Professional Documents
Culture Documents
a) rotations
b) reflections (symmetry planes, symmetry points)
c) combinatons of translations and rotations (screw axes)
2π
If an object is symmetric with respect to rotation by angle φ = ,
n
it is said to have has an “n-fold rotational axis”
1
Symmetries of an equilateral triangle
2
2
2 180-rotations (flips)
3’ 1’ about 22’
3 1
1 3
2’
ab
about 11’
ou 1
3 t3
3’
1 2 2 3
3
2 2π
1
120 degree= rotations
3
1 3
2
3
3
4
2
1
An equilateral triangle is not symmetric with respect to
inversion about its center. But a square is.
5
Gliding (screw) axis
Slide by a half-period
6
2-fold rotations can be viewed as reflections in a
plane which contains a 2-fold rotation axis
7
Crystal Structure
Crystal Structure 88
Lattice must obey all these symmetries but, in addition, it also must obey
TRANSLATIONAL symmetry
9
10
Crystallographic Restriction Theorem:
Crystal lattices
have only 2-,3, 4-, and 6-fold rotational symmetries
11
B’ ma A’
n-fold axis
φ-π/2 φ=2π/n
a
A B
1. Suppose that an n-fold rotational axis is going through A.
another n-fold axis is going through B.
2. Rotate the lattice about A by φ=2π/n: BB’.
3. Rotate the lattice about B by φ=2π/n: AA’.
4. Distance A’B’ must be an integer multiple of a.
12
B’ ma A’
n-fold axis
φ-π/2 φ=2π/n
a
A B
ma = a + 2asin(ϕ − π / 2) = a − 2a cosϕ
1− m
−1 ≤ cosϕ = ≤ 1; m ≥ 0 ⇒ 0 ≤ m ≤ 3
2
14
Quasicrystals
• Discovered in 1984 in Al-Mn submicron
granules
• Have long-range five-fold orientational but
no translational long-range order
• Exhibit sharp diffraction patterns
• Hard metals with low heat conductivity
• A commercially produced Al–Cu–Fe–Cr
thermal spray cookware coating
• Hydrogen storage?
15
Dan Shechtman
Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2011
2 mkm grains
Al-Mn, Fe, Cr
(10-14%)
16
Fig. 4 The fivefold (A), threefold (B), and twofold (C) diffraction patterns obtained from a
region (red dashed circle) of the granule in Fig.
CuAl, CuAl2
CuAl_2,CuAl
17
Published by AAAS
Simplest type of lattices: Bravais lattices
Two equivalent definitions:
A. An infinite array of discrete points with an arrangement
and orientation that appear exactly the same, from whichever of the points
the array is viewed.
B. A lattice consisting of all points with positions vectors R of the form
R = n1a1 + n2 a 2 + n3a 3
2π
60 = ⇒ 6-fold axis
6
2π
120 = ⇒ 3-fold axis
3
NO!
21
“body-centered tetragonal”= tetragonal
22
Bravais lattices in 3D: 14 types, 7 classes
Classes: Ag,Au,Al,Cu,Fe,Cr,Ni,Mb…
1. Cubic ✖3
2. Tetragonal✖2
3. Hexagonal✖1 Ba,Cs,Fe,Cr,Li,Na,K,U,V…
α − Po
4. Orthorhombic✖4
5. Rhombohedral✖1
6. Monoclinic✖2
7. Triclinic✖1
He,Sc,Zn,Se,Cd…
S,Cl,Br
F
Sb,Bi,Hg 23
Is there a two-dimensional body-centered tetragonal lattice?
A. Yes
B. No
24
An example of a non-Bravais lattice
A
B
Graphene: Honeycomb
25
25
Nobel Prize 2010
28
Primitive Cell:
The smallest component of the crystal (group of atoms,
ions or molecules) that, when stacked together with
pure translational repetition, reproduces the whole
crystal.
S S
S S S
b S S S S S
a
S S S S S
Primitive unit cell
Crystal Structure 29
Crystal Structure 30
31
The choice even of a primitive
cell is not unique
S
S’’
b S S’
a
Areas: S=S’=S’’
Crystal Structure 32
From Prof. C. W. Myles (Texas Tech) course presentation
2D “NaCl”
Crystal Structure 33
Crystal Structure 34
Crystal Structure 35
Crystal Structure 36
✖ ✖
✖ ✖
✖
✖
✖ ✖
✖
✖
✖
37
Graphene
a2
a1
38
Primitive and conventional cells
Primitive cell:
• A smallest volume (area) of space that, when translated through
all the vectors of a Bravai lattice, fills all space without
either overlapping or leaving voids.
• Symmetry of the primitive cell does not necessarily
coincide with that of a Bravais lattice.
• The choice of a primitive cell is not unique
• All primitive cells have the same volume (area)
Different choices of a primitive cell for an oblique 2D Bravais lattice (from Ashcroft and Mermin) 39
Primitive cells of Bravais lattices
contain one atom.
