TO THE READER. INDLY ase this book very carefully. If the book is disfigured or marked or written on while in your Possession the book will have replaced by anew copy or paid for case the book be a volume of vet be In of which single volumes are not available the price of the whole set will be realized, oT Rz40 we SRI PRATAP COLLEGE LIBRARY SRINAGAR ( Kashmir ) — DATE LOANED Class No. Book No._ Acc, No.__ This book may be kept for 14 days, An over - due charge will be levied at the rate of 10 Paise for each day the book is kept over - time.SRI PRATAP COLLEGE LIBRARY SRINAGAR ( Kashmir ) DATE LOANED Class No. Book No.. Acc. No, __ This book may be kept for 14 days. An over - due charge will be levied rate of 10 Paise for each day the book is kept overTHE JOURNAL oF THE Tndian Mathematical Society Vol. X.) FEBRUARY 1918 “INo. 4 “6 EDITED BY M. T. NARANIENGAR, M. A Flomy. Joint Secretary, WITK THE CO-OPERATION oF Prot. K.P. PARANSPYE, M.A. B.Sc. Prof. € 1. WILKINSON, MA. E.RAS. and others Madras : PRINTED BY S. MURTHY & CO., THE “ 306, Thumb Chetty S ‘Annual Subscription : Rs.6) 1918, KAPALEE ” PRESS, (Single Copy : one Rupee,CONT Progress Keport : we ce ve ae Infinite series and arithmetic functions :—Prof. E. Haalberg we 255 Double lines: M. Bhimanua Rao oe ove eve vee 264 Short Notes — Notes on question 789: M. T. Narasingrao vee 269 Note on question 887: R. J. Pocock — x ve 270 Astronomical notes : R. J, Pocock 274 Bolations os a 275 Questions for Solution . . 290 List of Periodicals ws a ve +. Cover A paper should contain a short and clear summary of the new re- sults obtained and the relations in which they stand to results slready known. It should be remembered that, at the present stage of mathe- matical research, hardly any paper is likely to be so completely original as to be independent of earlier work in the same direotion; and that readers are often helped to appreciate the importance of » new investigation by seeing its connexion with more familiar results. ‘The principal results of # paper should, when possible, be enunciat- ed separately and explicitly in the form of definite theorems. The Journal is open to contributions from members as well as subscribers. The editors may also accept contributions from others. Contributors will be supplied, if so desired, with extra copies of their contributions at net cost, All contributions should be written legibly on one side only ot the paper, ard all diagrams should be given on separate slips, All communications intended for the Journal should be sddressed to the Hony. Joint Secretary, and Editor M.T, NARANIENGAR, M.A., 23, Mallesvaram, Rangalore, or Joint Editor, P. V. SESHU AIYAR, B.A,, L.T., 18, Pycroft’s Road, Triplicane. Alt business communications regarding the Journal should be uddressed to the Hony. Asst. Secy., C. N. GANAPATI, M.A, 26, Pycroft’s Road, Triplicane. Enquiries by intending members of the Society and all other communications may be addressed to the Hony- Joint Secretar) D. D. KAPADIA, M.A., B.Sc. 2414, East Street, Poona.THE JOURNAL OF THE Sudian Mathematical Society. Vol. X] FEBRUARY 1918- (No. 7. PROGRESS REPORT. The following gentlemen have been elected members of our Society :— 1oMr, A. M. Koreishi, M. A. O. College, 2 Mr. @. V. Seshtah, P. Nellore. 2. The Committee record with great rogret the sad and premature death of Mr. P. R. Krisbnaswami, u.., formerly of Pachayappa’s College, Madras. Mr. Krishnaswomi served as Assistant Secretary of our Society during 1915 and 1916, when his failing health forced him to resign his post. In him the Soviety has lost an earnest and enthusiastic momber, M.A.—Professor of Mathematics, ligarh (U. P.) -—Mathematics Teacher, Athithota, 3. The following books have been received for the Library -— 1. Calentta University Calendar, for 1917, Parts II & IIL. 2 Madras University Calendar, for 1917, Part I. 4. The Hon. Troasurer’s Statem 1917 is given overleaf. Poowa, D.D. Kapapra, 81st January 1918. ent of Accounts for the year Von, Joint Secretary,254 ‘ueansvosy, “oH (9161 Auonuop woe ‘avary YSYAVEYN ‘S. ¢ “svaav AL \b |F 136% * 1890, “401spny “MOR “BLT A4onsqod pay ” sonpg wor sxvinvavagag “No CPS) uvaeaquy quLastssy + £avyoi0ag sypeazo9 aq 0 SyUNODDE BA0QE OY - Aavjoasog FUTISNY adap PUB uELEBAiT] UTASISsY 8yI PUL £36 - . vs gadnsvagf, — -9ddag quUISISsY ay ‘Laujosoag ony £4 payytur yang uvpuy aq, -qus §,00010}078 A[yITOM Aq} OSE su SYoqONOS yuug Ueqip [RAID stapLT , pA sHoog stamneuory, oy} PoUwENe oAvy | L le § Ola (BIOL, ve os eoueqeg sussorg “fo et err ” sidronoa snoouyjqoostyg a oe - kawquy “BB | OL | . ” syueUIyseAuy Uo ySeeqU] “* + yeuanog 103 suorgduiasqug “ “bo Jo | 982 ous't| “* s+ saaqmayy woay suonduosqug “ [waauop Junuy a sjeaanog pus syoug + goBaeyo Satysom Saeurpao £q | |e | o¥6't| ” “eg{g] wosy aounpug OL, sndyavay oumppundzgy *1T@I 400k oy; sof hyasoog oys fo squnosoy fo uowaynig ‘KLGTIOOS TVOILVWEHLVA NVIGNI FHL255 Infinite Series and Arithmetical Functions. By Prof. F. Hautpseo. (Oontinued from p. 186, Vol. IX.) IN, Laguerre’s series. 12. I now pass on to the interesting series 2 V D240. lz| Hoy= 4 Ca a ae (121) an the sum being extended over all divisors @ of n. Tho formala van easily be proved if the left side is developed in a double series, We know then from the theory of numbers, that fln)= > BOS) a ws vs (1212) a formala proved by R. Dedekind* and J. Lionvillet. (12.1) may therefore bo written in two ways: ~ e dir foe >" Ye, ae we (12,138) m1 nal don 2 Deo) = Sewer. aaa din n=1 The functions f(n), s(n) may here be chosen arbitrarily, provided only the sorios converge. 