CHAPTER I

CHAPTER EXERCISE: (A)

TRUE 1. History is the study of the past.

__________
FALSE
_________2. Historical sources that were not written should not be used in writing history.
FALSE
_________3. The subject of historiography is history itself.
TRUE
_________4. History has no use for the present, thus the saying “past is past” is true.
FALSE
_________5. History is limited to the story of a hero versus a villain.
TRUE
_________6. Only primary sources may be used in writing history.
TRUE
_________7. There are three types of sources; primary, secondary and tertiary sources.
TRUE
_________8. External criticism is done by examine the physical characteristics of a sources.
FALSE
_________9. Internal criticism is done by looking at the source’s quality of paper and paper link,
among others.
FALSE
_________10. The historians are the only source of history.

CHAPTER EXERCISE: (B)

1. Jose was exploring the library in his new school in Manila. He wanted to study the
history of Calamba, Laguna during the nineteenth century. In one of the books, he saw an
old photograph of a woman standing in front of an old church, clipped among the pages.
At the back of the photo was a fine inscription that says: “Kalamba, 29 de Junio 1861”.

= PRIMARY SOURCES =

2. It was Lean’s first day in his first year of college in a big university. His excitement made
him come to class unusually early and he found their classroom empty. He explored the
drawer and saw a book entitled U.G. an underground Tale: The Journey of Edgar Jopson
and the First Quarter Storm Generation. He started reading the book and realized that it
was a biography of a student leader turned political activist during the time of Ferdinand
Marcos. The author used interviews with friends and family of Jopson, and other primary
documents related to his works and life.
 = SECONDARY SOURCES =

3. Lorena was a teacher of Araling Panlipunan in a small elementary school in Mauban,

Quezon. Her colleagues gace her the new textbook that she ought to use in class. Before
the class started, Lorena studied the textbook carefully. She noted that the authors used
works by other known historians in writing the textbook. She saw that the bibliography
included Teodoro Agoncillo’s the Revolt of the Masses and The Fateful Years: Japan’s
Adventure in the Philippines, 1941-1945. She also saw that the authors used Ma. Luisa
Camagay’s Working Women of Manila During the 19th Century and many others.

= TERTIARY SOURCES=

4. Manuel’s visited the United State for a few months to see this relative who have lived
there for decades. His uncle brought him on tours around Illinois. Manuel visited the
Field Museum of on Natural History where a golden image of a woman caught his eye.
Manuel looked closer and read that the image was called “The Golden Tara.” It
originated from Agusan del Sur and was bought by the museum in 1922. It was believed
to be made prior to the arrival of the Spaniards in the Philippines.

= SECONDARY SOURCES=

5. Georgia loved to travel around the country. She like bringing with her a travel brochure
was usually produced by the tourism department of the province. It shows pictures of
destinations visited by tourists and a few basic information about the place like the origin
of the name, the historical significance of the place, and some other information acquired
by the offices and writers.

= PRIMARY SOURCES=
.
CHAPTER EXERCISE: (C)

It becomes a primary source simply because I am the rightful owner of the photograph
that shown. An it is serves as an original source of information about the topic.
 The film of Elcano and Magellan is not about the Philippines even though some of the
most important events of that incredible journey happened in this archipelago. The fil is about
the first circumnavigation of the world. And given that this is a film for children and teenagers,
there are several stereotypes in order to create an engaging plot among them, the typical division
of characters between heroes and villains. Needless to say, the circumnavigators had to be
necessarily the heroes. The plan was not to circumnavigate the planet the treaty of Tordesillas
was signed between Portugal and Spain in 1494. Ridiculous as it must sound today both nations
agreed to divide the new territories and waters of the planet according to an imaginary line
situated a few hundred leagues at the East of the Cape Verde Island in the Atlantic Ocean.
Therefore, they did not plan to circumnavigate the planet, because that would have meant
crossing Portuguese waters. The solution was actually improvised in the Moluccas Islands. They
had two remaining ships: La Trinidad, led by Gmez de Espinosa, would fail in attempting to
cross the Pacific back to New Spain (today’s Mexico). La Victoria, whose captain was Elcano,
would unlawfully enter the Portuguese waters in order to arrive in Europe passing near Cape of
Good Hope (today’s South Africa), and eventually succeeded. So, I need to insist. Magellan
never planned to circumnavigate the planet. It was decided along the trip after his death.
The seamen who took apart in the expedition were not mandated any land. Therefore,
they were not colonizers. They were looking for spices. They wanted to trade, and actually they
did. Once they arrived in the Moluccas, they did not attempt to conquer. They negotiated and
paid he inhabitants of Tidore the right price of a few hundred kilos of cloves. Certainly, the
expedition spent too many weeks in the Philippines, and the reason seem to open the speculation.
Piggafetta talks about the Catholic devotion of Magellan, and his strong desire to concert people.
Another source is the account of Genes de Mafra, who suggested that people were really fed up
with Magellan because they knew the cloves, they were looking for were not in Cebu or its
surroundings, and they thought they were wasting time in Cebu. The battle of Mactan, therefore
was not aimed at conquering anything. Magellan wanted to gain the trust and friendship of Rajah
Humabon of Cebu, who had falsely converted to Catholicism, by helping in a fight against
Humabon’s enemy. So, I need to insist again: Magellan and his crew were not colonizers. They
wanted to trade spices. Lapu-lapu was not fighting for the Philippines because, in the first place,
Filipino people, as we understand it today, did not exist. Prehepatic Philippines was populated by
dozens of chiefdoms who engaged in tribal wars quite often. Philippines as a nation is the result
of an accident of history early European imperialism. And the process of becoming Filipino was
a long one.
Lapu-Lapu was fighting against a foreign intruder to protect the people of his island, and
he did it vey rightfully, since Lapu-Lapu and the people of Mactan did not do anything to
deserve an attack from the European intruders. Therefore, considering Lapu-Lapu a national hero
is an anachronist and senseless as the Italians considering the Marcus Aurelius from Roman
Empire a national hero. There was no Italy there, not yet, it would be more rightful, I believe, to
consider Lapu-Lapu as a symbol of resistance against foreign intrusions and inferences. I am not
surprised that Lapu-Lapu is depicted as the villain: this is a necessary and probably unfair
counterpoint of the narrative. But I have to confess that I would be extremely disappointed if
Cebuanos were portrayed in a bad way. I will wait until I watch the whole film to confirm this.
Lastly, I would like to remind the ones offended by this Spanish cartoon how the Chamorro
people of Mariana Islands were portrayed in the Filipino film Pedro Calungsod: Batang Martir
(2013). I remember perfectly that the natives of Marianas were, according to this film,
uncivilized and cruel barbarians who mercilessly killed a Visayan missionary catechist who
wanted to bring them the light of faith. Chamorros looked and behave as deeply evil and thankful
people. Unsurprisingly, the film as immediately an unanimously praised in his native land as “a
valiant effort to dramatize the life of our second Filipino Saint,” but very, very unwelcomed in
Guam.
The film is wrong to introduce civilization to our ancestors, and even made Lapu-Lapu as
a villain. March 16,1521date engraved in the history of the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan’s
expedition in the Philippines, a signal of the Spanish conquest, but before that was done Lapu-
Lapu killed Magellan who opposed the conqueror’s town. There is apprehension that our
cherished hero Lapu-Lapu might be depicted as villain in this movie and we, as Filipinos cannot
allow such a lie to be propagated right on very own soil.