DC MOTOR

DC Motor
•DC motors make things like appliances
and power tools work by converting
electrical energy to mechanical energy
•Inductive device
Parts of DC Motor
• The motor features a permanent horseshoe
magnet (called the stator because it’s fixed in place) and
an turning coil of wire called an armature (or rotor,
because it rotates).
• The armature, carrying current provided by the battery, is
an electromagnet, because a current-carrying
wire generates a magnetic field; invisible magnetic field
lines are circulating all around the wire of the armature.
Parts of DC Motor
• A single, 180-degree turn is all you would get out of this
motor if it weren't for the split-ring commutator — the
circular metal device split into halves (shown here in red
and blue) that connects the armature to the circuit.
• Electricity flows from the positive terminal of the battery
through the circuit, passes through a copper brush to the
commutator, then to the armature. But this flow is
reversed midway through every full rotation, thanks to
the two gaps in the commutator.
Key Principle
•The key to producing motion is positioning the
electromagnet within the magnetic field of the
permanent magnet (its field runs from its north
to south poles). The armature experiences a
force described by the left hand rule. This
interplay of magnetic fields and moving charged
particles (the electrons in the current) results in
the torque (depicted by the green arrows) that
makes the armature spin.
DC Current Electricity
and

Magnetism
in

Electrical Conductors
 Electric Field
An Electric Field or Force Surrounding a Charged Particle

An electric field radiates outward from a positive charge and

radiates in toward a negative point charge.
 Current Electricity
•The movement of Electric Charges is called Current.

• Current is measured by the amount of charge

(Coulombs) passing through the cross-sectional area of
a conductor in a given period of time (Seconds).

•A Conventional Current flows from a positive battery

terminal to a negative battery terminal.
Electric Fields Drive Current Electricity
 Conventional Current

Cathode Anode

Assumes Charge Flows from Positive to Negative

 Current Electricity

Batteries use
+ + electrochemical
reactions to
+ +
produce
+ dissimilar
+
charges used to
+ + create current
+
in DC motors
+
and circuits.

Ions contain CHARGES that create

electric fields
 Current Electricity

The electric
field produced
+ + in a battery
+
forces current
+
+ through an
+ electric circuit
+ or conductor
+
connected
+
across the
+
battery poles,

Ions contain CHARGES that create electric fields. These

opposite electric fields produce imbalanced forces necessary
to move the charges through the circuit.
 +
+
+ + + +
+
+ +
+ + +
+
+ +
+ +
+
+

A current created by the unidirectional movement of

charge(s) through a conductor is called a direct current.
This current is produced by all batteries
 Negative Battery
Positive Battery Terminal
Terminal

Magnetic Field Lines

When current moves through a conductor a circular

magnetic field is induced around the conductor
 The Right Hand Rule
The direction of the magnetic field
surrounding the conductor can
be found using your
right hand

Position the thumb of your right hand

pointing in the direction of
conventional current (Positive to
Negative) and your fingers will wrap
around the conductor in the direction
of the induced magnetic field.
The Direction and Motion of an Induced
Magnetic Field in a Conductor

Current Coming Current Moving

Towards You Away From You
 Current and Magnetism in a Coil

When current moves through a coiled conductor a

circular magnetic field is induced about the coil
Motor (armature) rotation is caused by the simultaneous
attraction and repulsion between the electromagnetic
field in the armature and a fixed magnetic field

Armature

Fixed Magnets
A Conductor in a Fixed A Current Carrying Conductor
Magnetic Field in a Fixed Magnetic Field

Force

Fixed Magnetic Field

Induced Magnetic Field
(Due to current)
 A Motor Armature in a Fixed
Magnetic Field

S
N
Direction of Force (Torque) acting
to turn the Armature (Conductor)

The magnetic field surrounding a current

carrying conductor interacts with an
existing magnetic field.
 Fleming's Left Hand (Motor) Rule
Thumb = Direction of
Conductor Motion Fore Finger = Direction of
Fixed Magnetic Field (N to S)

Middle Finger =
Conventional
Current Direction

Determines the direction of DC current

carrying conductor in a fixed magnetic field
 Fleming's Left Hand (Motor) Rule
Direction of Rotation

Fixed Magnetic Field Direction

Conventional
Current Direction S
N
 A S Use the Left Hand Rule to
Determine the Rotation
Direction of the Armatures
in A and B

N Hint: You will have to turn

your left hand upside down
for example A

B
Notice that when the
current through the
armature is reversed,
S
it moves (Rotates) in
the opposite direction
N
Magnetic Forces Acting on Parallel
Current Carrying Conductors

Two parallel conductors carrying current

in the same direction will attract each
other
 Magnetic Forces Acting on Parallel
Current Carrying Conductors
North
Two parallel
conductors
carrying currents
in opposite
directions will
repel each other, X
and they will set
up a polarized
magnetic field
between
themselves. South
 Magnetic Forces Acting on Parallel
Current Carrying Conductors
South South

North
North
Wrapping current carrying conductors around
an iron core creates an electro magnet
The Armature of a Brush Commutated DC
Motor is made up of Current Carrying
Conductors Wrapped Around an Iron Core

