73.3 73.7 74.1
810 1.53 42.2 43.6 44.9 45.9 46.4 47.1 69.7 70.8 72.5 73.5 73.8 74.3
820 1.51 42.5 43.8 45.0 46.2 46.7 47.4 69.8 70.8 72.5 73.5 73.9 74.3
830 1.49 42.6 44.0 45.2 46.3 46.9 47.6 69.8 71.0 72.6 73.5 74.0 74.4
840 1.48 42.7 44.0 45.3 46.4 46.9 47.6 70.0 71.0 72.7 73.7 74.1 74.6
850 1.46 43.2 44.4 45.6 46.7 47.3 48.0 70.3 71.3 72.9 73.9 74.3 74.8
860 1.44 43.6 44.7 45.9 47.0 47.6 48.3 70.9 71.8 73.4 74.4 74.8 75.3
870 1.43 44.1 45.1 46.3 47.4 47.9 48.7 70.9 71.8 73.3 74.3 74.8 75.2
880 1.41 44.4 45.3 46.4 47.5 48.0 48.8 71.3 72.1 73.6 74.6 75.0 75.5
890 1.39 45.0 45.8 46.8 47.8 48.4 49.2 71.9 72.5 74.1 75.0 75.4 76.0
900 1.38 45.5 46.3 47.3 48.3 48.8 49.5 71.7 72.2 73.6 74.5 74.9 75.4
910 1.36 45.7 46.4 47.3 48.3 48.8 49.6 72.3 72.8 74.1 75.1 75.4 76.0
920 1.35 46.3 46.9 47.6 48.6 49.1 49.8 72.4 72.8 74.0 74.8 75.3 75.8
930 1.33 46.8 47.1 47.9 48.9 49.3 49.9 73.3 73.5 74.7 75.6 75.9 76.4
940 1.32 47.7 48.1 48.8 49.6 50.2 50.8 73.6 74.0 75.0 75.8 76.1 76.6
950 1.31 47.8 48.1 48.7 49.5 50.0 50.7 74.3 74.5 75.5 76.3 76.8 77.3
960 1.29 48.4 48.4 48.9 49.7 50.2 50.8 74.6 74.6 75.6 76.4 76.8 77.3
970 1.28 49.6 49.5 49.9 50.7 51.1 51.8 75.1 75.0 76.0 76.6 76.9 77.3
980 1.27 50.1 50.1 50.3 51.0 51.4 52.2 75.6 75.1 76.1 76.7 77.0 77.6
990 1.25 50.8 50.7 50.8 51.6 51.9 52.6 76.0 75.8 76.7 77.3 77.4 78.2
1000 1.24 51.3 51.2 51.3 52.0 52.3 52.9 75.7 75.5 76.0 76.9 76.9 77.8
1010 1.23 50.7 50.6 50.7 51.2 51.5 52.5 76.9 76.7 77.4 77.7 78.4 78.7
1020 1.22 52.7 52.1 52.0 52.2 52.5 53.6 76.3 75.8 77.0 76.9 77.2 77.6
1030 1.20 51.8 51.2 50.6 51.0 51.7 52.5 77.1 76.8 77.8 77.4 78.6 78.6
1040 1.19 53.9 52.8 52.6 53.6 53.3 54.1 78.4 77.7 78.7 78.8 78.6 80.0
1050 1.18 53.2 52.2 52.2 52.7 52.8 53.4 77.2 77.2 78.0 77.4 78.8 78.9
Supplementary Materials 8

5. Temperature dependence of the refractive index n and the extinction

coefficient k for different wavelengths.

In this appendix, we provide in Table 4 values of n and k minimizing the following

equation  
2
X 1  Rexp (θ, pol) − Rth (θ, pol) 
χ =   (5)
θ,polarization
σ exp (θ, pol)
 R th (θ, pol)


for wavelength in the 500-1050 nm domain (with a 10 nm step) and for temperatures
between 300 and 925 K. We also report n and k values of Rakic et al.[9] at room
temperature.
 Supplementary Materials
Table 4: Temperature dependence of refractive index n and
extinction coefficient k for different wavelengths.