13. Some Special Cases. For f(n) =1 we obtain Lambort’s series @ a “ \) , Li@)= yazan Dio lel<]} oe (3.1) ne v= 8 series used by numerous writors in oonnestion with the difficult theory of the asymptotio distribution of the primes. Math. 64 (1867), appl. (3) 2 (1887), p. 110, J. reine +5. math. p256 On the other hand, knowing that w (18.11) we may expect that, as » t(h) is an increasing function of n, h=l n S11) =a log 040(n) os wa (18.12) he=l In fact, Dirichlet has proved that » Duan log n+ (20—1)n+0(Vn) we (18.18) A=1 C being Enler’s constant For f(n) =n, we have Enler’s result 2 ce St = Seven sdet0, * s FO) =EE +00 log ”), (18.22) h= and we see, because of a theorem of Cesiro, that the right side of (13,21) cannot oscillate between wider limits when wl than does 7'n* | O(n log n) ety th aT When noe . a which expression approaches 7. Hence we obtain __ ew (13-28) when +1. -257 It seems however, that possibly 7/12 should le replaced by 1/6 in formola (13.22), which is taken from “ Eneyel des sviences math.” Tome I, vol. 3, p. 355. In fact, om p. 359, u’¢(r-+1) is given as the “asymptotic mean-value” of the sum of the r powers of the divisors of a positive integer n, that is * x > ye n(n), hel dh aresult attribated to B. Cesiro, L. Gegenbaner and L. Kronecker, Hence the result for r=1 should be n 7/6, while (13.22) gives n '/12 (Fie obviously a misprint. Another obvions misprint is quadra. tiquea” instead of “ cubiques ” on the same page (359) of the “ Encyel.” line 5 fb,). Ihave neither seen any of the original memoirs in question nor as yet taken the trouble to verify the results, and I am thereforo at Present not in a position to judge, where the mistake lies.* It is however easy to verify another formula, also given on p. 359 of the “Encycl,” viz.: ‘The asymptotic mean value of the sum of the inverted values of the r! powers of the divisors of n equals <(r-+1). In fact n 1 11 > > + wA=r+), ss (13:24) Raldth onal 1s n-pe0 (since the left side is an increasing function of tond to infinity, thus having a definite Limit), sn Oud cannot If wo put s(n) =4(%) we get gy a y n 2 Dice 2 HOt (3) = S24, be) <1 as.) n=l (?)Binos the above was written,T have vd that Di, 5 Proved th correct one. The proof will be given in the following. Dich258 Now Dirichlet has proved, that " > 44) =83, 4000") cee ws (18.81) nA whoro § lies between 1 and 2, while according to F. Mertens " > 3n* #(h) =, + O(n log n). we (18.82) wel Hence 2 na 1 ~———* _, 2 a-s >) sarees Dy Heme (5) n=l don a Fe t(2)e +4324. ieee Ort. ass3) whence g 6 1 2 > Sewer @) easy wa (18,84) n=l din when 21. We know further that p(n) is the numerical integral of p(n). Thus o , @ » er O)= > ‘p(nja" ,fal =, 1 log n-+0(n) (18.42) wel or more acourately a 12Q1 log h > 700) =% (log n$20-145 9) k=! A=2d +0(-Va log n) (18.411) wo have in the usual manner, and by the aid of (13.11) & 13°12), (18042) Qa" 6 1 1 dee Border = 36 (I), whon o>].259 Combining (13.11) and (13:42), we bave also S " * <1 a » = a(FHO-1) = » 2(%. p(ny—tin) Jr 3.5) 1 12’ n= from which we conclude, comparing (13.13) and (13.411), that ne oe w ae 12 Lviog h 4 D> fe (Few Yok S ie. - (13.51) n=l 2 when 2-51, or © ~ L (pay 12 Yrlogh ; Dae (GMO) = ES ee, (18.52) n=l WA provided the series to the left converges Patting f (n)=(—1)? @—D yaa, \n even we obtain S1 a (d’=1 ne = ae Seay ae Sev . = Se Sey ). . asey nal n=l Tm @ taking the values of all odd factors of 1. Since we have (2 a GSs7ie o (1361) [Cesiro] . [Bromwich ; p. 172, (21), a9 #31, we obtain p.172,21),] + (1562) where ++ (1363) (provided this limit exists), Now, however, A. Berger * has Proved, that Lt E(H+K(3)+.., +£(2m—1) 7 TA) FE(Qm—1) on Min @Im—T =“. (23.631) * Acta math, 0 (1886/7), p. 301, ~260 from which we conclaile the corresponding bt BQ)4 EG +. +E@m) _ 9 moe zm ve (18.64) Aso consequence of a formula (by J. Liouvillet) we have also % s Jo = S DV). fe} . (1411-) din It is worth noticing that the same series is obtained by #—inver- sion of the geometrical progression “ > n=l rted sories before rearranging sis is again a conseqnence of (1411). it ns x91 after moltiplication by 1—z, the 1- If wo sum the inve the terms we obtain the formole (421) If we take the lim result is (11°13) In the second case we have o = Nano" pat $(d)=n, we have by (1B-12) adn e= D0 e@(3), ve a we (AL) din and hence wee (1422) Hence we have also ene" 4 pat. pay wee (14°23) n= when z->1, which may be regarded as complement to the equation in the theory of Dirichlet’s series. 15. Let f(n) =p(n) log n. It appears, that the numerical integral in this case is ye@ log d=— V(n), ae ss (15-1) din (@ fanction which has been examined by N. V. Bagajev), where V(ny= log pif nis. power of a prime p, V(n)=U, when n contains twe or more distinct prime factors, and V(1)=0. Consequently © > Bn) log n =1 from which follows 2 —Mvmrrtera, (15-2) n=1 - 1 2” =D 2tv(2)2 +v(8)a'+.. ZrO Mr beep 81) 2262 By Cesards theorem we see that the fraction on the right side cannot oscillate between wider limits, when 251, than does * ! Dive) when 5 2, And as do Is Vallee’ Ponssin®) and T Hada- a R=1 mard**) have proved, that the last fraction tends to 1, we have here @ new verification of the theorem 2 owe) yee log n a say n=l 16. ‘Phe arithmetical function, whose numerical integral is ps (n): We have becane of (12.14) for x(n) = p(n) 2 , Ss " S@.e(S)= Drea Le . (16.1) n=l dm nel Pat for brevity. pron (5) =H. a v (16.11) By considering all different cases which may arise, we see that #'(”) has the following properties: vO BO if n is divisible by a cube other than unity. en) =1, if wOAEO, that is if m is not divisible by a square other than unity Bn) =(— 2), if w(ny=(—D, that is if n is not divisible by a :sqnare other than unity, and kis the namber of prime-factors in n. Guns) =(—2)'1 if m>1,n,>1 are prime to one another, neither being divi le by 0 square other than nity, and f, is the namber of — prime- factors in m, we we (16-12) Let now " Sin)= DS) wl) eae (18RD 1 * Ann. Boo. 8: Bruxelles 202 (1895.6), p. **) Bull, Soc, math. Franco 24 (196), p. 199. +9) ©. B. Acad. 80. Paris 129 (1699),"p. 612,263 Tt has been conjectured, that always Join) |<] yal. (16.21) the proof of which would have far-reaching consequences, farnishing in particular» proof of the famous proposition of Riemann that the imaginary roots of the equation &(e)=0 all have R (e)=3, while it the latter conjectare were proved correct, it would follow, that for » large enough ewan? , where @ is certain number less than 5%), ft, would also follow, that 7 the series in formala (11-12) is convergent for R (s)>0. *) At present we know only, that the order of ¢(%) is not greater ~2V log than that of ne *V 108 Chandan *), which however is sufficient to find the value, if it exists, of the series = " Yeo. * n=1 In fact we have by (16-1) 2 1 vt ny =P A)t+ p2)a + w(3)e"+ . 