The Motor Armature is an electromagnet and

operates according to the left hand principle
 2
1 3

4
 Armature
Coil Commutator

Stator

Brush
Activity 1
Materials needed:
1. Mosfet (transistor) 10. Breadboard
2. 10k Resistor 11. Laptop w/ Arduino
3. 1N4007 diode
4. 6-12V motor
5. Tactile switch
6. Arduino Uno
7. 9V battery
8. Battery snap
9. jumperwires
Transistor
• Components that
allows you to control
high voltage power
sources to low current
output
• Gate – digital switch Gate
• Drain – connects Drain
output device
Source
• Source - GND
Diode
•Components that control
back voltage
•Allow electricity to flow from
one direction
Back voltage – voltage that
may harm circuits
Activity 1 – Motorized Pinwheel
Activity 1 – Motorized Pinwheel
1. Tactile switch
A – 5V
B – resistor & dig. pin # 2
2. Transitor/Mosfet
Gate (leftmost) – dig. pin 9
Drain (center) – negative (motor) + diode to positive PB
Source – GND
3. Motor
Negative – diode
Positive – 5V
4. Battery - connect +PB to positive (+) and –PB to negative(-)
5. Arduino – connect positive PB to 5V
6. Add a common ground to both Arduino and battery
Activity 1 – Motorized Pinwheel
const int switchPin=2;
const int motorPin=9;
int switchState=0;

void setup() {
pinMode(switchPin,INPUT);
pinMode(motorPin,OUTPUT);
}
Activity 1 – Motorized Pinwheel

void loop() {
switchState=digitalRead(switchPin);
if(switchState==HIGH){
digitalWrite(motorPin,HIGH);
}
Activity 1 – Motorized Pinwheel
else{
digitalWrite(motorPin,LOW);
}
}
Activity 1 – Motorized Pinwheel
const int onPin=13;
const int offPin=12;
const int motorPin=10;
const int ledPin=9;
int switchState=0;
void setup() {
pinMode(onPin,INPUT);
pinMode(offPin,INPUT);
pinMode(ledPin,OUTPUT);
pinMode(motorPin,OUTPUT);
Activity 1 – Motorized Pinwheel

void loop() {
switchState=digitalRead(onPin);
if(switchState==HIGH){
digitalWrite(motorPin,HIGH);
digitalWrite(ledPin,HIGH);
}
Activity 1 – Motorized Pinwheel
switchState=digitalRead(offPin);
if(switchState==HIGH){
digitalWrite(motorPin,LOW);
digitalWrite(ledPin,LOW);
}
}
3rdQtrAct1-Zoetrope
3rdQtrAct1-Zoetrope
Materials needed:
1. Arduino Uno 10. H-bridge or L293NE
2. Breadboard
3. 2 Tactile switches
4. 2 10K Resistors 11. Potentiometer – 3pin
5. 6-12V motor
6. 9V battery
7. Battery snap
8. Jumperwires
9. Laptop with Arduino IDE
H-bridge
•An integrated circuit (IC) that has built-in
components of resistors, transistors and
diodes
•16 pins
Potentiometer
A potentiometer is a simple knob that provides a
variable resistance, which we can read into the
Arduino board as an analog value.
Pin Assignments:
1st – 5V
2nd – pin assignment
3rd - GND
Program
const int controlPin1 = 2;// the control pins will carry
the logic - direction to turn and applied to the H-Bridge
const int controlPin2 = 3;
const int enablePin = 9; // attached to the pin EN
const int directionSWPin = 4;// 4 and 5 carry the values
of button switches
const int onOffSwitchStateSWPin = 5;
const int potPin = A0; // analog signal, because it is a
potentiometer delivering continuous values
Program
int onOffSWState = 0;
int previousOnOffSWState = 0;
int directionSWState = 0;
int previousDirectionSWState = 0;
int motorEnabled = 0;
int motorSpeed = 0;
int motorDirection = 1;
void setup() {
pinMode(directionSWPin,INPUT);
pinMode(onOffSwitchStateSWPin,INPUT);
pinMode(controlPin1,OUTPUT);
pinMode(controlPin2,OUTPUT);
pinMode(enablePin,OUTPUT);

digitalWrite(enablePin,LOW);// the motor initializes at

OFF
}
Program
void loop() {
onOffSWState = digitalRead(onOffSwitchStateSWPin);
delay(1);
directionSWState = digitalRead(directionSWPin);
motorSpeed = analogRead(potPin)/4;
if(onOffSWState != previousOnOffSWState){ // this part allows the
user to have the motor spin without having to hold the button itself.
Otherwise we should keep pressing the button switch to turn the
motor.
if(onOffSWState ==HIGH){ // if the user presses the button, the state
changes. Otherwise, it remains unchanged.
motorEnabled = !motorEnabled;
}
Program
if (directionSWState != previousDirectionSWState) {
if (directionSWState == HIGH) {
motorDirection = !motorDirection;
}
}
if(motorDirection == 1){ // If the Direction is 1, turn left.
digitalWrite(controlPin1, HIGH);
digitalWrite(controlPin2, LOW);
}
Program
else { // If the Direction is 0, turn right.
digitalWrite(controlPin1, LOW);
digitalWrite(controlPin2, HIGH);
}
if(motorEnabled == 1) { // If the motor should be enabled, set EN to
HIGH and the motorSpeed indicated by the Potentiometer
analogWrite(enablePin, motorSpeed);
}
else {
analogWrite(enablePin, 0); // If the motor is turned Off, set EN to
LOW
}
Program
previousDirectionSWState = directionSWState;
previousOnOffSWState = onOffSWState;
}