n k
Temperature (K)
Wavelength Energy 300 300 400 525 690 815 925 300 300 400 525 690 815 925
nm eV Rakica TWb Rakica TWb
500 2.480 3.403 2.331 1.331 1.031 0.711 0.481 0.421 2.691 2.842 2.377 2.127 1.787 1.397 1.277
510 2.431 3.423 2.331 1.332 1.032 0.692 0.528 0.476 2.707 2.839 2.372 2.122 1.757 1.429 1.385
520 2.385 3.444 2.324 1.326 1.026 0.684 0.566 0.505 2.722 2.841 2.365 2.115 1.742 1.451 1.442
530 2.340 3.465 2.317 1.319 1.019 0.685 0.595 0.518 2.736 2.848 2.361 2.111 1.738 1.467 1.468
540 2.296 3.486 2.313 1.314 1.014 0.692 0.618 0.523 2.748 2.858 2.361 2.111 1.744 1.478 1.477
550 2.255 3.506 2.313 1.313 1.013 0.703 0.635 0.525 2.758 2.871 2.365 2.115 1.756 1.487 1.479
560 2.214 3.527 2.315 1.315 1.015 0.715 0.647 0.526 2.768 2.885 2.374 2.124 1.771 1.496 1.481
570 2.175 3.546 2.321 1.320 1.020 0.727 0.654 0.528 2.776 2.901 2.385 2.135 1.787 1.506 1.486
580 2.138 3.582 2.326 1.326 1.026 0.739 0.658 0.533 2.787 2.917 2.398 2.148 1.804 1.518 1.496
590 2.102 3.597 2.332 1.332 1.032 0.749 0.659 0.540 2.791 2.932 2.411 2.161 1.820 1.532 1.511
600 2.067 3.612 2.336 1.336 1.036 0.757 0.658 0.550 2.793 2.948 2.424 2.174 1.833 1.549 1.531
610 2.033 3.624 2.339 1.339 1.039 0.762 0.655 0.560 2.795 2.963 2.434 2.184 1.845 1.567 1.553
620 2.000 3.635 2.339 1.339 1.039 0.766 0.651 0.571 2.796 2.976 2.443 2.193 1.854 1.586 1.578
630 1.968 3.645 2.336 1.336 1.036 0.767 0.645 0.582 2.796 2.988 2.450 2.200 1.860 1.606 1.601
640 1.937 3.651 2.332 1.332 1.032 0.767 0.639 0.592 2.795 2.999 2.454 2.204 1.865 1.626 1.624
650 1.908 3.657 2.325 1.326 1.026 0.765 0.633 0.599 2.795 3.008 2.457 2.207 1.868 1.646 1.643
660 1.879 3.660 2.318 1.319 1.019 0.762 0.627 0.605 2.794 3.015 2.459 2.209 1.869 1.664 1.658
670 1.851 3.661 2.311 1.311 1.011 0.759 0.621 0.608 2.792 3.021 2.460 2.210 1.870 1.680 1.669
680 1.824 3.660 2.305 1.305 1.005 0.755 0.615 0.608 2.791 3.025 2.461 2.211 1.871 1.695 1.676
690 1.797 3.657 2.300 1.300 1.000 0.751 0.610 0.606 2.791 3.028 2.462 2.212 1.872 1.708 1.679
700 1.771 3.653 2.297 1.297 0.997 0.748 0.606 0.602 2.790 3.029 2.465 2.215 1.874 1.719 1.679
710 1.746 3.645 2.297 1.296 0.996 0.745 0.603 0.597 2.790 3.029 2.468 2.218 1.877 1.729 1.676
720 1.722 3.636 2.299 1.298 0.998 0.742 0.601 0.590 2.791 3.028 2.474 2.224 1.881 1.737 1.671