2 a er As #1, the ri ight side of this equation can only oscillate betweon limits, which are n¢ ot greater in absolute value than those of ne—aV log n ” 8 > ©, and as this last expression tends to zero, wo may conjecture x» > BO) 9, we n From the general formula in the theory of Dirichlet’s series x (16-4) Van Sy P=}, Sow, ws (163) n=l rs (YE Landau, Rend. Gro Mar P, Jormo 26 (1908), p, 364.264 where the series are convergent, f(#),g (n) any given arithmetical fanctions, and AO=)) F@a(4), ve we (1651) din it follows for f 2 a SHG ‘Thus Spo Vem Bo. > a1, we w» (1661) n=l n=l (Bromwich, p. 494 Ex. 45 (2)]. and consequently, if we put w(m) = DS) HDG) = EG) 56) nid din @ we have by (1-51) > PM) oy, w+ (167) a nod from which we conclude p(n) =0, for n>1 we ws» (61) ‘The formula (16-1) conld also have been obtained through p inversion of (14:1) (Jo be continued.) Double Lines. By M. Batmasesa Rao. [This uote is in coutiuuation of the Author's Note on'‘ Double Points’ oo page 19, Vol. IV of the Journal.} Let ABC and A’B’U’ be any two triangles and P and P’ the mesn centres of A, B, C anil A’, Is’, C’ respectively for any common system of multiples. ‘The line joining any. two points P and Q corresponds to the join of P’ and Q’. ‘The self corresponding lines may be called tho double lines of the trismgles. The line at infinity is ovidently » doable line.265 2 To find the double lines. Let D be the double point of the triangles, Divide AB and A’ B’ in the same ratio at X and X’, DX and DX’ are corresponding lines. X and X’ divide AB and A’ B’ homographieally. Hence I) X and D X’ are conjagate rays of « homographic pencil whoso double lines aro the double lines of the triangles. 3. The double lines are evidently the tangents from D to the parabola inscribed in the quadrilateral ABB’A’. Hence the three parabolas inscribed in the quadrilaterals ABB’A’, BUC’ and CAA'C’ have two tangents in common which are the double lines of ABC and A'B'C, and the line at infinity which is also a common tangent of the parabolas is also a double line. The intersection of two double lines is a donble point. It follows therefore that any two triangles have 1 general® three double lines, and three double points two of which are at infinity. Denote these two points by D, and D,. 4. When ABU and A’ B’ C’ are directly similar triungles, D, and Ds ore the circular points. The following properties can be easily inferred by orthogonal projection. (i) The conics ABC D, D, and A! BC’ D, D, are corresponding ourves, If X be any point on the former, lines throngh A’, BY, C’ parallel to AX, BX, CX intersect at a point X’ on the latter. X and X’ are not corresponding puints of the triangles. (ii) If P, P’ and Q, Q' be pairs of corresponding points, and PP” and QQ intersect in O, the conics PQD D, D, and P’Q’ DD, D, are corresponding carves passing through O and are the loci of correspond: ing points whose join passes through O. : 5. ‘Lo find the condition that the double lines are at right angles. In this case D is on the directrices of the three parabulas AB B’A’, BC C'B’, CA A’B,, fe, on the radical axes of the pairs of circles de- scribed on AB, A’B; BC’, B'C; CA’, C’A; as diameters. If X and X’ be the mid-points of AB’ and A’B, we have px'—Dx=! (ABi~A’By, Da’+ DB? =2 Dx14AB" DA?4+DB'=2 DX? “In porticular, when AA’, BB’ and CC’ aro parallel, any: line parallel to theso ie a double line and any point on tho axis of perspective of ABC end a’ BY C is.» donblo point.266 (DA’—DB*)~(DA— DB") (DX*—DX") +. (AB— A'BY =AB"—A‘B*. Adding two similar results, we have A BC?+CA showing that the triangles ABC "B+ BIUEU'AY, and A’B'C' are orthologic. Given that ABC and A'B‘C’ are orthologic triangles, it oan be shown by @ rearrangement of the steps that the radical axes of the three paire of circles described on AB’ and A’B; etc. as diameters co- intersect, but it does not follow that the point of intersection is the double point of the triangles, ‘That the triangles should be orthologic when the double lines are at right angles follows immediately hy the application of the first pro- perty of S4. ABCD,D, is now a rectangular hyperbola which passes throngh H the orthocentre of ABC. Therefore lines through A’, B’, C’ parallel to AH, BH, CH, ic, perpendicular to BO, CA, AB are con- current on the rectangular hyperbola A’B‘C'D,D, and for a similar reason perpendiculars from A, B, U, on BYC’, C’A’, A'B’, are concurrent on ABCD,D,. 6. Given that ABC and A‘B'C’ are orthologic triangles, to show the double lines are right angles. Let the perpendiculars from A, B, C on the corresponding sides of A’B‘C’ intersect at S and the perpendicnlars from A’B'C’ on the sides of ABC, at S. Then S and S! are corresponding point of the triangles.” Let L and Li be points at infinity on BC and B'U’ and AS, A’S’ inter- seot the line at infinity in Mand M’. Since corresponding lines cut the Hine at infinity homographically snd Dy and D, are the double points of this range we have (D,D,, LL’) =(D,D,, MM’). (D,D., LL!) =(D,D,, M’M). (D,D,, LM’, L’M) is in involution. latly in hie Modern Geometry, vide page 66. The ‘8 geometrical proof :— Following Let 'l bo the isogonal conjugate of S and X¥% the pedal triangle cf T with Foupect to ABC. S and ‘I aro corresponding pointe of ABC and XYZ. (ABFly Ex, 7 (a) and 11 pp. 88 and 89 of M'clelland’a Geometry of the circle), The siden of XYZ being at right angles to SA, SB, SC, tho trianglee A’B’C' and XYZ ard homothotic, TX, TY, TZ being parallel to S’a’, §'B', S’C’, T and S! are correspone- ing pointe of XY2 and A’B'O'. Theroforo S and §/ are corrospondiag points of ABO ond A’B‘C’.287 Bat Land M’ are points at infinity in direction at right angles as also Land M. ‘Therefore D, and D; are points at infinity in direction at right angles, ie, the double lines are at right angles Since ABC SD,D, is & rectangulay hyperbola, the double lines are parallel to the pedal lines of the extremeties of the circam-diameter of