Eugene F. Megyesy PRESSURE VESSEL HANDBOOK (Eleventh Edition) PRESSURE VESSEL PUBLISHING, INC.ASME CODE vs. THIS HANDBOOK ‘The ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE--1998, eet VIN,Dis.1 “The American Society of Mechanical Eng- nears setup & Commitee fn 1911 forthe Purpose of formulating standard rules for Eetonsructon of steam bors and other pressure vessels that wil perform in safe Endrelable manner The Code comprises these rules. es scope includes vessels: 1. made ofaonferous materials, cst ion, High alloy and carbon steel, 2. madeby welding, forging, bracing, and 3. applying awide variety ofconstrution anethods and details Ie Inchudes all vessels where the question of sfeyisconcered PRESSURE VESSEL HANDBOOK - 1998, Eleventh Edition ‘The Handbook covers design and con- struction methods of pressure vestels: 1. made of carbon steel, 2 made by welding 3 applying construction methods and deals which are the most economical and practical which arein accordance ‘with the Code rales, and thus gener- ally followed by the industry. ‘The vast majority of the pressure vessels today fall into this eategor For construction rules and details which are excluded from the scope of the Hand- book, references are made to the appl able’ Code paragraphs to avoid neglect ing them ‘The Code -as itis stated in paragraph UG- 2.— "does not contain rules to cover all Getails of design and construction..." “where details are not given, it is intended that the Manufacturer... shall provide de- tails of design and construction.” Details of design and construction not covered by the Code are offered by the Handbook including: Design of tall tow- rs, wind load, earthquake, vibration, ec- centric load, elastic stability, deflection, combination of stresses, nozzle loads, re- saddles, and rect- action of supports, lugs, angular tanks. “The Code is not a handbook." "It is not intended that this Section be used as a de- sign handbook" as itis stated in the Fore- ‘Word of the Code, “The aim ofthis Handbook is to be easly handled and consulted Tables, charts elim nate the necessity of calculations, Geom fry, lajout of Vessels, piping codes, APL Storage tanks, standard appurtenances, painting of sel surfces, weight, mes: tremens, conversion lables, iterate, Sein, Senet for vey sign of see sructres, center of rev, Sgn of welded joins, bolted Comec- tions, boiler and pressure vessel laws, chemical resistance ofmetals, voles, nd surfaces of vessels, provide good service" abi “The updated and revised Code is published in three years intervals. Addenda, which also inchide revisions tothe Code, re pub- lished annually. Revisions and additions ‘become mandatory six (6) months ater the date of issuance, except for boilers and pres- ‘sure vessels contracted for prior tothe end of the 6 month period, (Code Foreword) Se Saitama Sire fae enacmeaea PARTI PARTIE PART OI PARTIV PARTV CONTENTS Design and Construction of Pressure Vessels Geometry and Layout of Pressure Vessels 257 ‘Measures and Weights 321 Design uf Steel Structures 447 Miscellaneous 465PARTI. n DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF PRESSURE VESSEL 1. Vessels Under Internal Pressure. Stresses in Cylindrical Shell, Definitions, Formulas, Pressure of Fluid, Pressure-Temperature Ratings of American Standard Carbon Steel Pipe Flanges. 2. Vesseli Under Extemal Press Definitions, Formulas, Minimum Required Tickness of Cylin- drical Shell, Chart for Determining Thickness of Cylindrical and ‘Spherical Vessels under External Pressure when Constructed of Carbon Steel. 3. Design of Tall Towers se Wind Load, Weigh’ of Vessel, Seismic Load, Vibration, Eccen- trieLoad, Este Stability, Deflection, Combination of tresses, Design of Skirt Suppor, Design of Anchor Bolts (epproximate method), Design of Base Ring approximate method), Design of Anchor Bolt and Base Ring, Anchor Bolt Chair for Tall Towers 4. Vessel Supports Sressesin Large Horizonal Vessels Supported by Two Saddies, Siresses in Vessels on Leg Suppor, Sresces in Vessels Du to Lg Support, 5. Openings Inspection Openings, Openings without Reinforcing Pad, Open ing with Reinforcing Pad, Extension of Openings, Reinforce- ‘ment of Openings, Strength of Attachments, Joining Openingsto Vessels, Length of Couplings and Pipes for Openings, Nozzle Loads Reinforcement atthe Junction of Cone to Cylinder. Welding of Pressure Vessels. ‘Welded Joints, But Welded Joint of Plates of Unequal Thick. nesses, Application of Welding Symbols. 9. Regulations, Specifications. Code Ritles Related to Various Services, Code Rules Related to ‘Various Plate Thicknesses of Vessel, Tanks and Vessels Con- taining Flammable and Combustible Liquids, Properties of Materials, Description of Materials, Specification for The De- sign and Fabrication of Pressure Vessels, Fabrication Toler- ances. 10, Materials of Fe 11, Welded Tanks ‘Countries 15 31 2 12 153 159 170 181R 10, Piping Codes 202 1, Rectangular Tanks 206 12, Corrosion as 13, Miscellaneous 226 Fabricating Capacities, Pipe and Tube Bending, Pipe Engagement, Drill Sizes for Pipe Taps, Bend Allow- ances, Length of Stud Bolts, Pressure Vessell Detail- ing, Preferred Locations, Common Errors, Lifting ‘Attachments, Safe Loads for Ropes and Chains, Trans- portation of Vessels. 14, Painting of Steel Surfaces. 214 IN REFERENCES THROUGHOUT THIS BOOK "CODE" STANDS FOR ASME (AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS) BOILER AND PRES- SURE VESSEL CODE SECTION VIII RULES FOR CONSTRUCTION OF PRESSURE VESSELS, DIVISION 1 — AN AMERICAN STANDARD. 1998 EDITION. 3B STRESSES IN PRESSURE VESSELS Pressure vessels are subject to various loadings, which exert stresses of different intensities in the vessel components. The category and intensity of stresses are the function of the nature of loadings, the geometry and construction of the vessel components. LOADINGS (Code UG-22) Internal or external pressure ‘ Weight of the vessel and contents . Static reactions from attached equipment, piping, lining, insulation, internals, supports Cyclic and dynamic reactions due to pressure or thermal variations Wind pressure and seismic forces Impact reactions due to fluid shock ‘Temperature gradients and differential thermal expansion wre MAXIMUM STRESSES (Code UG-23) ALLOWABLE STRESS a. Tensile stress Ss, b. Longitudinal compressivestress The smaller of S, or the value of factorB determined By the procedure described in Code UG 23 (b) (2) ©. Generalprimarymembranestress _S, induced by any combination of 's loadings. Primary membrane stress plus primary bending stress duced by combination of load~ is, except as provided in d below. 