MAGNETIC EFFECT OF CURRENT

Topics covered :
1. Introduction: Magnetic properties
2. Magnetic Effect of Current – Oersted’s Experiment
3. Ampere’s Swimming Rule
4. Maxwell’s Cork Screw Rule
5. Right Hand Thumb Rule
6. Magnetic Field due to Infinitely Long Straight Current –
carrying Conductor
7. Magnetic Field due to a Circular Loop carrying current
Topics covered :

8. Magnetic Field due to a Solenoid

9. Fleming’s left hand rule
10. Electric motor(AC/DC)
11. Electromagnetic Induction and Fleming’s right hand rule
12. Electric generator (AC/ DC): Dynamo
13. Domestic electric circuit
 MAGNETIC FIELD AND FIELD LINES
Introduction:
Properties of Magnets:
1. They have two permanent poles namely, North and South
and poles cannot be isolated.
2. Like poles repel each other and unlike poles attract each
other.
3. When magnet is cut into pieces they will behave like
separate magnets with same property but lesser magnetic
strength compared to whole magnet.
4. The freely suspended bar magnet will align in geographic N
– S direction.
Properties of Magnets
5. When magnet is subjected to mechanical damages (falling on a
hard surface, heating, piling, hammering etc.) they lose their
magnetic properties.
6. Magnets attract iron like substances, Fe, Co, Ni etc.
7. Depending on application we have, i) dumbbell magnet, ii) ring
magnet, iii) bar magnet, iv) horse shoe magnet, v) compass
needle, vi) round magnet, vii) circular magnet etc.
Note: 1. There is a magnet without poles is called toroid, whose
north and south poles are joined.
2. Magnets are naturally available (Earth) and can be prepared
artificially for use.
 MAGNETIC FIELD AND FIELD LINES
Introduction:
Definition: Magnetic field is space or region surrounding the
magnet (or current carrying conductor) in which another
magnet will experience the force of magnetostatics.
It is denoted by ‘B’ SI unit T (tesla) and is a vector.
Definition: Magnetic field lines are the imaginary path in which
an isolated north pole can travel from one pole to another in
space.
1.Magnetic field lines or Magnetic lines of force, travel from north
pole and reach south pole in its vicinity or travel up to infinity.
2.Magnetic Field Lines are continuous closed curves and can
pass through conductors
3.Note: Superconductors does not allow Magnetic Field Lines to
enter inside hence magnetic field, B = 0 (inside).
4.The tangent drawn at any point on the Magnetic Field Lines
gives direction of Magnetic Field at that point.
5.No two Magnetic Field Lines can intersect each other since two
value of Magnetic Field doesn’t exist at a point.
6.Magnetic Field Lines are crowded at poles (strong Magnetic
Field) but diverged at weak Magnetic Field region.
MAGNETIC FIELD AND FIELD LINES OF A BAR MAGNET

Experimental image Illustrative diagram

Magnetic Effect of electric Current:
An electric current (i.e. flow of electric charge) produces magnetic
effect in the space around the conductor called strength of
Magnetic field or simply Magnetic field.
N

Hans Christian Oersted’s Experiment: E

When current is passing through the wire over the

compass needle in anti-clockwise direction, the I
needle was found to deflect towards West K

direction from its normal position. I

N
When current direction is reversed through the E
wire over the compass needle, the needle was
found to deflect towards East direction from its
normal direction.
K
Rules to determine the direction of magnetic
field:
W N
1. Ampere’s Swimming Rule or
SNOW Rule: N

Imagining a man who swims in the direction

of current from south to north facing a
magnetic needle kept under him such that
I
current enters his feet then the North pole of S

the needle will deflect towards his left hand,

i.e. towards West.
Maxwell’s Cork Screw Rule or I I
Right Hand Screw Rule:
If the forward motion of an imaginary right
handed screw is in the direction of the
current through a linear conductor, then the
direction of rotation of the screw gives the
direction of the magnetic lines of force B B

around the conductor.

 Right Hand Thumb Rule or Curl Rule:
If a current carrying conductor is imagined to be held in the right
hand such that the thumb points in the direction of the current,
then the tips of the fingers encircling the conductor will give the
direction of the magnetic lines of force.
I

B
Magnetic Field Lines due to current carrying conductor:
I
I
B B

Direction of B is determined by Right Hand Screw Rule.

It is perpendicular to the plane of the diagram and entering into
the plane at as shown in diagram.
 Different views of direction of current and magnetic
field due to circular loop of a current carrying coil:
I

B B
I I

Current moving in clock wise Current moving in anti-clock wise

direction representing the direction representing the face
face towards us (Outwards) towards right (outwards) as North
as South pole of bar magnet pole of bar magnet
Magnetic Field due to a current carrying Solenoid:

x x x x x x x

I I

TIP: When we look at any end of the coil carrying current, if

the current is in anti-clockwise direction then that end of coil
behaves like North Pole and if the current is in clockwise
direction then that end of the coil behaves like South Pole.
Hence it behave like bar magnet.
Force acting on a current carrying conductor:
ACTIVITY:
A current carrying
conductor placed between two
poles of horse shoe magnet
experience force (motion)
depending on direction of
current and magnetic field
applied inwards or outwards.

https://youtu.be/rtjGH0B-vVA
3 D view:
FLEMING’S LEFT HAND RULE:
Statement:
Stretch first three fingers of
your left hand mutually perpendicular
to each other such that, fore (Index)
finger represents direction of I
magnetic field, middle finger
represent direction of current, then
thumb finger show the direction of
force (motion) of the conductor.
 ELECTRIC MOTOR:
AC MOTOR: DC MOTOR:
AC/DC MOTOR:
The device which converts electrical energy (AC/DC
current) into mechanical energy.