ABC throngh the isogonal conjugate of S 7. Vouble point of perepective triangles Consider a triangle ABC and its conjngate triangle A'B'C’ with respect toa circle whose centre is D. Tt is well known that the tri- angles are in perspective ani also ortholozis, the points $ and S' deter- wined as in § 6 being coincident at the centre D which shows that the the dovble point, and the reetangnlar hyperbolas ABCD and A’BC'D intersect at the centre of perspective and also on the line at infinity. By orthogonal projection we have, centre (1) The donble point of two triangles in perspective is the centre of the conic with respect to which they are conjagate (Q. 367), (2) The donble lines are conjugate diameters of the above conic (Q. 374, (2)), and if O is the centre of perspective. (3) The conics ABCDO and A’B'C'DO intersect the line at infinity in the remaining doule points (Q. 374, (1)) and are the loci of corresponding points whose join passes through O, by the second Property of $4. (Q. 374, (4)). Lf, im addition, ABC and A‘B‘C’ be orthologie, S and S' being the points of concurrence of the perpendi- cnlars from the verticies of either on the corresponding sides of the other, the conics AB JDO and A’B'C'DO are rectangnlar hyperbolas passing rexpectively through S and S’. Since S and 8’ are correspond. ing points, they are collinear with the centre of perspective (Q. 643), ‘The first result of Q. 340 is an application of this property. 8, Besides the application and illustrations of the theory of double Points and lines given in the above questions set in the Jonrnal, the following are added. (2) ‘The double lines of the pedal triangles of any two points P and P’ with respect to ABC aro the pedal lines of the points in which PP’ intersects the cireumcircle of ABC. When PP’ passes throngh the cireumeentre, the pedal lines are at right angles, and therefore the Pedal triangles of P and P’ are orthologic; and conversely if the pedal triangles of P and P’ are orthologic, PP’ passes throngh the circum- contro. LE PRATAP? ( SRI LLEGE LIBRA,268 (2) If XY% and X’Y'Z’ are the pedal triangles of P and P’ ona ciream-liameter of a triangle the radical axes of the three pairs of circles described on XY’ and X'Y, etc, as diameters are concurrent on the nine point circle at che orthopole of PP’ (Q. 239 is a particalar case of this property). (3) Let P, P’ be corresponding points and L, L’ corresponding lines of vo orthologic triangles F, F’. ‘Then the perpendicular from P on 1/ considered as a line of F corresponds to the perpendicnlar from P’ on LL. Inversely similar triangles are orthologic. For inversely similar triangles we have an additional property, viz, the parallel throngh P to L’ corresponds to the parallel throagh P’ to L, given by Lachlan; Matern Geometry, Bx. 1. § 2 22. (4) Let A’BC’ be the pedal triangle of Pwith respect to ABC. Yo the circumeirele of ABC corresponds a circum-ellipse of A’B'C’. ‘This ellipse is the locus of orthopoles of lines throngh P with respect to ABC, ‘The double lines being nt right angles give the directions of the azes of the ellipse. (5) If two conics having the same axes are snch that triangles inscribed in one are cireamscribed to the other, the normals at the points of contact are coneurrent. [A well known property.] For if ABC be an inscribed triangle and A’, B’, C’ the points of contact, ABC and A’B'C! ave conjngate triangles with respect to the second conic, the double point is the conmon centre of the conics which therefore are corresponding conics, the common axes being conjugate diameters of the conies are the donble lines, and these being at right angles, the triangles ABC and A’B'C’ are orthologie, ete. If a concen- tric conic be inscribed in A’B'C’, the normals at the points of contact are ‘ilso conenrrent. (6) To:project orthogonally orthologio triangles into orthologic triangles, we have only to take the base line parallel to a double line. If inversely similar triangles be projected into orthologie triangles, these latter will also be inversely similar, for the double points and jony two corresponding pointston the line at infinity, of inversoly similar trisngles form « harmonic range—a property unaltered by projection. (To be concludes).269 SHORT NOTES. Note on Question 735. 1, The following generat result may be of interest : Lot (rq. 8,) be the point of the ath pedal corresponding to a point (r,@) of ncurve, Then 9=0,4+n(it— 4) 5 n.=r sinte. Now, if C,, is the entire circumference of the nth pedal, we have Co=|rn4i28, = [r sin“ (dO-fn-+ 1d). (J.LMS.. 1916, p. 137.) Alto Caus=f a burs=[ rasa C0800 418,45 = Jrsin ""4(d0-+n42de) ” Cass —O=frsin™¥4 dg, and (n42 CuI Cnas=[ rsin",*¢ dO ; which may also be written (4D C,—nCpaa= froin “gap, 42/0, —- M+) Cay = J p sin" ¢dp } 3. For the particnlar case of Q. 735, we write aba site where @ is the eocentric an, iglo of a point (7, conjugate tor. ‘Thus 8) and r’ is the radius (41.0, —nCnga [22 2" da, = yaa” See and (142) C-(H4DIC, y= ("PY adda270 Putting »<0,—1,—8 in the above, we have C= vote 7 fois da wr whence =ab(att bf 3C,—C_, (or [20 =(80,—0.4)(2C—C4) da_(da dat _ (de da 7 1 IP I Pe M. T, Namanrewoan. since A Note on Question 837. 1, Inthe Annnal Progress Report for the year 1915—I6 of the Saperintendeat, Hindu and Buddhist monuments, Northern Circle, mention is made of a magic square found on the underside of a fallen intel at the shrine, locally known as chota Surang, at Dudhai, Jhansi Disrict. ‘This templet probably belongs to the first half of the eleventh century A. D. The Square is as follow: ye] 1 14] | 7 [eo wls 1 pe ‘The Suporintendent remarks :— « Mathomatically it is interosting ns possessing the following pro- portios:— (i) the sum of each row, each column and each, diagonal is 34, (i) the sum of all the numbers in each sub-square also 34,” a 6| 1 4)271 Since (i) is true not only of the leading dingonals, bat also of broken disgonals, the square is of the type known as pandiagonal (see Ball’s Mathematical Recreations,* p. 156). (ii.) however is not an additional property as is evidently supposed by the writer, but isa consequence of (i). In fact if we divide any even Magic square into four groups of cells which we may represent by A,B,C,D as below and if # be the constant sum o: rows » | columns, we clearly have nk A+B="*=A+0 .B=C and A=D, bat in general A-=C or B It however the square is of the pandiagonel type, it is easy to show that we have Now in a pandiagonal square we may clearly alter the order of sither rows or colamns eyclieally without losing the Properties of the square. Honce it follows that A-=nk/4 where A ia any eubsquare of nk/4 cells (n*=totul no. of cells), in this case e.g. the four contre celle, It has seemed worth montioning this property of pandiagonal squares, sinco it is not mentioned by Ball and is clearly unknown to the writer of the Report, as also to the writer of the Scientific notes in Chambr Journal where I first came across the square. 