4d, Generalprimary membrane tress 1.2 times the stress permitted in a., inducedby combination ofearth- b., orc. This rule applicable to quake orwind pressure with other stresses exerted by internal or exter- loadings (See defi nal pressure or axial compressive beginning 483.) Toad on acylinder. Seismic force and wind pressure need not be considered to act simulta- neously. ‘Maximum allowable stress in tension for carbon and low alloy steel Code'Table UCS-23; for high alloy steel Code Table UHA-23., psi. (See properties of materials page 186 - 190.)4 STRESSES IN CYLINDRICAL SHELL ‘Uniform internal or extemal pressure induces in the longitudinal seam two times larger unit stress than inthe circumferential seam because ofthe geomety ofthe cylinder. ‘A vesse] under external pressure, when other forces (wind, earthquake, etc.) are not factors, must be designed to resist the ciecumferential buckling only. The Code provides the method of design to meet this requirement. When other loadings are present, these combined loadings may govern and heavier plate will be required than the plate which was satisfactory to resist the circumferential buckling only. “The compressive stress due to external pressure and tensile stress dve to intemal pressure shall be determined by the formulas ; FORMULAS CIRCUMFERENTIAL TONGITUDINAL TOINT joint o PD. PD 5 =e 5-2 <= | NOTATION Mean diameter of ves, inches shy Internal or exter! pressure, ps Longitudinal stress, pi Circumferential (hoop) stress, psi 1) = Thickness of shell, corrosion allowance excluded, inches EXAMPLE 1s x 96 Given D = 96inches = PSe + 40 psi P= 1S psi 1 = 025 inches PD Is x 96 2 2x 025 2880 psi For towers under internal pressure and wind load the ritcal height above which compres- sive stress governs can be approximated by the formula: =P 2D where H = Cia eight of tower, f INTERNAL PRESSURE 1, OPERATING PRESSURE ‘The pressure which is required forthe process, served by the vessel, at which the vessel is normally operated. 2. DESIGN PRESSURE ‘The pressure used inthe design ofa vessel. Itisrecommended to designa vessel and its pats fora higher pressure than the operating pressure. A design pressure higher than the operating pressure with 30 psi or 10 percent, whichever is the ‘greater, will satisfy this requirement, The pressure ofthe fluid and other contents ‘of the vessel should also be taken into consideration See tables on page 29 for pressure of fluid. 3. MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE, ‘The internal pressure at which the weakest element ofthe vessel is loaded tothe ultimate permissible point, when the vessel is assumed to be: (8) in corroded condition (b) under the effect ofa designated temperature (©) in normal operating position atthe top (@) under the effect of other loadings (wind load, external pressure, hydro- static pressure, etc.) which are additive to the internal pressure. When calculations are not made, the design pressure may be used as the ‘maximum allowable working pressure (MA WP) code 3-2. ‘A common practice followed by many users and manufacturers of pressure vessels isto limitthe maximum allowable working pressure by the head or shell, not by small elements as flanges, openings, ete. See tables on page 28 for maximum allowable pressure for flanges. ‘See tables on page 142 for maximum allowable pressure for pipes. ‘The term, maximum allowable pressure, new and cold, is used very often. It ‘means the pressure at which the Weakest element ofthe vessel is loaded to the Ultimate permissible point, when the vessel: (a) isnot corroded (new) (b) the temperature does not affect its strength (room temperature) (cold) ‘and the other conditions (¢ and d above) also need not to be taken into ‘consideration. 4, HYDROSTATIC TEST PRESSURE (One and one-half times the maximum allowable working pressure or the design pressure tobe marked onthe vessel when calculations are not madetto determine the maximum allowable working pressure. Ifthe stress value of the vessel material atthe design temperature is less than at the tet temperature, the hydrostatic test pressure should be increased propor- tionally. [Hydrostatic test shall be conducted afterall fabrication has been completed. 1516 In this case, the test pressure shall be: Stress Valve § At Test Temperature 5X Max Allow. W. Pee. x StS Value S At Test Temperature 15 X MG. Becga tea)” Sues Vale 5 At Dein Tempertors Vessels where the maximum allowable working pressure limited by the flanges, shall be tested at a pressure shown inthe table: inary Seis, are Rating | 15010] 30010] 4001| 60010] 200 19 1:00 1» | 2001 THyaostate Shell Tet "feaure 42s_ [1100 | s4s0 [2175 | 2280 | s400 [000 Hydrostatic test of multi-chamber vessels: Code UG-99 (¢) ‘A Pneumatic test may be used in lieu of a hydrostatic test per Code UG-100 Proof tests to establish maximum allowable working pressure when the strength of any part of the vessel cannot be computed with satisfctory assurance of safety, prescribed in Code UG-101 5. MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESS VALUES ‘The maximum allowable tensile stress values permitted for different materials are given in table on page 189. ‘The maximum allowable compressive stress to be used in the design of cylindrical shells subjected to loading that produce longitudinal compressive stress in the shell shall be determined according to Code par. UG-23'b, ¢, & d 6, JOINT EFFICIENCY of different types of welded joints are given in table on ficiency of seamless heads is tabulated on page 176. ‘The following pages contain formulas used to compute the required wall thickness and the maximum allowable working pressure for the most frequently used types of shell and head. The formulas of cylindrical shell are tiven forthe longitudinal seam, since usualy this governs. “The stress in the guth seam will govern only when the circumferential joint