DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

JIGAWA STATE POLYTECHNIC, DUTSE

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY-NATIONAL DIPLOMA

(NDI)
ELECTRICAL POWER I
(EEC122)

PREPARED BY;
AUWAL ALIYU ZARADA
2021

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY Page 1

 GENERATING STATION
Bulk electric power is generated by special plant called Generating station or
power plant. A generation station uses/employ a prime mover coupled to an
alternator for the production of electric power. The prime mover e.g steam
turbine converts energy from some other form Into mechanical energy while the
alternator converts the mechanical energy from the prime mover into electrical
energy. The electrical energy produced by the generating station is transmitted
and distributed with help of conductors to various consumers.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF GENERATING STATION
I. Steam power plant station (Thermal)
II. Diesel power plant station
III. Gas plant
IV. Hydro-electric power plant station
V. Nuclear power plant station
VI. Solar power plant
VII. Wind turbine power plant
VIII. Geothermal power plant

STEAM POWER PLANT STATION

A steam power plant station (thermal) is define as the processes in which heat
energy of combustion coal (burning coal) is converted into electrical energy. A
steam is produced in the boiler by burning coal, this steam possessed kinetic
energy that is strong enough to drive the prime-mover (turbine) which is
connected to an alternator that convert the mechanical energy to electrical
energy.

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The steam produced from the boiler will be condensed in the condenser and fed
back to the boiler through Boiler feed pump again. This type of station is better
sited where coal and water is available.
ADVANTAGE OF STEAM POWER PLANT STATION
I. The fuel (coal) used is cheap
II. Less initial cost
III. It can be installed at any place i.e the coal can be transported to the plant
IV. It requires less space
V. The cost of generating power is less than in diesel plant

DISADVANTAGE OF STEAM POWER PLANT STATION

I. Pollution
II. Costlier in running cost compare to hydro-electric

DIESEL POWER PLANT STATION

Diesel power plant station is defined as the generating station in which
diesel engine is used as prime mover for the generating of electrical energy.
In diesel plant, Diesel engine is used as prime mover, the diesel burn and
the product is used as “working fluid” to produce mechanical energy. This
energy is converted into electrical energy by the alternator. In other words,
the diesel engine drives the alternator which converts the mechanical
energy into electrical energy.

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This type of power plant has limitation because it can only be used to produce
small power due to high cost of diesel oil
ADVANTAGE OF DIESEL POWER PLANT
I. Simple to design
II. It requires less space
III. It can be started quickly and can pick load in a short period of time
IV. No stand by losses
V. It requires less operating staff
VI. High thermal efficiency
VII. Less overall cost than steam plant of the same capacity

DISADVANTAGE OF DIESEL POWER PLANT STATION

I. High running cost
II. It does not work satisfactorily under overload for longer time
III. Small power
IV. High cost of lubrication
V. High maintenance charges
GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT
Gas turbine power plant is defined as the generating plant or station that employs
or uses gas turbine as prime mover for the generation of electrical energy. The
gas turbine power plant uses air as “working fluid” . The air is compressed in
compressing chamber and send to the heat chamber where heat is added to the
air. The heat added to the air raises the temperature of the air as well as the
kinetic energy possessed by the air.

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The hot-air from the combustion chamber is passed to the gas-turbine where it
expands and does the mechanical work. The gas turbine moves the alternator
that converts mechanical energy into electrical

COMPONENT OF GAS TURBINE PLANT

a) Re-generator: Is a device which recover heat from the exhaust gases of the
turbine
b) Compressor: A device use to drawn the atmospheric air from the filter that
remove dust and raise its pressure by pushing it between stationary blade
c) Combustion chamber : A device where heat is added to the air from the
compressor
ADVANTAGE OF GAS TURBINE PLANT
I. Simple to design compare steam plant
II. Smaller size compare to steam plant
III. Less initial cost compare to steam plant
IV. Less maintenance
V. No stand by losses
VI. Simple to construct
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 DISADVANTAGE OF GAS TURBINE PLANT
I. The compressor need external source for starting
II. The net output is low
III. Low efficiency
IV. The life span of the combustion chamber is reduced due to high
temperature

HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER STATION

Hydro-electric power station is defined as the plant that uses the potential
energy of the water at high level for the generation of electrical power.
This type of station is better suited in hilly areas. A dam is built across river
or lake and water is led to water turbine to capture the energy in the falling
water. This energy is capable of driving the alternator which converts
mechanical energy to electrical.