2. Squares of the type of (I) are dircotly connected with those of the type required as. solution to Mr. Malhari. Rao's question No, 837 @nd ws a matter of fact the above square leads immediately toa solation of Q. 837 quite distinct from _the set of solutions given in J.I. M.S. Vol. ix. p. 161. Making one alteration in rows, one in columns and then writing Fows as columns, (I) becomes. 1fisliole” a272 Subtracting nnity from each olement of (II) and then replacing each element n(say) so obtained by 2" we obtain the following square which is clearly a solution of Q. 937 al args ‘This solation differs from any of the doubly infinite set obtained in J.1. M.S. vol. ix p. 161 in that in (III) all the 16 elements are different, whereas in the previous solution there were only 8 distinot elements each repeated. Denoting the elements by 44, a4,..8),b,, «and a.0,.04.,=% we have 16 relations connecting 17 quantities but the equations ore in re- ality equivalent to ouly 14 independent relations ; if therefore, we assign particular values to any two of the quantities we can still assign any arbitrary value to the quantity k and obtain a solution. It does not follow however that the solution so obtained will be in positive integers. For example suppose & is prime, then the only possible solution will have one element in each row=k and all the others unity ; it must be one of the solutions of the problem of placing 4 queens ono chessboard of 16 cells so that no queen can capture any other—there are two solutions of this problem (see Ball, loc, cit. p. 114), but althongh they make the prodnct of rows and colamns=k, they break down for the diagonals, hence there is no solution in positive integers if kis prime. The solution previously given in J.J. M.S. is not the most general solution, the values obtained \,+%,=2are only one set of possible values. 3. The qaestion arises whether the solution (III) is the only solution in which the cells are ocvupied by distinct integers. It is not so as may be seen as follows :— The square (II) is the sum of the two squares278 provided m=4; but each of these squares is a pandiagonal magic square for all values of m, and hence so is their sum. But inthe som the cells a, and ¢, are occupied by the nos. 1 and 2 for all values of m, hence adding the two squares, subtracting unity from each element and replacing each element so obtained by the corresponding power of 2 we obtain the square which satisfies the conditions of the problem whatever the value of m and provided m>3 the cells are ocvapied by 16 distinct integers; in this way we get a singly infinite system of such solutions, 4. Any factor of k must ocenr as a factor line, colamn and diagonal, bat it has been shown once only no solation is possible ; it mnst therefoi and hence for a solution in positive integers k must be a perfect square. But since c,=2, 2 is a factor of k and there 4 is a factor of k, hence it is & necessary condition that kis of the form 4p’ (This appears to bo proved by the solation previously published where it is found thar F=4bid’, but since this solution was not perfectly general it seemed desirable to give a general proof.) at least once in every above that if it occars re occur at least twice R. J. Pocock.2%4 Astronomical Notes. The nearest Star. For three quarters of a century alpha centaurt has been the nearest known star. Mr. Innes at Johannesburg has now discovered a star of the eleventh magnitude, the distance of which is almost exactly the same as that of alpha centauri. As its proper motion is of approxi- mately the same amount and in the same direction, it seems possible that the two stars are physically connected although the distance sepa- rating them is very great, viz. 20° 12’. The particulars of the two stars are given below ;— Alpha centaur’. New Star. Parallax a 0756 0755 Proper Motion (in arc) 3°68 3°76 Direotion a 2814° 2827° This star is intrinsically the faintest star known. Abont # year ago Prof. Barnard discovered s star with a larger proper motion than any previvusly known. These discoveried show that we still have much to learn about even the nearer stars. The Planets. Most of the plansts are favourably situated for observation at this time of year. Below aro given the positions on March 15th and the constellations in which the planets will be found. Planet. R. A. Deoln. Constellation. Mercary ... 23" 49” ve 2935'S u Piscos. Venus... Bl 8 ll gs Aquarius. Mars il 42 6 IN Virgo. Jupiter. 4 18 20 40 N Tauras. Saturn .. 8 43 19 7N Cancer. Uranos ... 21 52 13 43S Capricornus. Neptune 8 27 . 18159 N Cancer. ‘The sun’s position on the samo.date is R. A. 23% 38” Deol. 2° 20'S, in the constellation Aquarius. It will be seen that Venus ond Uranus are morning stars while all tho others are evening stars, though at this date Meroury will be too close to the sun to be visible and Mars will just rise at sunset. R. J. Poooox.275 SOLUTIONS Question 757 (S. Mavuart Rao):—Give a solntion in positive integers of the equations. (1) t—6y*=1 , (2) 1 7yt=a', Remarks by S. V. Venkatachala lyer. (1) 2t—6y'=1, Let Then :*—6y'= continued fraction ; we have. wo4lglilyl VORP tity tg te , To solve this in positive integers we express 1/6 as The successive convergents are 2, $, 4,... “+ =5,y=2is obvionsly a solution of z’—6y', but as this does not give the valne of = a perfect square, as it should be, we have to select such a value for s, as will be a perfect square, from the general solution, 14 (5+2V6)"4(5—26)" }. Potting n=%, we get 2=49, a perfect square. “. The valne of «=7, and the corresponding value of y ia 20. (2) —iy'=s". Dividing ont by 2, we have y PW =1 Patek, y=kn - Then B—I7W=1. ‘To get values for k, », in positive integers, we seo VIT=4+h4k,... , nnd the successive convergents are Of these &= 34is not a perfect cube, we have to consider the general solution given by %=3 { (834+8V17)"4(33—By17)"} 1 =— 334+8/17)"—(33—! 