Principle: When a current carrying conductor placed between

magnetic field it will undergo rotation based on Fleming’s left
hand rule.

Working: Current passing through armature will experience

opposite force at two ends of poles and start rotating, the
commutators help in changing direction according to AC/DC
cycle with external source.

Application: Fan, mixer, blender, washing machine etc.

Faraday’s Electromagnetic Induction:
The relative motion between closed conducting wire and
magnet will induce electric current in the coil without any
electrochemical reaction.
Faraday’s Experiments:

Current
direction
Fleming’s right hand rule:
Stretch first three
fingers of your right hand mutually
perpendicular to each other such
that, fore (Index) finger represents
direction of magnetic field, middle
finger represent direction of
current induced, then thumb finger
show the direction of force
(motion) of the conductor.
 ELECTRIC GENERATOR:

Load
Resistor

It is a device which converts mechanical energy into

electrical energy (AC/DC).
AC : Alternating current and DC : Direct current
Principle: When a coil is rotated between magnetic field there
will be induced current/emf based on Electromagnetic Induction.
ADVANTAGES OF AC OVER DC
1. The cost of producing AC much lesser than that of DC.
2. AC can be easily converted into DC using rectifier.
3. AC can be easily transmitted for long distances compared to
DC.
4. AC can be controlled much easily compared to DC without
much loss of energy.

DISADVANTAGES OF AC OVER DC
1. AC cannot be used in electrolysis as that of DC.
2. AC is more dangerous than DC.
3. AC will have more magnitude (Positive value) compared to DC
magnitude.
 DOMESTIC ELECTRIC CIRCUIT:
The electric circuit designed for the purpose of domestic
use (house, factory, SSI etc) is called domestic electric circuit.

S1 S2 S3
The electric circuit is
having,
Live wire ( +ve):
Neutral wire(- ve):
Earth wire (0 V):
1. Live wire: It is kept as positive with 220 V supply from mains.
2. Neutral wire: It is kept at 0 V w.r.t. live wire for completing the
circuit connection.
3. Earth wire: It is connected to earth through metallic wire which is at
0 V and can allow the excess charges produced easily whenever
electrical hazard takes place.

4. Switch( S1, S2 …) : It is controlling component which is connected

in series with live wire to operate appliances whenever needed.
5. Fuse: It is safety device which is connected in series with
appliances with suitable rating for easy melting and disconnection
whenever there is short circuit or overloading in circuit. It is made up
of alloys of Al, Fe, Cu, Sn, Pb etc.
6. MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker): Designed to break circuit during
electrical hazards based on electromagnetic induction or eddy current
production.

7. Short Circuit: When live wire coincide with neutral wire directly
(accidentally) there will be sudden flow of charges from high potential
to low potential causing enormous heat according to Joule’s heating
effect in the circuit .
8. Over loading: When there are more number of appliances are
connected in parallel at a time the effective resistance will reduce
too small giving the condition of short circuiting called as
overloading.

9. Electrical Hazard: It is electric shock which produce enormous

heat which is capable of burning whole domestic electric circuit due
to short circuit or overloading or failure in the earthing of appliances.

Two circuits one of 15 A rating fuse for Heavy appliances such

as Heater, oven, geyser etc. and 5 A fuse for bulb, fan etc.
The applied voltage across mains is, 220 – 240 V with 50 Hz
frequency in India.
SUMMARY:
1. Magnetic field and magnetic field line properties.
2. Current carrying conductor and coil possess magnetic
properties – Oersted’s activity
3. Various laws and rules explaining the direction of magnetic field
produced due to current carrying conductor, such as right hand
thumb rule.
4. When current appear to travel in anti clockwise direction in a
closed coil it behave like North pole, if it is clockwise it
resembles South pole of a magnet.
5. The combination of such closed loops form solenoid and when
current is passed through it behaves like bar magnet.
6. The direction of force experienced by current carrying conductor
in uniform magnetic field – Fleming’s left hand rule, its application
in electric motors such as grinder, fan, washing machine etc.

7. Production of induced current/ emf due to relative motion

between coil and magnet – Electromagnetic induction.

8. Current is induced in a coil when subjected rotation in a uniform

magnetic field – Fleming’s right rule

9. Application of EMI in producing current due to various sources –

AC generation in Hydroelectric power plants, wind mill etc.

10. Purposeful use of electricity using domestic electric circuit with