Classification: Internal Use

Stainless Steels

Austenitic This group contains at least 16% chromium and 6% nickel (the
Stainless Steels basic grade 304 is referred to as 18/8

Stainless steel families

Ferritic Stainless
Plain chromium (10.5 to 18%) grades such as Grade 430 and 409
Steels
Shaeffler Diagram (A-austenite; M – Martensite; F – ferrite)

Duplex Stainless Have microstructures comprising a mixture of austenite and

Steels ferrite. Duplex ferritic. Examples : 2205 and 2304

chromium as the major alloying element but with a higher carbon

Martensitic
and generally lower chromium content (e.g. 12% in Grade 410
Stainless Steels
and 416) than the ferritic types

PH Stainless chromium and nickel containing steels that can develop very high
Steels tensile strengths. The most common grade in this group is "17-4 PH"

BAHER ELSHEIKH
Classification: Internal Use
Stainless Steels
Thermal Expansion and Thermal Conductivity
Typical Tensile Properties

The Ductile/Brittle Transition

Temperature (DBTT) is a
property of the material where
the material converted from
ductile to brittle, it indicates the
minimum accepted temperature
where the material can be used
safely (without brittle fracture).

Austenitic SS do not show change in fracture behavior, the fracture remaining

ductile even to very low temperatures. This is one reason why these types of
alloys are used in cryogenic applications.

BAHER ELSHEIKH
Classification: Internal Use
Stress Corrosion Cracking in Stainless Steels
Variation of Resistance to Stress Corrosion Influence of molybdenum on resistance to stress
Cracking with Nickel content corrosion cracking (SCC) in austenitic steels

Alloy 7: S31603
Alloy 8: S31700
Alloy 9: X12CrNiWTi1613
Alloy 11: X2NiCrMoCu2520
Alloy 12: X5CrNiTi2615

KISCC: SCC Threshold stress intensity value

Source: ASM- Stainless Steel for Design Engineers

BAHER ELSHEIKH
Classification: Internal Use
Austenitic Stainless Steels

304 202
General N and Mn
Purpose Partly
18-8 replace Ni
302B S30400 S20200
Si added to
205 201 Magnetic X
increase
N and Mn N and Mn Ni √
partly partly
scaling
replace Ni replace Ni
Cr √
resistance
S20500 S20100
S30200
- Superior Corrosion
Resistance
317 319 - good mechanical properties
316 308 302 301
More Mo and Mo added to 309S 305 303 Suitable for High Temp.
Higher Cr and Higher C for Cr and Ni
Cr added for increase Cr and Ni Ni increased S added to Application
Ni used increased lowered to
better corrosion increased for to lower work improve
primarily for strength increase work
corrosion resistance heat resistance hardening machinability
Welding hardening Susceptible to Cl SCC and
resistance S31600 S30900 S30500 S30300
S30800 S30200 S30100
S31700 S30905 pitting
Lower oxidation resistance –
310 347 304L prone to oxide spalling
317L 316L 321
310S Nb and Ta C reduced or 384 303Se
C reduced for C reduced for Ti added to further better
More Cr and added to More Ni to Se added for
better welding better welded oppose Cr corrosion
Ni for better oppose Cr lower work better
characteristic corrosion Carbides resistance in
heat resistance Carbides hardening machined
S31703 resistance precipitation welded parts
S31000 precipitation S38400 surfaces
S31603 S32100 S30403
S31008 S34700 S30323

316LN 314 348

304N 304LN S304430
C reduced; N Si increased Ta and Co Al: Aluminum P: Phosphorous
N added to N added to Cu added to
317LMN added to for highest restricted for C: Carbon S: Sulfur
increase increase improve cold
Mo added increase heat nuclear Cr: Chromium Se: Selenium
strength strength working
N added strength resistance applications Cb: Columbium Si: Silicon
S30451 S30453 S30430
S31653 S31400 S34800 Co: Cobalt Ta: Tantalum
Cu: Copper Ti: Titanium
Mn: Manganese V: Vanadium
Mo: Molybdenum W: Tungsten
316F 316N N: Nitorgen
S and P Ni: Nickel
N added to
added to
increase
improve
strength
machinability
S31651 Source: ASM- Stainless Steel for Design Engineers
S31620

BAHER ELSHEIKH
Classification: Internal Use
Austenitic Stainless Steels – Scaling Resistance