7)" ” ai { H8VID"—Ca—Byi7y"Y and get a value for £ which is a perfect cube, by proporly chosing n and the corresponding value of yalso can be found ; The relations =k, y=km, give # and y. 33,=8, satisfies E17 y'=1. But since276 Question 761. (Martyx M, Tuomas) :—Apply the method of Instantaneons centre to solve the following: — “At every point of a plane cnrve lice is drawn making a given angle with the normal, and let the envelope of these lines be termed the a evolute. Prove;that the @. evolute of the a evolnte of any cnrve is the @ evolute of the @ evolate of the carve” Solution by S. R. Ranganathan and the Proposer. Let C be the centre of curvature at P to the given curve. Let CPQ=a and CPR=Z. Draw PT the tangent atP to the given curve, Consider PT, PR, PQ and PG as four rods rigidly connected, and let PT move tangentially to the given curve Then, as P moves on the curve to its consecutive position, PT, PR, PQ, PG will have moved to their consecative positions, so that PT moves tangentially _—_to the given-ourve, PR oo» ow to B-evolute, PQ ” ” to a-evolate, Gl to evolnte proper, ‘Thue the centre of curvature C is the instantaneous centre, and thus it becomes the centre of curvatare for the a-evolute and A-evolute a9 well. Henee the perpendiculars from Con PQ and PR become the ’s for these a anu Z-evolntes, and M, N the feet of these perpendionlars are, consequently, the points of contact Join MN and produce it to S. Then MNCP being cyclic quadrila- teral, NMC =a, and SNC=f,277 “The carve enveloped by MN becomes the a-evolute of the B-evolnte, and is also the Z-evolate of the a-evolute. The foot of the 4 from C on MN isthe point of contact, and corresponds to P. Thus as P moves along the given curve, PQ envelopes the a-evolate PR envelopes the Z-evolate and MN the a-evolute of the Z-evolate and vice versa, Question 815. (Marrs M. Tuoxas, M.A.) :—If dy s f az ba > a prove that Paka rtb ky tn Reynys =O. Solution by K.B, Madhava, R.J. Pocock, H. R. Kapadia, A. A. Krishnaswami Aiyangar, 8. R. Ranganathan, 0. Krishnamachary, L. 8. Vaidyanathan, V. M. Gatonde, K. A. Eady, S.V. Venkatachalayya, L. N. Bhatt, B.A., K. Santhanam, E.K. R. Atyar, 0. Bhaskaraiya, K. R. Rama Iyer, and 8. Gangadharan, Let y={ exp (—a2—be—e) des Ya ben, 7 then yf =exp (—ax"—ba—c) =E a! Iiny and y'+2a24b) ¥=E (n—1) kya Substituting E (nl) kg a"4 (8 ae-b) Ea!) ky =0 and collecting the co-efficient cf 2”! wo have What b ken +2 a kyr =0. Question 816. Qlanriw M. Tons, M.A.) lf k be the curvature of an ellipse and 1 dk 1a ky ay=- ,a,=> o* 8 sae Ta show that 45 # (data, 40, a,) has the constant value (&) at all Points of the ellipse, a and 2 being the somi-axes, -. 4278 Sotution (1) by K. B. Madhava; (2) by K. A. Brady, M.A. (3) K. K. R. Aiyar and several others. know 2 (FY (1) We know aa(Zs) 20 tor the general conio at from invariants. cat Now ge =tan yp. 4+ o fe =k F cosy, £(33) “He x hak cos yb—2h * sin ay, - ak aad & »(33) 5% i F ay" ~2400F Fito) t -3 =—2 (a) (—5ay*p Ady ay-+40!)+ Hence -3 2 a," (4a,'—5a,*-+4a, a,) = constant and equal to (za): (2) Let tbe equation to the ellipse referred to the tangent and normal at a point be 2y=a2*-+2hay + by?. Then — y= fax+hy)+ (hat by)n th=(athyy) + (hat by yst G+ by) Ya=hyrt (het by)yot 2+ bys)ys boyy y= hyo (hat by)y.+3(h+-by:)ye+ Bdy.P+ byyer At the origin yw=0, yr=a, ya=3ah, y,=8a%+ 12a, 3 Also eaty—? ads Honce Fand+ny 4 ; J . Hey aty’) "30.447 yas FLaaenn? yttut ) , Shau(l+ys)279 o At the origin k=a, Ha 3ah and © 3a 412uht—ta" 3 r Hence in the notation of the qnestion wah a=F,% x “ 4ag'—5a;?-+ 4ay a= TO) But if a, @ are the semi-axes of ax*4Zhay-+hy'=2y, 1 @) . Gi) a oe dp Als ae 8 a = { (2 Jap fo ip ldp apy) * pap pap 2 [eoPaes | 20., from (ii) since p= meth Laas That is Ana a at or [4a,a,—5a,°+-4a,4] hart st(2arpra, =2afanyt. Honce o¥ Cha,a,—50,°4 40,4] = (=)! is tho difforential equation to a conic in tho intrinsic form.280 Question 817. (S. Matuant Rao) :—If 2C, is equal to the continued product of three primes, whose sum is 327, find Solution by Martyn M. Thomas, M.A., and K, B. Madhava, + -e(2—1)(e—2) = Taxes <. We have the following cases : a1, 2-2 spp ted, 28 ot: + z 327 5 at 4 =327 @ 1s (49) 997 2 pp) 4 P_ Bt igt @—2) $887 5 $4 1) 425? 2397 zal 907. © z2 gto te) 397 5 41) 42>? 307. From the first case, wo have »=179; all the others do not give integral values of . oe The primes, as obtained from the first, are 179, 89 and 59. Question 818. (8. Matuuzt Rao):—Complote the following magic squares by inserting prime numbers in vacant cells :— . _ () "7 19 61 (a) [53 | 83 1 43]281 Solution by Rt. J. Pocock. I assume that the proposer requires the cells to be occupied by distinct integers, @ a+6) 140 [G+12) \ * Consider the square 1}12' 246,440 | | | B+0a +12| 1+6 | It will clearly be magic provided a+2+1+18=38+18 ie. a+ =2, we have then to find two sets of 3 primes each in A. P. (common diffe- ronco=6) snch that the first of one set plus unity is double the first of the other set. Ifthe nambers are to be distinct we easily find that py =31 satisfies all the conditions. @) Consider the square 4 & ory 1 we have bye, 4,=17, b)=19, a +2 then we have and The only solation of )+e,=31 in primes, other than those already assigned to cells is 7, 38 therefore b, and b, mnst be 83, 59. Hence tho square is completely determined. (c) We notice that the pairs of cells already filled which are symmetrically situated w-r-t the centre add up to 140, This suggests filling the remaining cella in the leading diagonals in