Hydro-electric power plant station helps in flood control, storage of water

for irrigation farming and water for drinking purpose.

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 ADVANTAGE OF HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANT
I. No fuel required
II. It is quite and clean
III. Small running cost
IV. Simple to construct
V. It does not require starting time
VI. It is robust and has longer life
VII. It also helps in flood control
DISADVANTAGE OF HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANT
I. High capital cost for dam construction
II. Weather condition affect the availability of water
III. Skills and experienced hand is needed to build the plant
IV. High cost of transmission line as the plant is located in hilly areas
WIND TURBINE POWER GENERATION
Wind power plant is define as the conversion of kinetic energy present in wind
into mechanical energy .The mechanical energy drive the alternator that produce
electrical energy. Since the energy in the wind varies continuesly, the power
generated from the wind is also highly variable. Thus, another or alternative
power source are required during the period when the wind is low . The
equipment used for generating power should also be protected from damage
during period of extremely high wind.

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 TYPE OF WIND TURBINE
There are basically two types of wind turbine system;
I. Horizontal –axis wind turbine (HAWT)
II. Vertical axis- wind turbine (VAWT)

ADVANTAGE OF WIND TURBINE

I. It is free (The wind itself)
II. The wind is unlimited
III. No pollution
IV. It can be built in an existing farm

DISADVANTAGE OF WIND TURBINE

I. The wind speed is variable
II. The initial cost is high
III. Cost of maintenance
IV. Safety at sea

NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

Nuclear power plant is defined as the use of an element such as Uranium (U235) to
produce electricity. In nuclear power plant, heavy element such as Thorium (Th22)
or Uranium (U235) are subjected to nuclear fission in an apparatus called reactor.
The energy released is used in raising steam to high temperature and pressure.
The steam is use to run the turbine which convert steam energy to mechanical
energy, and this energy drives the alternator that convert mechanical energy to
electrical.
The most important feature of nuclear power plant is that large energy can be
produce from relatively small nuclear fuel. It is observed that 1kg of Uranium
after complete fission can produce energy more than 4,500 tons of high grade
coal.

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 COMPONENT OF NUCLEAR PLANT
a. Nuclear reactor : Is a special apparatus used to perform nuclear fission (
breaking down of heavy nuclei)
b. Heat exchanger: It helps in keeping the secondary system from radioactive
stuffs
c. Steam turbine: Steam turbine drive the alternator
d. Alternator : Alternator generate electrical power
e. Condenser: it converts the steam from the turbine into water after it has
done its work.

ADVANTAGE OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

I. Less fuel is required (Uranium)
II. Less space is required
III. Low running charges
IV. More economical for producing bulk power
V. It can be located near the load
VI. It ensures reliability of operation

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 DISADVANTAGE OF NULEAR POWER PLANT
I. Fuel use is expensive (Uranium)
II. The capital cost is high compare to other plant
III. The erection and commission of plant need greater technical know how
IV. Radioactive pollution

The generated voltage in Nigeria is 11.5-16KV; this voltage is step up to 330KV for
transmission. The transmission voltage used in Nigeria is 330KV, 132KV and 33KV.
When electricity reaches distribution companies, they make use of distribution
transformer to step it down to 33/11KV to 415V phase to phase or 230V phase to
neutral.
CLASSIFICATION OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINE
A transmission line has three constants which are;
I. Resistance (R)
II. Inductance (L)
III. Capacitance (C)
These three constants distributed uniformly along the entire transmission line
(TL). The resistance and inductance form series impedance while the capacitance
forms a shunt or parallel path. Therefore, the capacitance effect brings
complication in TL.