efficiency is less than one-half the longitudinal joint efficiency, or when besides the internal pressure additional loadings (wind load, reaction of saddles) are causing longitudinal bending or tension. The reason for itis that the stress arising inthe girth seam pound per square inch is one-half of ‘the stress in the longitudinal seam. ‘The formulas for the girth seam accordingly: = PR 25Es '* TSE ORB Po R08 See notation on page 22. n NoTES DESIGN19 INTERNAL PRESSURE FORMULAS IN TERMS OF INSIDE DIMENSIONS EXAMPLES NOTATION E = Joint efficiency, page 172 = Design pressure or max. allowable R= Inside radius, inenes working presse pst D = Inside diameier inches 5 = Stress value of material psi. page“ = Wall thickness inches, 1 CA! = Corrsion allowance, inches DESIGN DATA P= lO0psidesignpresue S= 17500psi tess valueof SA515-70plate @ 650 E = 085 eliciency fs patel headto = 1.00,jinteficiency ofseamlessheads R= 4Bincesinsderadius® ‘D = 96inches inside diameter 1 = required wall thickness, inches CA, = 0.125 inches corrosion allowance * in corroded condition grester with the corrosion allowance > CYLINDRICAL SHELL (LONG SEAM)! SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE + =, PD "= 33E—02P 2SEt D+02 |. For elipsoidal heads, where the ratio of the major find minor wu he ig. han 2:1 ee Code Append Determine the required thickness of a seamless ellipsoidal head. - 1009625 F17500 x 1.0- 02100 +A, -0275in, o125in, ‘o400ia, Use014575 in: MIN.THK HEAD Determine the maximum allowable working pressure, P for 0.275 in, thick seamless head, when itis in corroded condition. the requiedhisknes. | Deerminethemaximum lonable + PR SEt ‘working pressure P for 0.500 in. thick | S=3E=Oee rants [obits ggasi | eltben ve ae T7500 085-0551 ; |. Usually the sires inthe fong seam i governing. See msc RHE | p= 175000850500 154 pei ‘preceding page. oa ie 48+0.6 «0.500 = ably ect Senses Use 000 in pla EE Ks sna hd 2 SPHERE and HEMISPHERICAL HEAD ‘SEE DESIGNDATA ABOVE ve ‘The head furnished without straight oe flange. llowable PR 2SEt Determine the required thickness, Deen the a aaa a working pressure, Pfor.3133 thick =O R02 fof hemispherical head $a ie sane conn ioowti2 -psstin it | Sete iat actu Rie PATSOOTESS OTH = Ran 8S 03125 1850 SEE Smead" SSE pore +2. When the wall thickness exceeds 0.356 R or P exceeds. ACA ia 0.665 SE, the formulas given in the Code Appendix Coe isha Sop ie 2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE o 217500 1.00275 400 px '96.25+02 x0.275INTERNAL PRESSURE FORMULAS IN TERMS OF INSIDE DIMENSIONS NOTATION = De presse ot ma. lovable 0 working = Sues ee of meri Sue si, page E = Joint efficiency, page 172 4 Inside adn, noes D = Inside diameter inches (One haf of the inched (apex) angle, degrees 1 = Inside radius of dish, inches 7 Inside Knuckle radius, inches 1 = Wall thickness, inches CAL = Corrosion allowance, inches CONE aN CONICAL SECTION "= 2 cos a (SE—O6P) PD 2SEt cos a D+i2tcosa 2 ‘The half apex angle, @not greater than 30° When renter han 20: ps ana cord. (Code Appendix 1-5(e)) mi eee ASME "AND DISHED HEAD (TORISPHERICAL HEAD) When "ie = 16% 0.885PL ‘SE-O1P SEt SEL +O ‘When Wrlese than 1672) PLM ‘"35E-02F VALUES OF FACTOR “M™ 2 cos 30°=0.866 Determine the required thickness, ¢ ofacone 1009625 {Use0.50Din pate ‘SEE DESIGNDATA ABOVE Lr= 165 Determine the re seamless ASME. ited thickness, rof a langed and dished EXAMPLES DESIGNDATA: Siete naraan P= 100psidegn presse D = Sbincesinsedametert 2 [7ahopaistes wheat ‘eure val ines ines SASIS TO pie Q6S0F ene espe = Ose Rese wal lessees 5g eileen cz 4 E a) oma greater SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE ‘SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE Determine the maximum allowable working pressure, P for 0,500 in. thick cone, when the vessel is in new condition 217500 «0.85 0.500 0.866 961.2 «0500x0866 = 133psi SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE Determine the maximum allowable ‘working pressure, P for 0.6875 in. thicl seamless head, when the vessel is in new condition: ‘M= 1,75 fromtable. Determine the required thickness ¢ ofa seamless ASME flanged and dished head. (Gee foie 20m head (885 10056125, 11500 51.0%0.6875 4p insuostocorta | ~0486i0 TB85x95+0.1 x0687S CA o12sin ‘Use0625in pate oor ‘SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE ‘SEE DESIGNDATA ABOVE Knuckle radiusr= 6in. Ur= = 16 | Knuckle radiusr=6 in. Lr= % = 16 ta |], asl], oc)=9], . 2-0] Ps], Ja] te las|*$°|a.75|*°9)a.25 n25)**|«.00)**°| 0} 100*96.125%1.75. gaps in, m_ [9 aah olla al aol) ael)s op 17500-02100 be fla sol fase sis! *hi 30's, 4A ein fel, fess] ror " et hell ool 6 ‘Use 0.625 in min thik bead (M= 1,75 fromtable Determine the maximum allowable ‘working pressure, P for a0.481 in. thick seamless head when the vessel is in corroded condition, 56 125x175 +02 x0481 100psi NOTE: Wien te rto of Ur is preaier tan 16%, may be calculated by the formula: M (aon-Code construction) the values of PICINTERNAL PRESSURE FORMULAS IN TERMS OF OUTSIDE DIMENSIONS EXAMPLES DESIGN DATA: Bore) ore in P= 100psi design pressure E = 1 O0jonteticienyofsamles heads sffcicncy, page = 113l0ps sts valveot R= ABinchesoutsideredus P= Design pressure or max. allowable = Outside ras, ing pressure D = Outsice dameer inches SA 51570 plat @630F D= Ssinchesouside diameter 5 = Suess vate of material psi, page 1 = Wall thickness, Inches B= 085 efciency ofsptecmined Required walthickness inches 9 CA! = Coreson allowance, inches joint ofseandhemis headto shell C4, = 0.1.Sinchescarosonaiwance CYLINDRICAL SHELL (LONG SEAM)! = 1.00, jinteficiency ofsealess at ‘ pn PR pa SE fa ‘SE + 0aP Rom 1. Useally the stress in the long seam is governing. See aus 14 22. When the wall thickness excends one half ofthe inside ‘ads of P exceeds 088 SE, the formulas venta the Code Appendix 2 shall be sppled. ‘SPHERE and HEMISPHERICAL HEAD SEE DESIGNDATA ABOVE Determine the required thickness, ¢ ofa shell 100% 48 °. Frs00%0RS-0.4xT05 ~0522in SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE Determine the maximum allowable ‘working pressure, P for 0.500 in. thick shell when the vessel is in new condi tion, PR "DE + ORP 175000850500 pe ITSO SI = 15Spsi 4A, 0.125in, ar a Oatrin. ‘Use:0.50 in thik plate ‘SEE DESIGNDATA ABOVE REE Head furnished without straight flange, Determine the required thickness, cof hemispherical head. 100%48 © S = Determine the maximum allowable ‘working pressure, P for 0.3125 in, thick head, when the vessel is in new condition. PD pa 2SEt_ WEF TSP D-1e 1. For elipoial heads, where the uo of the aor and Iino ass other than ss Coe Append ‘Append A) Determine the required thickness of a 10096 7 * 77500 x1.0+Tax00 ~ 9273! 