If this atom has an odd number
of electrons, the element is a
metal
40
Basis vectors for a bcc lattice
42
Basis vectors of an fcc lattice
a a a
a1 = ( ŷ + ẑ ) 2 (
, a = ẑ + x̂ ) 3 ( x̂ + ŷ )
, a =
2 2 2
43
Volume of a primitive cell: bcc lattice
V = a1 i ( a 2 × a 3 )
a a a
a1 = ( ŷ + ẑ − x̂ ) 2 (
, a = ẑ + x̂ − ŷ ) 3 ( x̂ + ŷ − ẑ )
, a =
2 2 2
2 ⎡ x̂ ŷ ẑ ⎤ 2
⎛ a⎞ ⎢ ⎥ ⎛ a⎞
V = a1 i ( a 2 × a 3 ) = ⎜ ⎟ a1 i ⎢ 1 −1 1 ⎥ = ⎜ ⎟ a1 i 2 ( ŷ + ẑ )
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
⎢⎣ 1 1 −1 ⎥⎦
3
⎛ a⎞ a3
= ⎜ ⎟ 2 ( ŷ + ẑ − x̂ ) i ( ŷ + ẑ ) =
⎝ 2⎠ 2
44
(conventional) unit cell:
• A volume (area) that fills all space, when translated by some lattice vectors.
• Larger than a primitive cell
• Allows to “see” the lattice better
3D face-centered cubic (fcc) lattice
60 degree rombohedron
45
From Prof. C. W. Myles (Texas Tech) course presentation
The most important primitive cell: the Wigner-Seitz cell
The method of construction is the same as for the Brillouin zone in the
wavenumber (reciprocal) space.
46
WS cell for a tetragonal (square) Bravais lattice
47
Construction of a WS cell for a rectangular lattice
n.n.
n.n.n. n.n.n.
n.n.
48
WS cell for a hexagonal 2D lattice
n.n.
B
n.n.
Crystal Structure 51
51
Some common non-Bravais lattices
52
Number of atoms
4 atom inside
Each of 8 corner atoms
is shared among 8 cell:
count as one atom.
Each of 6 face atoms is
shared among 2 cells:
count as 3 atoms.
4+1+3=8
S. Sque (Exter)
[111]
C (diamond), Si, Ge 3a
3a / 4
[111]
3a
3a / 4
54
“NaCl”: AgBr, AgCll, MnO, LiF…
55
Lattice Sites in Cubic Unit Cell
Crystal Structure 56
Reciprocal lattice to bcc?
a a a
a1 = ( ŷ + ẑ − x̂ ) 2 (
, a = ẑ + x̂ − ŷ ) 3 ( x̂ + ŷ − ẑ )
, a =
2 2 2
2π 2π 2π
b1 = a2 × a3, b2 = a 3 × a1 , b 3 = a1 × a 2
V V V
2 ⎡ x̂ ŷ ẑ ⎤ 2
⎛ ⎞
a ⎢ ⎥ ⎛ a⎞
V = a1 i( a 2 × a 3 ) = ⎜ ⎟ a1 i ⎢ 1 −1 1 ⎥ = ⎜ ⎟ a1 i2 ( ŷ + ẑ )
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
⎢⎣ 1 1 −1 ⎥⎦
3
⎛ a⎞ a3
= ⎜ ⎟ 2 ( ŷ + ẑ − x̂ )i( ŷ + ẑ ) =
⎝ 2⎠ 2 Direct fcc lattice:
2π 4π 2π
b1 = a2 × a3 = ( ŷ + ẑ ) = ( ŷ + ẑ ) a
a1 = ( ŷ + ẑ )
V V a 2
2π
b 2 = ... = ( x̂ + ẑ ) a
a 2 = ( ẑ + x̂ )
a 2
2π
b 2 = ... = ( x̂ + ŷ ) a
a 3 = ( x̂ + ŷ )
a bccfcc 2
57
Crystal Directions
• Choose one lattice point on the line as the
origin: point O. Choice of origin is
completely arbitrary, since every lattice
point is identical.
• Choose the lattice vector joining O to any
point on the line: point T. This vector can
be written as;
R = n1 a + n2 b + n3c
210
Crystal Structure 59
Negative directions
Negative directions are
written as [n1n2n3 ] Z direction
- X direction
(origin) O
- Y direction Y direction
[n1n2 n3 ]
X direction
- Z direction
Crystal Structure 60
X=1,Y=0,Z=0 [1 0 0] X = -1 , Y = -1 , Z = 0 [110]
Crystal Structure 61
61
From Prof. C. W. Myles (Texas Tech) course presentation
Miller indices
( hkl )
1 / h,1 / k,1 / l = coordinates of intersection points
between the (hkl) plane and coordinate axes
62
(100 ) (110 )
x = 1; y = ∞; z = ∞ ⇒ 1 / x = 1 / 1 = 1;1 / y = 0;1 / z = 0
(111) ( 210 ) 63
Brillouin zones for a square lattice
1st BZ=Wigner-Seitz cell in the reciprocal space
64
1st BZ for bcc lattice 1st BZ for fcc lattice
65