a similar mai 2 nner. One arrangement is shown below 79) a] 1) a) 7. [a al 3 [53] oe 103 97 |449| 43 | 37 | a ‘87 (137 [78 | sa (98a |199/«, [or |we then have aye, =360 5 Hence a—e=124 and bd =752. ‘Vhere two equations are ensily solved in primes, 60 that we have M1. a= 461, = 419 43, dy) =421. Hence the square is completely determined. and Question 840 (A. C. L. Winkinsox) :—If A’, B,C" are the points of contact of the inscribed cirele of a triangle ABC with the sides and P the Feuerbach point corresponding to the inseribed cirsle, show that PA’: PBY: PC [cin PSI sin OFA | | sin Question 849. (K. Apruxurray Enapr) :—If D, E, F be the fest of the altitudes of the triangle in the above question, shew that 2 | C-A _ A. BC oo B ai DP: BP: FP=coseo 5 sin =F: cose > sin = + eosee ¢ sin a . Solution (1) by 8. Muthukrishnan and Zero; (2) by F. H. V. GQulasekharan and K. A. Brady; (8) by K. B. Madhava (1) @) Produce PA’ to meet the nine point cirole at a, and lot 11, M,N be the mid-points of the sides, ‘Then obviously288 PA’ « Pa PA’« aA’, aP «aD Oo PA’ R sin } (B—C). Hence the result. (ii) Let PD cat the incircle at 2. Then PD«PA oe PD*« DZ.DP « DA® “ PD« DA’. @ AI sin 4 (B—C) e roosco sin } (B—C). Hence the result. (2) (i) We have whero r is the in-radius and p the radius of the nine point circle. Again since the chords Pa and DL of the nine point circle intersect at A Pal A’a=A'D.A'L, PA? = ADAL, bre (b—o)(b-+c—a) ea 2 Here and “ DP* DP: BP: FP =DA': EB’: FC’ = (O=6)(b+e~a) | (c=a)(o+a~b) (a—b)(a-+b—c) a rs rr ce Bec B,C A-B Ay (O- meowee Fain Ze covee Pain A coree Sein AB, 3)284 (i) The areal co-ordinates of the Feuerbach point P with respect — to the triangle A’B'C’ are (of: J. I. M. S., Vol ix, No.2 § 6), e b-e A BH ie. con Acoso B®; cos B oomeo 2=A cos Soosen AEP, They are also sin BAC’ sin A’B‘O' sin A'C'B Pa’ PB’ B c os Boos C Pai PR ipo" Hence we havo at once PAP BP C'=vin BOO, sin STA: cin AEB. that is (ii) The areal co-ordinates of Pw. rt. the ADEF (of. J.LMS. vol. ix p. 66). a(b—c) cos A. b(c—a) cos B o(a—b) 008 C B—C sin —A sin $B PF) cin 2A sin“. sin 2B sing sin 20 sin \—3=B a7 They are also sin EDF sin DEF sin DFE DP’ EP’ FP sin2A sin 2B sin 2C DP’ EP?’ FP Hence we have at once DP: EP: FP: A. B—C B..O—A oO... A-B =covec-Fsin—F— + eoseepsin—F =; ooseepsin—>—, Bolution of Q, 840 by Sadanand, R, D. Karve and K.R, Rama lyer. If @ be the anglo A’P subtends at I (Ko) oor =5e 608 A-+2R cos B cos Cy—r = (&-r) =R vin (25°). ‘ (F-”) sin Qarsin BESa) R ya]. Cc or sing | = (oe)? |G : in®@ 2 ( R 3 | sin (B AP=2r sind =2 (ats,) ( on AP: BP; C'P BoC |, | A-B sin sin Additional Soiutions by M. K. N. P. Pandya and S.V. alramani, Hem Raj, nkatachalayyar. Question 855. Qlanrrs M. Tuomas, MA.):—An ellipse is inverted with respoot to any point on its circumference. Show that the inverse curve has threo and only three points of intlexion, and that these are collinear. Solution (1) by K. B. Madhava, (2) by Sadanand and E.R. Rama Aiyer, (1) The eqnation of an ellipse referred to a point on the ciroume ference can be pat in the form r+ 2hay+by +2 9x42 fy=0; and ite inverse wrt a circle of radius =k can be easily seen to bo the cubic, 22+) (+) +I aat+2 hay-+ by) =0, (Of: Edwards: Diff. Cal. p, 178 Ex, 2), This form shows at once that the origin isa node with the nodal tangents az +2 hoy +by'=0, Hence by Pliicker’s second equation (Edwards p. 255), of inflexional points =9—65 =3 that the three points of inflexio the number + and only three; and it is well-known nm of a cubic are collinear. (2) Let the ellipse be fly ate Lot P be any point on the ellipse and let 4 bo itseccentic angle. Thon we know that there aro three and only three points on the ellipse circles of ourvataro pass through P and that th t(2n—a), 4 (4m—a) and } (6n—a). then its circle of curvature cuts the ellips We invort tho ollipso w.r.t. P the cirol 5 whose eir eccentric angles are Lf Q be one of these points286 . straight line which cnts ithe inverse carve in three adjacent points. Therefore Q inverts into a point of inflexion. Similarly the other two points invert into two points of inflexion. Hence the inverse curve has threo and only three points of inflexion, Also P and the three points on the ellipse form o cyclic quadrilateral because the sam of their eccentric angles=a+}{279—a+4n-a+6n—a } =4n. The circamcircle of this cyclic quadrilateral inverts into a straight line passing throngh the three points of inflexion in the inverse curve. Hence the three points of inflexion are collinear. Question 881. (8. Krisusaswas ArvancaR):—Prove that x (of 2K sia Yy9— {TC }* (at-416) ov: Vim am —82n—112) 1 ii (2 Clog sin 2%, £ TQ) ba Gof 5 Vane Win Remarks by K. B. Madhava and Sadanand. The first part of the question is completely solved in Bromwich, Ex. 45 p. 476, taking a=}; second part followa from the same, by differentiation. It appears the right hand sides of theso integrals are wrongly given. Question 892. (8. Krisitvaswaai Trevoar) :—Show that ” x rf. . { sin # log sinedz=7 ° Question 893. (S. Krisnxaswam Iroycar) -—-Find the value of 7 (Plog sin z. log cos adz. ° ain woos @287 Solution by R. J. Pocoek, 8. R. Ranganathan and K. B. Madhavu. Wo have * - JR? 2. log sinede= VF. aes) [¥@)-sa +4) ] (Bromwioh p. 476 Ex. 45.) , 2 be 3 top 342 Write a=3 Now 4(3) glo S+emy3 (loc. cit. Ex. 43.) Also 43) +¥(5) )-2 log 2 and w(t) MO =6. (oe, cit, Bx. 42.) Hence 43) =—c46—2 log 2 —Brog 3— ay (2) -4(2)=3 =? ny342 log 2-6. Also T+ YT @+)) _ Tati ~¥™ (Bromwioh p. 461.) r().r(2) = ue mr(}), Also T ( (3)= Qn varay a “ fExfen 2. log sineda=¥, Re. 7V9 4 tog 2- -8) = [28 st0g 2— 3}. [N.B.—Tho result as printed appears to be inaconrate.]. Again,288 @ Tat) ad@ Tia+A) a=8=} P-WG) ! 