40a. 015i, ‘Use 04375in. min thick head TS aaa vs085<09 Sarina at as oes i PATSOEOAS AOI feel e eae een scans rome cote: Peete out ence ToT ELSI AL BEAD) ‘SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE Determine the maximum allowable ‘working pressure, P for 0.273 in. thick head, when itis in new condition. 217500x1.0%0273, 96-18 x0273 =100psi DESIGN4 _t]t] INTERNAL PRESSURE FORMULAS IN TERMS OF OUTSIDE DIMENSIONS NOTATION D = Ouside diameter inches ‘P = Design pressure or max, allowable 1 = One half ofthe included (apex) ‘working pressure pst ie, degrees angle, deg 1L = Outside radius of dis, inches 7 Inside knuckle radius, inches Wall thicknes, inches, arrosion allowance, inches $= Stress value of material psi, page io E = Joint efficiency, page 172 [R= Outside radius, inches cal D CONE anv CONICAL SECTION T PD Toon a (SEFO4P) i ‘The half apex angle, « not greater than 30° — 2. Wheat eeater than 30°, special analysis is required. (Code Appendix 1-50) E "ASME FLANGED AND DISHED HEAD (TORISPHERICAL HEAD) EXAMPLES DESIGN DATA: = 100psi design pressure D = inches cusiedaneter = 17500 ps sess value of «= ¥Pcachalfoftieapexenle SA 515-70 pte @OsOF L = 96inehes ouside radu of ch E= 08S eficeneyofspotexminedpins 1 = Required val hicks ines E= 100, joiteficeneyofsamlesheu CA. = 01)Sichescoresenaowance R= sSinchesousderaus ‘SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE SEE DESIGNDATA ABOVE cos 30°=0.866 Determine the maximum sllowable Determine the required thickness, ¢ | working pressure, P for 0.500 in thick ofa cone cone. aA _so095 "501866 (17500 «0.85 ‘04%100) =0372%n, 2317500 10.85 x0 500 0.866 sen bin 96-(08x0 5000865) Orin (Use:0500 i. tickle SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE Lir= 168 Determine the maximum allowable Determine the required thickness, ofa | working pressure, P for 0.625 in. thick seamless ASME flanged and dished | seamless head, when the vessel is in PLM DEFP(M—0ay 2SEt " ‘ME = 1M 02) P: VALUES OF FACTOR M PP CPF Pc fae toed acho) shee as ER ad Pad Pe nl “a fea eel al fl ok peal hea ho sal hs [E_7HE MAxiMuw ALLOWED RATIO. (Gee note on Tang page) Wheaten 16% head corroded condition. J = 0885100296 sgn in, O0x10+08x100 48> 17500x 1.00.25 0.885PL. pa SE PS BB5x98-O8x0625 ~!29Psi ‘SE+08P TRESL OR fon moa 085 Wie "tee Tam 10s Uoe:0625in. min. hick head ‘SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE % Knuckle radiusr= 6in.L/r= $=16 | Knuckle raver 6in. Ur= % = 16 M=1.35 from able, ee Determine the required thickness of i Seamless ASME fanged and dished | Determine the maximum allowable ied Working pressure, Pfora O78 thick Seamless head wien te vstl isin t= rz l0Ds965115 —__ ourtin. | Seraed conden BeTABW 1.0 000175703) je _2H11S00KLDx048 oe 1125 in, 1.75%96- 0478 (1.75-0.2) \°PS Oot in, ‘Use0625 in min thickhead NOTE: When the ratio of Uris greater than 164 , (non-Code construction) the values oF M may be calculated by the formula: M=" (3 + Vi/r) DESIGN7 INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL PRESSURE FORMULAS INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL PRESSURE EXAMPLES NOTATION a Internal or external design pressure psi _E=joiint efficiency Inside diameter of shel, in. Maximum allowable stress value of material, psi Minimum required thickness of head, exclusive of corrosion allowance, in. ‘Actual thickness of head exclusive of corrosion allowance, in. = Minimum required thickness of seamless shell for pressure, in. = Actual thickness of shell, exclusive of corrosion allowance, in. i CIRCULAR FLAT HEADS dV 0.13 PISE ‘This formula shall be applied: 1. When d does not exceed 24 in. 2. id is not less than 0.05 nor greater than 0,25, 3. The head thickness, 1, is not less than the shell thickness, DESIGN DATA P=300 psi design pressure 24 in, inside diameter of shell 15,000 ipsi maximum allowable stress value of $A-515-60 plate 0.243 in, required thickness of seamless shell for pressure. = 0.3125 in, actual thickness of shell DETERMINE THE MINIMUM REQUIRED THICKNESS, 1 Exit eficency t= d YOA3PISE = 24 0.13 x 300/15,000x 1 = 1.223 in Use 1.250 in, head 1.250 Checking the limitation of —— = 0.082, mi 7 ‘The ratio of head thickness to the diameter of the shel is satisfactory AVOPISE © = 0331/1, C min. = 0.20 If a value of s/s les than 1 is used in calculating, the shell thiknes shall be tantainedalongastance inwardly fom D_2min. nor less than 1.251, | the inside face ofthe head equal to at least [Teed not be greater than ¢ 2 Ve ss, z Non-circular, bolted flat heads, covers, blind flanges Code UG-34; other types ‘of closures Code UG-35 eI FZiZzaA i/f «+ J SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE 0.243 0.3125 @ (CPISE = 24 [0.26 300 [15.0001 = 1.731 in Use 1.75 in, plate ‘ cao b=03 026 jicker plate for shell, a lesser thickness will be satisfactory for the head sing 4, = 0.315 in 033 = 0.33 ome tO “gays = 0214 td [CPSE = 24 [0.24 x 30/15,000 x1 = 1.57 in Use 1.625 in. plate ‘The shell thickness shall be maintained along a distance 2. df, from the inside face of the head 2 JOT = 6 in PciPRESSURE — TEMPERATURE RATINGS FOR STEEL PIPE FLANGES AND FLANGED FITTINGS ‘American National Standard ANSI BI6.5-1981 cam | som [>on] coom | cootn| 200m [soon [eo rama Taso | usas | aso0 | as | 2as0 | sss | ous qermvrenr | MARIMGM ALLOWASLE NON-HOCK FRABEUREFEIG aim | ws | wo] 20] 1080] ame | ams | axe soo” | 38 | G3) Sto | 1380 | os | dare | Sas | S| Bl SS) tis | Bee | oso | dro 2 | 30] SS] SS] bts | os | Si | Seo so | 10 | ao] 2m | 1200 | 1795 | 2555 | 00 S| Se] SS | ee] is | BS | oe S| aS | SE] Be | ames | ie | dass | cass outs | SE] Ho | ames | te | 2ess | ao aso | 95-| sos] x0 | so10) sto | 2520 | «200 woo | 80 fio] $30 | "SIS ) 129 | 2oeo | Stoo | & | fio] Sse | $38) ‘aes | tae | 2290 so S| MB] | SS] S| ee | Ts 90 | as | is} wo 205] a10| sis | 60 vio | 35] 3] MO] HS] as | Ses | Ratings apply to materials: SA-105'2 SA-515-102 SA.516-70? SA-181-70'?SA-350-LF2 SAS37-CLI> $A-216-WCB? NOTES: For scivie temperatures above 850 F itis recommended that killed steels containing not les than 0.10% residual silicon be used. 2. Upon prolonged exposure to temperatures above 800 F, the carbide phase of carbon steel may be converted to graphite. 