Source: NiDi- High Temperature Characteristics of Stainless Steels

BAHER ELSHEIKH
Classification: Internal Use
Ferritic Stainless Steels

430
General
Purpose
Magnetic √
S43000
Ni X
Cr √
-Corrosion
Resistance
446 442 444 429 439 405 409 430F 434
Cr increased Cr increased to C reduced, Mo Slightly less Cr C reduced; Ti Lower CR, Al Lower Cr; P and S Mo added for - Not Suitable for High
to improve improve scaling added to for better added to added to Primarily used increased to improved
scaling resistance improve Weldability oppose carbide prevent for automotive improve corrosion Temp. Application
resistance corrosion precipitation hardening when exhaust machinability resistance in (subject to 475
S44200 resistance; Ti S42900 cooled from systems S43020 automotive trim
S44600 and Nb added S43035 elevated S40900 S43400 embrittlement)
temperatures
S44400 S40500

430F Se
Se added for 436
better Mo, Nb and Ta
machined added for
Al: Aluminum P: Phosphorous
surfaces corrosion and
C: Carbon S: Sulfur
Cr: Chromium Se: Selenium S43023 heat resistance
Cb: Columbium Si: Silicon S43600
Co: Cobalt Ta: Tantalum
Cu: Copper Ti: Titanium
Mn: Manganese V: Vanadium
Mo: Molybdenum W: Tungsten
N: Nitrogen
Ni: Nickel

Source: ASM- Alloying, Understanding the Basics

BAHER ELSHEIKH
Classification: Internal Use
Martensitic Stainless Steels

410
General
Purpose

S41000
Magnetic √
Ni X
Cr √
-Corrosion Resistance
431 416 440C
- Hardenable
414 403 420
Cr increased and Ni
Ni added for Select quality C increased to P and S C increased for
added for better
corrosion resistance,
better corrosion for turbines and improve increased to highest hardness; Hard to weld
resistance highly stressed mechanical improve Cr increased for
good mechanical
S41400 parts properties machinability corrosion
properties
S40300 S42000 S41600 resistance
S43100
S44004

422
416Se 440B
Strength and
Se added for C decreased
toughness to
better slightly to improve
12000F via
machined toughness
addition of Mo,
surfaces S44004
V, W
S41623
S41400
Al: Aluminum P: Phosphorous
C: Carbon S: Sulfur
Cr: Chromium Se: Selenium
Cb: Columbium Si: Silicon
420F 440A Co: Cobalt Ta: Tantalum
C decreased Cu: Copper Ti: Titanium
P and S
even more than Mn: Manganese V: Vanadium
increased to Mo: Molybdenum W: Tungsten
for 440B to
improve N: Nitrogen
improve
machinability Ni: Nickel
toughness
S42020
S44002

Source: ASM- Alloying, Understanding the Basics

BAHER ELSHEIKH
Classification: Internal Use
Duplex Stainless Steels
Duplex Stainless Steel
50/50
Austenite / Ferrite
Magnetic √
Ni √
Cr √
Lean Standard Super Hyper
-Corrosion Resistance
DSS DSS DSS DSS
- Pitting resistance in Cl
Lower Ni, no Higher Ni, and 25 Cr and
Mo Mo higher Ni, More Cr, Ni service (High PREN)
and Mo Ni, Mo and N High strength

Not suitable for High T

S32101 S31803 S32520 S32707 applications (subject to
475 embrittlement)

S32202 S2205 S32550

S32304 S32750
Al: Aluminum P: Phosphorous
C: Carbon S: Sulfur
Cr: Chromium Se: Selenium
Cb: Columbium Si: Silicon
S32003 S32760 Co: Cobalt Ta: Tantalum
Cu: Copper Ti: Titanium
Mn: Manganese V: Vanadium
Mo: Molybdenum W: Tungsten
N: Nitrogen
S82011 S82906 Ni: Nickel

Source: API 938C, Use of DSS in Oil Refinery Industry

S82441

BAHER ELSHEIKH
Classification: Internal Use
Duplex Stainless Steels

Grade PREN

304L 19

316L 24

2205
35
S3205

2507
43
S32750

CPT : Critical Pitting Resistance Temperature

CCT : Critical Crevice Corrosion Resistance Temperature Source: API 938C, Use of DSS in Oil Refinery Industry
PREN: Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number

BAHER ELSHEIKH
Classification: Internal Use
Duplex Stainless Steels – Temperature Limitations

Source: API 938C, Use of DSS in Oil Refinery Industry

BAHER ELSHEIKH