Overhead transmission line are classified into three as ;

I. Short transmission line: When the length of T-line is about 50km and the
voltage is less than 20KV, this transmission is called short transmission line.

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 In Short T-line, the capacitance effect is small due to short distance.
Therefore, while studying the performance of short T-line only the
resistance and inductance effect is taken into account.

II. Medium transmission line : When the length of T-line is 50-150km and
the voltage level is moderately 20-100kv, this type of T-line is considered
to be a medium transmission line. Due to sufficient distance and voltage
of the line, the capacitance effect is taking into account

TYPES OF OVERHEAD CONDUCTOR

A conductor is a medium of carrying electrical energy from one place to another.
It is an important component of overhead and underground electrical
transmission and distribution system.
FEATURES OF CONDUCTOR

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 I. Maximum conduction
II. High tensile strength to withstand mechanical strength
III. Least specific gravity i.e weight/unit volume
IV. Least cost without losing other factors

TYPES OF CONDUCTORS
I. Hard Drawn Copper Conductor: This conductor has high tensile strength,
scrap value, high conductivity and suitable for distribution where spans and
tapping are more.
II. Cadmium Copper Conductor: This conductor has high resistance to
atmospheric condition, better resistance to wear, easy joining etc
III. Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced (ACSR): This conductor has high
strength, light weight and hence it is used for small sag.
IV. All Aluminum Alloy Conductor(AAAC): This type of conductor is used in
urban area
V. ACAR Conductor:

UNDERGROUND CABLE
An underground cable has one or more conductors surrounded with
suitable insulation for protection.

CONSTRUCTION OF CABLE
The general construction of three phase unground cable is shown below with
various parts;

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 I. Cores or conductor
II. Insulation
III. Metallic sheath
IV. Bedding
V. Armoring
VI. Serving

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
A distribution is that part of power system that distribute electrical power for
localize use .In general, distribution system is the electrical system that is
between the sub-station fed by the transmission and the consumers meters.
Distribution system generally contains the following;
I. Feeders: A feeder is a conductor which connects sub-station to the
area where power is distributed. No tapping are taking from the
feeder, therefore, current in it remain the same throughout. While
design a feeder, the main consideration is the current carrying
capacity.

II. Distributor: A distributor is a conductor from which tapping are

taken for supply to the consumer. The current through the

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 distributor is not the same because tapping are taken at various
place along the length .While designing distributor, voltage drop
along the length is the main consideration since the voltage variation
is ±6% of rated value at the consumer’s terminal. From the fig below,
AB,BC,CD and AD are distributor

III. Service main: A service main connect distributor to the consumer’s

terminal.

Difference between feeder and distributor

s/n Feeder Distributor
1 No tapping Tapping are taken
2 Current is constant Current is not constant
3 In design , current is In design, voltage drop is
considered considered
4 It connect sub-station to It connect consumers to the
distributors service main

PRINCIPLES OF PROTECTION SYSTEM

In a power system comprises of generators, transformer, transmission and
distribution circuit, failure might occur somewhere in one of the element of

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power system and if that occurs, it must be quickly detected and disconnect from
the rest of the system. The two main reasons for this disconnection is that;
I. If the fault is not cleared quickly, it may cause unnecessary
interruption of service to the customer
II. Immediate disconnection of faulted apparatus may limit the damage
to it and prevent spreading into power system.
The detection of fault and disconnection of faulty apparatus can be achieved by
using fuses or relays in connection with circuit breaker.
FUSE
A fuse is short piece of metal, inserted in the circuit, which melt when excessive
current flows through it and thus break the circuit. A fuse performs both function
of detecting and interruption automatically to limit the damage to the rest of
power system but the function of fuse is limited to low voltage say 3.3kv.