3. The material shall not be used in thickness above 2% in. ‘anges of ANSI BI6.5 shall not be used for higher ratings except where itis justified by the design methods of the Code. Ratings are maximum allowable non-shock working pressures expressed as gage pressure, at the tabulated temperatures and may be interpolated between temperatures shown. ‘Temperatures are those on the inside of the pressure-containing shell of the flange. In genera, iti the same as that of the contained material. PRESSURE OF FLUID STATIC HEAD ‘The fluid in the vessel exerts pressure on the vessel wall. The intensity of the pressure when the fluid is a rest is equal in all directions on the sides or at bottom Of the vessel and is due to the height of the fluid above the point at which the pressure is considered. The static head when applicable shall be added to the design presure of the ‘The tables below when applicable shall be added to the design pressure of the water. To find the pressure for any other fluids than water, the bbe be multiplied with the specific gravity ofthe fluid in considerat Pressure in Pounds per Square Inch for Different Heads of Water i Fet_o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 043 087 130 173 216 260 303 346 390 10 433 476 520 563 606 649 693 736 779 823, 866 909 953 996 1039 1082 1126 1169 1212 1256 1299 1342 1386 1429 1472 1515 1559 1602 1645 1689 1732 1775 1819 1862 1905 1948 1992 2035 2078 2122 2165 2208 252 295 238 281 2425 2468 2511 2555 2598 2641 2685 2728 2771 2814 2858 2901 2944 2988 3031 3074 3118 3161 304 3247 3291 3334 33.977 3421 3464 3507 3551 3594 3637 3680 3724 3767 3810 3854 3897 3040 3984 4027 40.70 41.13 4157 4200 4243 4287 eeseusey ‘NOTE: One foot of water at 62° Fahrenheit equals 433 pound pressure per square inch. To find the pressure per square inch for any feet head not given inthe table above, multiply the feet times 433, Heads of Water in Feet Corresponding to Certain Pressure in Pounds per Square Inch Pres sue, 0 1 2 3 4 S$ 6 7 8 9 fobs 0 23° 46 «469 «92 1S 39 162 185 208 10 231 254 277 300 323 346 369 393 416 439 %2 485 S508 331 S84 577 600 4 OAT 67.0 3 716 739 762 785 808 81 $84 878 901 24 947 970 993 1016 1039 1062 1085 1108 1132 1155 1178 1201 124 1247 1270 1293 B18 1339 1363 1386 1409 1432 1455 1478 150.1 1524 1547 1570 1393 I6L7 1640 1663 1686 1709 1732 1755 1778 180.1 1824 1848 187.1 1894 1917 1940 1963 1986 2009 2032 2055 207921022125 2148 2171 2194 DIT 240 263 2286 seasesey: NOTE: One pound of pressure per square inch of water equals 2.309 feet of water at 62° Farenheit. Therefore, to find the feet head of water for any pressure not siven in the table above, multipy the pressure pounds per square inch by 2.309. pyc31 TABLES For quick comparison of required plate thickness and weight for various materials and at a different degree of radiographic examination. ‘A. Stress values at temperature -20°t0 650° F. SAB sa2ssc SA315-60 sasis70 SASI680 SA516-10, SHE. 1170 1150 14875 100%. | __13800 tswo0 | 17500 B_ Ratios of Sires Values 11730 | 12750 | 13800 [14875 [15000 | 17500 uo |— | 10 | tae | iar [ize | 1a wo | om | — | 108 | 1a7_|_sas_| 137 amo | oss | om | — | 108 | 109 | 127 usrs_| 07m | os | om | — | 10 | 18 15000 [078 [oss | om | oo | — | 17 _| 100 | 067 | 07s | 079 | oas | os | — ‘Table A shows the stress value of the most frequently used shell and head materials. ‘Table B shows the ratios of these stress values. EXAMPLE: 1. Fora vessel using SA 515-70 plate, when spot radiographed, the required thick- ness 0.4426 inches and the weight ofthe vessel 12600 Ibs. 2 What plate thickness will be required, and what will the weight ofthe vessel be using SA 285-C plate and full radiographic examination: Incase 1. The stress value of the material 14875 Incase 2. The stress value of the material 13800 ‘The ratio ofthe two stress values from Table B = 1.08. In this proportion the required plate thickness and the weight of the vessel will be increased. (04426 x 1.08= 0.4780 in. 12600 1.08= 13608 Ib. EXTERNAL PRESSURE DESIGN PRESSURE When Code Symbol is to be applied, the vessel shall be designed and stamped with the maximum allowable external working pressure. It is, recommended that a suitable margin is provided when establishing the ‘maximum allowable extemal pressure to allow for pressure variation in service. Code UG-28(f). ‘Vessels intended for service under external working pressure of 15 psi and less may be stamped with the Code Symbol denoting compliance with the rules for external pressure provided all the applicable rules of this Division are also satisfied. Code UG-28({). This shall not be applied if the vessel is operated at a temperature be- ow minus 20°F, and the design pressure is determined by the Code UCS-66(c)(2) or Code UHA-51(b) to avoid the necessity of impact test. ‘Vessels with lap joints: Code UG-28(g) Non-cylindrical vessel, jacket: Code UG-28(i). ‘TEST PRESSURE Single-wall vessels designed for vacuum or partial vacuum only, shall be subjected to an internal hydrostatic test or when a hydrostatic testis not practicable, to a pneumatic test. Code UG-99(f), Either type of test shall be made at a pressure not less than 1% times the difference between normal atmospheric pressure and the minimum design internal absolute pressure. Code UG-99(f) Pneumatic test: Code UG-100. The design method on the following pages conform to ASME Code for Pressure Vessels Section VIII, Div. 1. The charts on pages 42-47 are excerpted from this Code.2 3 EXTERNAL PRESSURE FORMULAS EXAMPLES NoTaTION Fo tna desig pressure, , = Mesamom alone wor ese psi Dy Susie dameter, me 1° se kengt in of eel section betwen: I Sedimircnal ie on ae a o-hirdthe depth of he or eat 5, tube sheets (see page 3)" += Ninlmum required wall iekness, in, DESIGN DATA P = 15 pig external design pressure D, = 96 n, outside diatmeter of the shell Length ofthe vessel from tangent line