1 og? Te [For values of 3h(1), eb(2), f/(4), see Bromwich : Infinite Serves, Appendix III, Exs. 42 and 43.] Question o11. (R. J. Pocock) :—Show that the locns of a point such that the eccen- trio angles of tho feet of the four normals which can be drawn from it to,the ellipse 2'/a'+y'/"=1 satisfy the relations f cos cos ¢,=E sin ¢, sin +, =0 is the ellipse 4 (lea Solution by K. J. Sanjana, H. R. Kapadia and K. B. Madhava. ‘Tho normal at the point of eccontric ang! ax sec :—by cosee $=a—B=0; if this goes throngh (h, k) we have ah sec ¢~ bk coseo ¢=e", gis Replacing by cos ¢ and sin ¢ and finding each in turn by ration- slising, this condition can be written in the form— of cost¢—2c%ah cos + (ah +b —c!) cost¢ + 2ctah cos ¢—arht of sinth-+ 2c°k ein’ + (wh + Dc!) sine —=2c'bk sin p— DH =O. Both tho given relations give riso co the samo result, ofz, ah? + beet =O, Thus the locus of the intersection of the normals is intopaeetion of the, erpeteu(S), which is the result in tho question. [Sco J. I. M.S., Vol. VIII, p. 233.) Additional Solution by KR. Srinivasan. Question o14. (Prof. K. J. Saxsana):—The snm of the 2n41 torma of tho type = where @ is a (2n-+1) root of unity is (—)" (n-+}).289 Solution by K. B. Madhava. Since a satisfies 2"*'—1=0, we satisfy £P™%c 12414 2120 respectively, Hence, ally ] Dive lir¥a 1yia _ + 1st Cate] pen tape = 5x Qut Di" =(- "+ Qt Slightly different solutions by 8. R. Ranganathan and R. Srinivasan, Question 917. (Hes Ras) :—In any triangle shew that 2Eat(h +6) >L(a")+ Gabe, Solution by K. J. Sanjana It may be shown that if G is the centroid and I the incentre, GP+4Rr=h(be-poa-+ab)—1(a24-b* 48), [see Hobson, Plane Trio, p. 200.) Hence, nnless the triangle is equilateral in which case the inequality becomes an equality, we get Ube+-ea+ ab)>4(a* + bp07) 4 4Rr fe. DHatpbry typ —2abe atb+e sothat 3 (a+b +0)(be-+ca+ab)>(a+b+c)(a4+b1+0%) 4 18abo, or 8Ea'(b-+0)49abe>Ea'(b 4-0) + E(u") + 18abo, ie. 2La"(b-+c)>E(a") + 9abe,QUESTIONS FOR SOLUTION. 927. (M. K. KewalRutast):—ABODE . is a polygon whose sides takeu in order are «b,c, d,¢... If the angles which the sides b, c,d, e..make with the positive direction of the side a, be respectively called ab, ac, ai, ae ... prove that aa=Sf_2! Men feos {rab+nacttad. })] Lute were n isa positive integer and+,s, ¢,... are also positive integers inclading zero, but such that r+ 641+... =n and L denoting sammation of like expressions when, r,s, f,... are taken in their entirety subject to the above restriction; of course on the right hand side, a not ocourring. 928. (M.K. Kemsuzaat) +~Show that the infinite prodact (-#) (0-5) Q- ) ve sinh 7 cosh! V3 = eat 929. (5. Macuar: Rao) :—Bxpress 2595600 as ‘the product of two factors such that the snm of the factors of either factor may be equal to the othor factor. 930. (S. Maciari Rao) :—Fill ap the vacant cells in the following fignre with the remaining numbers of the series 1, 2, 3, ....... 63, 64, 80 that the whole figure and each of the foar corner sub-squares of 16 eells, may all be pan-diagonal :ang [cosh 7— 008 371)201 931. (C. Katsavanacuary):—Sum ton terms and discuss the convergence to infinity of the series. y - ryt 932. (T. Krisixa Rao) :—In Q. 772 prove the following construc- tion:—Take MH equal to the given sum of the sides and bisect it at F. Draw the angle FMK equal to the vertical angle. Cut off MK such that the rect. MF. MK=the given rectangle. Join FK and draw the bisector of the ZMFK. On the bisector cut off FG such that FG*=FM.FK. Join GM and GH. From GM cnt off GL=GH. Let the bisector of 4MGH meet MH in N. Join LN. Then ALMN is tho required triangle. 983. (K. B. Mapmavs):—With the usnal notation of the Elliptic Functions, show that 1 {7 ) i va ARE ak=2'|V k EX’ dk 934. (Heusas):—If n be a positive integer, show that 1 n(n—1 . =1)(n—2 <2 fn") (1-1) ODO Dagan ed on MOD (1st Hop gL) i — 5, tH (latte (Ip 135 wt l 23) + G-t+}e (ep 1 is on integer. ( a) 985. (K. J. Saxass, M.A.) :—Let a, b, the sides of a real triangle, and me 8: "(b-+0)+-b(c-+ a)-+-c'(a+), ++, P=abe: prove that 8S > or <1E+4(36—31) P, Scconling as 1=0, 1, 2, 3 or =6, 7, 8 9, 10, 11, 12. Also oxamino tho inequality for 1=4 and 1=5 986. (K. J. Sawans, MLA) ;—It (oggosted by Q. 917.1 Ke) c+ 55244 439014. 225, © > ("4 alog 4-1-3 iam —N) Teme) ~ 2073600" Guggested by Q. 908, » ¢, be nombers representing thow that292 987. (H.R. Karapia):—If n have any positive integral value except unity, andy bo any positive integer which is not o perfect power, show that LoD") =™; and if d(n) denote the number of divisors of n, that E(d(n)—L)/r"=1; also that £(n—1)/r=E1/(r—1)* 938 (H.R. Karapia):—Prove that, if m, mg... .m, are the integers less than and prime to m, and if Py Payereres are the different prime factors of m, sin mO,[ [sin ™ TT sin_™9_ [iaa(ore) PPPs 989. (S. R. Rancanataan) :—If P,Po and p,, are the radii of our- vature, at the corresponding points of a ourve, its evolate, and its a— evolute respectively, show that as a varies from —Fte +f Pag has for its maximum value the expression V pty Po? and that it attains it when tana=/p,, 940. (R. Sainivasay, M.A., M.R.A.S,) :—Show that 1 a log ay, 7 amt, nm fo Teer =F ceo 7 ton"; 941. Barak Raw):—(Suggested by Q. 817]. Solve z!=(2~y)! (y) PQR where 2 and y may bo any integers satisfying z SLyy and P, Q, R are primos. 922. (Hemuas):—Show that if » bo prime, (CS -8 is an intoger.List of Periodicals Received. (From 16th November 1917 to 15th January 1918.) 1. Acta Mathematica, Vol. 41, No. 3. 2. American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. 24, No. 7, September L917. 3. Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 46, No, 2, September 1917. 4. Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, Vol. 24, No. 1, October 1917. 5. Mathemintical Gozette, Vol. 9, No. 120, July 1917. (8 Copies) 6. Mathematical Questions and Solutions, Vol. 4, Nos.3, and 6, September, October and November 1917. (6 Copies). 7. Mathematical Teacher, Vol. 10, No. 1, September 1917. 8, Messenger of Mathei May 1917. «ities, Vol. 48, No. 12, April 1917 and Vol. 47, No. 1, 9 Philosophical Magazine, Vol. 34, Nos, 202 and 203, Ootobor and November 1917. 10, Popular Astronomy, Vol. 25, No. 8, October 1917. (3 Copies). 11, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 93, No 655, Ootober 1917 12. Quarterly Journal of Mathematics, Vol. 48, No.1, October 1917. 13. School Science ana Mathematics, Vol. 17, No.7, October 1917. 14. Tohoku Mathematical Journal, Vol. 12, No. 8, vctober 1917, 16 Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol, 217, No. 558