9
730 1.699 3.626 2.303 1.303 1.003 0.740 0.600 0.583 2.792 3.027 2.481 2.231 1.885 1.745 1.666
 Supplementary Materials
740 1.676 3.613 2.310 1.309 1.009 0.739 0.601 0.576 2.795 3.024 2.489 2.239 1.891 1.752 1.662
750 1.653 3.599 2.318 1.318 1.018 0.738 0.603 0.570 2.798 3.021 2.498 2.248 1.898 1.759 1.659
760 1.632 3.583 2.327 1.327 1.027 0.738 0.606 0.565 2.802 3.018 2.508 2.258 1.906 1.767 1.658
770 1.610 3.566 2.336 1.336 1.036 0.737 0.609 0.561 2.808 3.016 2.518 2.268 1.913 1.776 1.661
780 1.590 3.547 2.344 1.345 1.045 0.736 0.614 0.559 2.814 3.014 2.527 2.277 1.921 1.786 1.666
790 1.570 3.526 2.351 1.351 1.051 0.735 0.619 0.559 2.823 3.012 2.536 2.286 1.927 1.796 1.675
800 1.550 3.504 2.355 1.355 1.055 0.733 0.625 0.561 2.832 3.011 2.542 2.292 1.933 1.808 1.687
810 1.531 3.481 2.355 1.356 1.056 0.730 0.630 0.564 2.843 3.012 2.547 2.297 1.938 1.820 1.702
820 1.512 3.456 2.352 1.352 1.052 0.726 0.635 0.568 2.857 3.014 2.548 2.298 1.940 1.832 1.718
830 1.494 3.431 2.344 1.344 1.044 0.721 0.639 0.573 2.871 3.018 2.547 2.297 1.941 1.843 1.735
840 1.476 3.404 2.332 1.332 1.032 0.715 0.642 0.577 2.888 3.024 2.543 2.293 1.939 1.853 1.751
850 1.459 3.377 2.315 1.314 1.014 0.707 0.644 0.580 2.906 3.031 2.536 2.286 1.935 1.861 1.765
860 1.442 3.349 2.294 1.293 0.993 0.698 0.644 0.582 2.926 3.041 2.527 2.277 1.929 1.865 1.777
870 1.425 3.320 2.270 1.269 0.969 0.687 0.641 0.581 2.949 3.054 2.516 2.266 1.921 1.866 1.785
880 1.409 3.291 2.242 1.242 0.942 0.676 0.637 0.578 2.973 3.068 2.504 2.254 1.912 1.862 1.788
890 1.393 3.261 2.213 1.213 0.913 0.665 0.630 0.572 3.001 3.085 2.492 2.242 1.902 1.854 1.786
900 1.378 3.231 2.184 1.184 0.884 0.653 0.622 0.563 3.029 3.104 2.481 2.231 1.892 1.842 1.779
910 1.363 3.201 2.155 1.157 0.857 0.641 0.611 0.551 3.061 3.126 2.472 2.222 1.883 1.827 1.768
920 1.348 3.172 2.128 1.131 0.831 0.631 0.599 0.537 3.094 3.149 2.467 2.217 1.876 1.808 1.752
930 1.333 3.143 2.104 1.109 0.809 0.621 0.586 0.521 3.131 3.175 2.465 2.215 1.872 1.789 1.735
940 1.319 3.115 2.083 1.091 0.791 0.613 0.572 0.504 3.169 3.202 2.468 2.218 1.872 1.770 1.717
950 1.305 3.087 2.067 1.077 0.777 0.607 0.559 0.488 3.210 3.231 2.477 2.227 1.876 1.755 1.700
960 1.292 3.061 2.055 1.067 0.767 0.604 0.546 0.474 3.253 3.260 2.491 2.241 1.886 1.745 1.687
970 1.278 3.036 2.047 1.062 0.762 0.603 0.536 0.463 3.299 3.290 2.510 2.260 1.901 1.742 1.679
980 1.265 3.012 2.042 1.060 0.760 0.604 0.529 0.457 3.346 3.319 2.533 2.283 1.922 1.749 1.678
990 1.253 2.991 2.039 1.061 0.761 0.607 0.525 0.454 3.396 3.348 2.559 2.309 1.947 1.764 1.682
1000 1.240 2.970 2.037 1.062 0.762 0.612 0.524 0.454 3.452 3.376 2.585 2.335 1.975 1.787 1.690
1010 1.228 2.954 2.035 1.064 0.764 0.618 0.528 0.456 3.506 3.403 2.611 2.361 2.005 1.814 1.694
1020 1.216 2.940 2.032 1.065 0.765 0.625 0.535 0.454 3.560 3.424 2.633 2.383 2.032 1.835 1.686
1030 1.204 2.930 2.028 1.067 0.767 0.630 0.543 0.442 3.616 3.441 2.649 2.399 2.052 1.836 1.648

10
 Supplementary Materials
1040 1.192 2.921 2.023 1.071 0.771 0.634 0.551 0.406 3.671 3.452 2.657 2.407 2.059 1.797 1.559
1050 1.181 2.903 2.023 1.083 0.783 0.633 0.553 0.333 3.692 3.456 2.656 2.406 2.046 1.686 1.385
a Rakic et al.[9], b This work

11
Supplementary Materials 12

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