to tangent line: 48 ft 0 in. = $76 in, Heads 2:1 ellipsoidal Material of shell SA - 285 C plate ‘Temperature 500° F E = Modulus of elasticity of material, 27,000,000 psi. @ $00 °F (see chart ‘CYLINDRICAL SHELL - |_Seamtess or with Longitudinal Butt Joints aaa oem HD,it) a pf aa amd a PAtame eee for ¢ 49.51) Site Basaran 2 rte BE ay wae ae ep eh Gy ee wee meses bee STIFFENING RING Move he \WITHoUT STIFFENING ni 3. Move horizontally to the tne representing : Dt From the pin of intersection move ver alt determine he vale of factor f 4. Ener the applicable material char ( 43:7 at the vale of 4, Move vertically fo the apoticable temperature line’, 5. From the interecton move horizontally and read the value of B. Cotipte he masmnin allowable working pres- 1 the maximum allowable working pressure i smaller"than the design pressure, the design Procedure must be Tepeated. increasing the ver cthicknest or deceating L by sffenng ing. *For values of A. falling to the left of the applicable temperature line, the value Of Ps fan be calculated by the formula: AE 3D. When the value of Do/t is less than 10, the vase. formulas given inthe Code UG-28(0)(2) shall WITH STIFFENING RING be applied oe vere RI Determine the required shell thicknes. ‘Assume a shell thickness: 1 = 0.50 in. (ee page 49) Length L= $92. (length of shell $76 in, and one third of the depth of heads 16 in.) L/D, 592}96 = 6.17 D/t=96)0.5 = 192 ‘4=0,00007 from chart (page 42)determined by the procedure described on the facing page. Since the value of A is falling to the left of the applicable temperature-line in Fig, UCS-28.2 (page 43), P, = 2AE/3(D,/1)= 2x 0.00007 x 27,000,000/3 x 192= 56 psi Since the maximum allowable pressure P, is smaller than the design pressure P stiffening rings shall be provided, Using 2 stiffening rings equally spaced between the tangent lines of the heads, Length of one vessel section, = 200 in.(length of shell 192 in. plus one thied ‘of depth of head 8 in.) L/D,~ 200/96 2.08 Do/t~ 96/0.5 ~ 192 ‘A = 0.00022 from chart (page 42) ‘B= 3000 from chart (page 43) determined by the provedure described on facing page, P, = 4B/3(D/1) = 4x 3000/3 x 192* 20.8 psi Since the maximum allowable pressure P, is greater than the design pressure P, the assumed thickness of shell using two stiffening rings, is satisfactory ‘See page 40 for design of stiffening rings.34 3s EXTERNAL PRESSURE FORMULAS EXAMPLES NOTATION External design pressure psig. Maximum allowable working pressure psig, Outside diameter of the head, in. R, = Outside radius of sphere or hemispherecal head, 0.9D, for ellipsoidal heads, inside crown radius of flanged and dished heads, in ¢ = Minimum required wall thickness, inches. E__= Modulus of elasticity of material, psi. (page 43) DESIGN DATA: P = 15 psig external design pressure D, = 96 inches outside diameter of head Material of the head SA-285C plate ‘500°F design temperature ‘SPHERE and HEMISPHERICAL HEAD The maximim —_p - 2B Mowable presuce: "TR, 7a) ‘The value ofB shall be determined by the following pro- cedure: 1. Assume the value for 1 and calculate the value of ‘A using the formula: An0.125/ Rit) (see page 49) ' 2. Enter the applicable material chart (pages 43-47) at the value of A. Move vertically to the applicable move horizontally and read the value of B. For values of A falling to the left of the appli ‘able temperature line, the value of P, can be cal- culated by the formula: P, = 0.0625EAR, 1)" If the maximum allowable working pressure P, com- ‘puted by the formula above, is smaller than the design Dressure, a greater value for # must be selected and the design procedure repeated. 2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD “The required thickness shall be the greater of the following thicknesses, 2) The thickness proofed by formula Pa=#4.Ry/t) ‘whereR,=0.9 D,,and B.to be determined as for sphere. "ASME FLANGED AND DISHED HEAD (Ton! HHERICAL HEAD) ‘The required thickness and maximum allowable pres- sure shall be computed by the procedures given for ellipsoidal heads. (See above)R,maximum=D, a 1 (1) The thickness as computed by the formulas R tive for internal prstire using a design pres Sure 1.67 times the extemal pressre and joint ‘ tffcieney "100 Determine the required head thickness. SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE Assume @ head thickness: = 0.25 in A = 0.125148.000.25) = 0.0065 From Fig. UCS-28.2 (page 43)B = 8500 determined by the procedure deseribed on the facing page. P, = 85001(48.000.25) 48,00 in 44.27 psi, ‘Since the maximum allowable working pressure Ps is exceedingly greater than the design pressure P, a leser thickness would be satisfactory. For a second tral, assume a head thickness: t= 0.1875 in. 48.00 in, 0.1251(48.0090.1875) = 0.0005 16700, from chat (page 43), Py = BURJ) = 67007256 = 26.2 psi. ‘Fhe assumed thickness: t= 0.1875 in, i satisfactory. SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE. Procedure (2.) Assume a head thickness: 1=0:3125in., R,=0.9x 96 = 86.4 in, A-=0.125/(86.4/0.3125) = 0.00045 ‘B= 6100 from chart (page 43),P, = B/(R,/1)'= 6100/276 = 22.1 psi. Since the maximum allowable pressure P, is greater than the design pressure P the assumed thickness is satisfactory. SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE. Procedure (2.) ‘Assume a head thickness: 1 = 0.3125 in., Ry= D, = 96. 