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 ADVANTAGE OF FUSE

I. It is cheap and available form of protection

II. No maintenance
III. It is highly reliable
IV. No mechanical part and that makes it difficult to fail
V. The inverse time-current characteristics makes it suitable for overcurrent
protection
VI. It can break heavy short circuit current without noise
VII. The minimum time of operation can be made much shorter than with
circuit breaker

DISADVANTAGE OF FUSE
I. It is limited to low voltage
II. Considerable time is wasted in rewiring
III. The current-time characteristics of fuse is not always co-related with that of
the protected apparatus
IMPORTANT TERMS RELATED TO FUSE
I. Current rating of fuse element: It is the normal current that a fuse can
carry without overheating or melting.
II. Fussing current: It is the minimum current at which the fuse element melts
and disconnects circuit. This value is more than the current rating of the
fuse element . For a round wire, the fusing current I and the diameter d of
the wire is;
𝟑
I=k𝒅𝟐
Where k is the constant called fuse constant

III. Fusing factor: It is the minimum fusing current to the current rating of the
element
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
Fusing factor=
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑒

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 This value is always more than one.
IV. Cut-Off current: It is the maximum value of fault current that actually
reached before the fuse melts
V. Pre-arching time: It is the time between the commencement of fault and
the instant whenv cut-off occurs

CIRCUIT BREAKER
A circuit breaker is a device that can make or break circuit either manually or
automatically under all condition i.e under load or no load. A circuit breaker (CB)
is piece of equipment that can;
I. Make or break circuit manually or remotely under normal condition
II. Break a circuit automatically under load condition
III. Make a circuit either manually or remotely under fault condition
OPERATING PRINCIPLE
A circuit breaker has a fixed and moving contact, called electrode .Under
normal condition, the contacts remain closed and will not open automatically
unless there is a fault .When that happened on any part of the power system,
the trip coil of the circuit breaker become energized and the moving part are
pulled apart (break) by some mechanism, thus opening the circuit.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF CIRCUIT BREAKER
I. Oil circuit breaker : This type of circuit breaker use some insulating oil e.g
transformer oil for arc extinction

II. Air-blast circuit breaker: This type of circuit breaker uses high-pressure air-
blast for extinguishing arc. This type of circuit breaker uses high pressure air
to sweep away the arcing product to the atmosphere.

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III. Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6) Circuit Breaker: This type of circuit breaker uses
SF6 gas as quenching medium. The SF6 gas is an electro-negative gas with
strong tendency to absorb free electron.

IV. Vacuum circuit breaker: A vacuum circuit breaker is a kind of circuit

breaker where the arc quenching take place in a place in vacuum chamber
or vacuum interrupter. The vacuum pressure inside the vacuum interrupter
is keep normally at 10-6 bar.

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 ISOLATOR
Isolator is define as the manually operated mechanical switch that
physically separate part of electrical power. An isolator should not be
operated when the current is flowing or simply under load rather than
under no-load condition.

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 The main difference between circuit breaker and isolator is that; a circuit
breaker can be used to open or disconnect electrical power under load
while an isolator is used to open electrical circuit under no load.

TYPES OF ISOLATORS
I. Double break isolator
II. Single break isolator
III. Pantograph type isolator
INSULATORS
Insulator is define as a support on pole or tower that provide necessary
insulation between line conductor and support and thus prevent any
leakage current from conductor to earth.

TYPES OF INSULATORS
I. Pin insulator: This type of insulator has groove on the upper end of the
insulator for housing the conductor. The conductor passes through this
groove and bound with annealed wire of the same conductor.

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 Pin type insulator can be used in power network up to 33kv and can be one
parts, two parts or three part type depending on the application. For 11kv,
one part type is used.

II. Shackle insulator: Shackle insulator was used as strain insulators but now
days; they are used for low voltage distribution line. This insulator can be
used vertically or horizontally, by fixing it to the pole with bolt or cross arm
and the groove is fixed with soft binding wire.

III. Post Insulator: Post insulator is simulator to pin type insulator but suitable
for higher voltage application.

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 INSULATING MATERIAL
Insulating material are material that present high resistance to the flow of
electricity, and for this reason, they are used/employed to keep to keep
current in its suitable path.

Some of the insulation substance/material include; Mica, plastic, rubber,

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), ceramic, glass, porcelain, paper, Teflon, etc and
they are used for insulator in this form;
 Pin insulator
 Shackle insulator
 Strain insulator
 Suspension insulator

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