0.125/(96/0.3125) = 0.0004 200 from chart (page 43), P, = B/(R,/¢) = 5200/307 = 16.93 psi. ‘Since the maximum allowable pressure P, is greater than the design pressure P the assumed thickness is satisfactory. Pystei)36 37 EXTERNAL PRESSURE FORMULAS EXAMPLES b D, NOTATION 4 = heer eins tom {CGO 280 (pope #2 B= feorceernied rom charts (pages 43-4 = onehalol the nloed (pen) angle, degrees Dy = outside diameter athe large end in D, = outside diameter atthe Saal end, in. E = modulus of clsticty of material (page 43) 1 = Kegtor en ee page = Gquhalent length of ‘Le = equivalent length in@aXi+Di) P= extemal design pres, a ?, = Maximum atwable working pres, + = mimes requed ‘eke, in fe = efoto cess, in reas a | WHEN aS EQUAL TO OR LESS THAN 0°] CONE an CONICAL SECTION ‘Searles of with But Joints and Di/t, > 10 ‘The maximim allowable presure: -~3_ © SDuiry 1. Assume a value for thickness, ty The values of B shall be determined by the following procedure: 2, Determine f,, and the ratios L,/Dj and Di/te 3. Enter chart UGO-28 (page 42) atthe value (of L,/Dj L/D,) (Enter at $0 when L/D; is greater than 50) Move horizontally tthe line representing D,/t, From the point of intersection move vertically to. determine factor A. 4, Enter, the applicable material chart at the value of A® and move vertically {0 the line of applicable temperature, From the ton move horizontally and read the value of ‘5. Compute the maximum allowable working Pressure, P, . If P, is smaller than the design pressure, the design, the design procedure must be repeated increasing the thickness or decreasing L by ‘using of stiffening rings. ‘For values of A faling to the left of the appi- ‘cable line, the value of P can be calculated by the formula: Pr = 24E/3DiIt,) For cones having D /t_ ratio smaller than 10, ‘86 Code UO-33 (970) P. WHENG IS GREATER THAN 60° ‘The thicknes ofthe cones shall be the same as the required thickness for a flat bead, the diameter of which equals the largest outside diameter ofthe cone. Provide adequate reinforcing of the cone-to- cvlinder juncture. See page 159 DESIGN DATA P = 15 psi external design pressure Material of the cone SA 285-C plate 500 F design temperature CONICAL HEAD Din Sin, an22Sdegess Dy =0 Demin the eed tikes U Longs n(Dyivinre ai sD=I158, ay GR, IC Aimime had cca O55 2 ateman031a5% 903"= 06H Le] L,=L/2 (4D /D,) = 16/2 (1 + 0/96) = 58 1,/D1= 58/96 = 0.6 Dy/t,= 96/:288 = 333 3. 4'=0,00037 (from chart, page 42) 4 B= 5,200 (from chart, page 43) 4B 4x 5,200 , 5 Pe” 3Dany ~~ 333) "8 Since the maximum allowable pressure is greater than the design pressure, the assumed plate thickness is satisactory. CONICAL SECTION (See design data above) Di =14sin, Dy =96in. a =30-des. Determine the required thickness, 1.6 i, Length, L=[(D-Dy/ilfane =24/.577 2 tet cane O.373% 0.866 =0.324 L= C/I + D/D)=4.62x (1 96/149 = 3467 Le/Dj =3467/186=0.281 Dye = 144/0.324— 444 3, 40.0005 (fom chart, page 42) 4. B=8,600 from chart, page 8) re 1. Assume a head thickness, t, 0.375 in 5. p,- 48. —_4x8600__ <> Fig ~ Tx aaro32s = 258 ps. Since the maximum allowable pressure P, is greater than the design pressure P, the assumed thickness is satisfactory. EXAMPLES FOR CONICAL HEAD, WHEN @ 1S GREATER THAN 6 ARE GIVEN AT FLAT HEADS DESIGN38 39 NOTES EXTERNAL PRESSURE FORMULAS Tt L jt ‘Use Lin calculation as shown when the strength of joints of cone to elin- TTT | cer oes not meet the requirements | described on pages 163-169. It will result the thickness forthe cone not Jess than the minimum require thick- ness forthe oining cylindrical shel. Ie os — ‘Use Lin caleulation as shown when the strength of joins of cone to oylin- {der meets the requirements described ae (on pages 163-16940. 4 EXTERNAL PRESSURE DESIGN OF STIFFENING RINGS NOTATION A» Factor determined fom the chart (page 42) forthe materia used inthe siffening ring 4, ~ Cross sectional ares ofthe sting rng, qi, D, = Outside Diameter of shell, in = Modis of elastic of material sce cart on page 43) Required moment of ner of the stiffening ring about its neutral to the axis ofthe shell 1, = Required moment of inertia ofthe sfenng rng combined withthe shell section which i tken contributing tothe moment of neta. The with of the shell section 1.10 ¥Dy ins ‘The sum of one-half ofthe distances on bot ses ofthe tien the center ine ofthe ing tothe (1) next stiffening ing, 2) othe head Tne a ‘depth, (3) 0a jacket connection, or (4 0 conetveyinder junction, P= External design presue, pi {= Minimum required wal hcknes of shel in parallel EXAMPLES 1. Select the type of stiffening ring and determine iis cross sectional area A 1. Assume the required number of rings and distribute them equally between Jacketed section, cone-to-shell junction, or head line at ¥ of its depth and determine dimension, L, I, Calculate the moment of inertia ofthe selected ring or the moment of inertia of| the ring combined withthe shell section (see page 95). IV. The available moment of inertia of a circumferential stiffening ring shall not be less than determined by one of the following formulas: rym Dib AYA p= Diba tA /L)A ‘The vale of 4 sal be determine bythe flowing procedure 1" Cate fatr Busing the formu: =r] 2. ter te applicable material cha (pages 43-47 tthe vale of Band move heron othe curve of design np When he value of Bieta 2500, can be ealculted bye formulas © 20 2, Pom beintersection point move verily ote otomofthechatandreadthe wae of 4, Calelte te required moment of nea sng the formulas above. fe moment finer ofthe ing or thering combined withthe sell eton rete tanto requted moment of ert te sifenngettbe sels stata, Oteese Sieing ing wi rger moment of etn mst be sled, othe nubs fags tallbe bowed Stiffening ring for jacketed vessel: Code UG-29 (1) DESIGN DATA: 15 psi, external design pressure, 96 in., outside diameter of the shell Length of the vessel from tangent line to tangent line: 48 f.0 i Heads 2:1 ellipsoidal “Material ofthe stiffening ring SA-36 Temperature 00°F E = Modulus of elasticity of material, 27,000,000 psi, @ SOOF (see charton page 43) = 0,500 in, thickness of shel et a L An angle of 6 x 4 *is selected. ® 4, 23.03 qn ¥ 1 Using 2 stiffening rings equally ; : ced between one-third the &) aut lepths of heads (see figure), 7 Te 96in = IIL The moment of interia ofthe 5 < sslected angle: 114 in és} + ‘SL. Thevalue of Factor B: & B=% IPD t+ AJL) a %{151961(05+3.03/196) al 2095 5 2, Since the value of Bis less than 3500, LY am 2x2095/27,00,000 0.00015 IN, The required moment of inertia [Do?Lit + AslLs) A] _96°X 196 x (0.5 +3.03 /196)x 0.00015 cs Since the required moment of inertia (9,97 in.) is smaller than the moment of inertia of the selected angle (11.4 in.) the vessel is adequately stiffened. Ly ‘Stiffening rings may be subject to lateral buckling. This should be considered in addition to the required moment of inertia See pages 95-97 for stiffening ring calculations. DESIGN43a sunysadey ag) 50 pus sadn ou Jo woqaeoud rrvoraol See eonsoess oe suneer‘on saves sy 90 DOS ano roan obs Jo ones ok eso Soe UT “ALON, oiredh, 4 901-¥s vis-vs 9 s8c-vs soarsssomiens {Sop aac, a es-¥S SPHOIV | sis-VS 3D €8C- VS. ‘qeuarew pasn Kpuonboi} sow Buy 8 co0'0e \yituans pia payrseds ayy pur [291s uogie> Jo pelsAuNsUo>| taey> aq) Jo Sanye8 SUL ows aUnssawd TVNUBLXA WAGNA $14SSHA YOd SVIANO NI GasN @ YOLOVd dO SANTVA BHL w v9 von sooo cosy ie 2 ees ce 2 eacosy ec ec tosye et v87Son “Old FIG. UGO-28.0 tare res ea E 4 2 z 3 : 56 = 6720 x 28 = 188,160 Shion 30 3 x 44 = 2,960 x 78 ~ 308,880 Teal v= T0600 Mag7 008 w. Moments the bottom ingen ine Mp ip(V OS PD hy) = 497,080 ~ 6 10,680 - 05 x 30x 4x 4) EXAMPLE: Gives: Dy = 3A, Gin H = 100K. Oin, hy = 48.018 2, = 30st Detemine the wind moment Iya H2 = 80. Oi, Px D, x H= Vessel 30x 35 x 100 Ladder 30 % 98 tn. f. Platform 30 % 8 lin. f Teal Moment atte bottom tangent line My = M~ hy(V ~ 05 Py Dy hy) = 692,100 ~ 4 (13,680 ~ 0.5 x 30 x 3.5 x 4) = 638,200 th ‘SEE EXAMPLES FOR COMBINED LOADS ON PAGE: 69 DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS WEIGHT OF THE VESSEL ‘The weight of the vestel results compressive stress only when eccentricity does not exist and the resultant force coincides with the axis of the vessel, Usually the compression due to the weight is insignificant and is not controlling ‘The weight shall be calculated for the various conditions of the tower as follows: [A. Erection weight, which includes the weight of the: 1. shell Equipments: 2 heads 3, internal plate work 13. insulation 4 tray supports 14. fireproofing 5. insulation rines 15. platform’ 6. openings 16. ladder 7. skirt 17. piping base 18, miscellaneous 9. anchor ting 10, anchor lugs 11, miscellaneous 12. # 6% of the weight of items I through 11 for overweight of the plates and weight added by the weldings Erection weight: the sum of items 1 through 18 B. Operating weight, which includes the weight of the: 1, vessel in erection condition 2 tnys 3. operating fquid . Test weight, which includes the weight of the: 1. vessel in erection condition 2, test water ‘The compressive stress due to the weisht given by: YH where = unit stress, psi ‘weight of vessel above the section under consideration, Ib = circumference of shell or skirt on the mean diameter, in 1 = thickness of the shell of skirt, in ‘The weight of different vesel elements are given in tables beginning on page 3746 DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS VIBRATION As a result of wind, tall towers develop vibration. The period of the vibration ‘ould be limited, since large natural periods of vibratlon can lead to fatigue failure The allowable period hasbeen computed fom the maximum permissible jeflection, The so called harmonic vibration is not discussed in this Handbook since the trays as usually applied and their supports prevent the arising ofthis problem. FORMULAS Period of Vibration: see. 7=0,000026s (f° ‘Maximum Allowable Period of Vibration, Za ec. T,-0.80V ¥ NOTATION 2 RoR eee ita mrs Siguotomes rawr ote ose tani lobe g ae nee rida 2 12 te rons) VRE ~ 105 w = 360 7.0.80 Vigagx 33.2 ~ 7-05 ee The actual vibration does not exceed the allow= able vibration, Reference: Freese, C. E.: Vibration of Vertical Pressure Vessel ASME Paper 1959. DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS SEISMIC LOAD (EARTHQUAKE) ‘The loading condition of a tower under seismic forces is similar to that of a cantilever beam when the load increases uniformly toward the free end, ‘The design method below is based on Uniform Building Code, 1991 (UBC). FORMULAS SHEAR MOMENT IM = [F, x H+ (V~ FY) x QHD) yn ZC wy Me = UF XX] fork =m, Re |My = [EX X+(V -A)x Ot — HB] forX >" Base Shear ‘The base shear isthe total horizontal seismic shear at the base ofa tower. The triangular loading pattern and the shape of the tower shear diagram duc to that loading are shown in Fig. (a) and (b). A portion F, of total horizontal seismic force V is assumed to be applied at the top ofthe tower. The remainder ofthe base shears distributed throughout the length ofthe tower, includ- ing the top. Overturning Moment ‘The overtuming moment at any level isthe algebraic sum of the moments of all the forees above that level NOTATION € =Nomeric!cotfcen = 255 (need not exceed 2.75) T 035, D_ = Outside diameter of vessel, f. E_ = Efficiency of welded joints F, = Total horizontal seismic force at top of the vessel, Ib. determined from the following formula: F, =0.07 TV (F, need not exceed 0.25V) 0, for 7 <0.7 , = Numerical coefficient (Seismic Shear Diagram Base Shear Hi = Length of vessel including skirt, ft.a DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS SEISMIC LOAD (EARTHQUAKE) DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS SEISMIC LOAD (EARTHQUAKE) (Continuation) NOTATION 1 = Occupancy inporance coetcent (6 1.0 for |M = Maximum moment (atthe base, fb. M, = Moment at distance X, felb R= Mean rads of vessel, in R, ~ Numerical coefficient (use 2.9 vessels) S” = Site coefficient for soil characteristics Asoil profit with either 2) Arockelke material characterized by a shear-vave ‘velocity greater than 2500 fet per second or biter sible means ofclasifation 31.0.” ‘Stitt or dense soil condition where the depth is iess than 200 S~1. soll profile with dense or Sif soil conditions, were the sol depth exceeds 300 fet S12 Asoil profile of 40 feet or more indepth and con- thing more than 20 fet of sof fo medium si lay, But not more than 40 feet of soft clay. S = aH is Asoil profile containing more than 40 feet of soft clay. 82.0. S, = Allowable tensile stress of vessel plate material, ps 7 = Fundamgptl period of vibration, seconds Cnt = Required corroded vessel thickness, in DMG 12M arse GRS,E Y= Total seismic shear at bas, I WW = Total weight of tower, Ib X= Distance from top tangent line tothe level un- der consideration, fe 2 = Seismic zone factor, 0.075 for zone 0.15 forzone2A 02 forzone 28 03 forzone 3 0.4 forzone 4 (ee map onthe following pages for zoning) Given: Seismic zone: 2B D=375Sin.=3.1258, 00 ft, in, Determine: The overturning moment due to earthquake at the base and at a ance X from top tangent line. First, fundamental period of vibration shall be calculated, T= Cy H%= 0.035 x 100%= 1.1 see. and = S=15, Re=4, A255. 12515 oy ag Ca LBS « LIAS 0 1.76<2.75 IC 15 925151.8 5 35,00-115% F.= 0.07 TV = 0.07 x 1.1 3115=240 Ib, [FX +(V-F,) (2H/3)) [240 x 100+ (8115-240) 2x 100/3)] =215,667 8-1 x= Hs Mn [E,X+ V-F,) (K-HB)\= [240.964 3115-240) (2x 10008) 03,206 RT.