Professional Documents
Culture Documents
html
DATASHEET REFERENCE.COM
All Datasheet Catalog of Datasheets, Circuit Schematics, Pinouts, & Projects search...
LM317 Datasheet NE555 Timer 2N2222 Datasheet ATmega128 Datasheet ATmega16 Datasheet LM35 Sensor
LM3886 Datasheet 2N3055 Transistor BC547 Transistor 1N4148 Diode ATmel 89C51 2N3904 Transistor LM339 Datasheet
LM555 Timer
PRODUCT Projects
PAVILLIONS
User Rating: / 35
2n2222 Transistor
Poor Best RATE
LM317 Voltage
Regulator
Here you can find useful projects in electronics with description, circuit diagrams and datasheet downl
NE555 Timer
Feel free to use these projects and get a free membership to submit your own.
LM35 Sensor
7805 Regulator
2N3904 Transistor
LM339 Comparator
BC547 Transistor
LM555 Timer
1N4148 Diode
MAIN MENU
Datasheet
Reference.com
Subject Matter
Circuit Schematics
Pinouts
Projects
Packaging
Members
Submit Articles
Login
CIRCUIT EXPLANATION
The operation of the circuit starts with the 555 timer acting as oscillator being operated in
astable mode where it performs pulse generation at a rate of 10 ms to the IC2 (4017B). Th
15 will continue to take low at the fire button, while 4017B keeps on resetting. The outputs
Q1 to Q7 are sequenced by IC2 to provide power to TR1 to TR4 transistors. This in turn will
launch in rapid sequence the inductors L1 to L4. The transformer can produce a 25.5 V DC
the electromagnets when rectified and leveled. The winding of the electromagnets on the
copper tube will be cut in two after 500 turns. To slide one on the copper tube, the winding
should be at the base of reversed sellotape. The physical size of the galvanized wire bullet
mm diameter and 3 cm long. It should freely glide inside the copper tube.
There are two basic types of electromagnetic gun, the rail gun and the coil gun. Both used
stored energy to produce large magnetic field and high electric current through a driving
armature. The interaction of the current with the magnetic field generates a force which pro
the armature and any projectile connected to it.
Source:www.zen22142.zen.co.uk/Circuits/Misc/maggun.htm
Here is a 100 Watt inverter circuit using minimum number of components.I think it is quite difficult
make a decent one like this with further less components.Here we use CD 4047 IC from Texas
Instruments for generating the 100 Hz pulses and four 2N3055 transistors for driving the load.
The IC1 Cd4047 wired as an astable multivibrator produces two 180 degree out of phase 100 Hz p
trains.These pulse trains are are preamplifes by the two TIP122 transistors.The out puts of the TIP
transistors are amplified by four 2N 3055 transistors (two transistors for each half cycle) to drive t
inverter transformer.The 220V AC will be available at the secondary of the transformer.Nothing
complex just the elementary inverter principle and the circuit works great for small loads like a few
bulbs or fans.If you need just a low cost inverter in the region of 100 W,then this is the best.
Notes.
Design Tips.
The maximum allowed output power of an inverter depends on two factors.The maximum current
rating of the transformer primary and the current rating of the driving transistors.
For example ,to get a 100 Watt output using 12 V car battery the primary current will be ~8A ,(100/
because P=VxI.So the primary of transformer must be rated above 8A.
Also here ,each final driver transistors must be rated above 4A. Here two will be conducting parallel in e
half cycle, so I=8/2 = 4A .
These are only rough calculations and enough for this circuit.
This is the circuit diagram of a low cost emergency light based on white LED.The white LED provid
very bright light which turns on when the mains supply is not there.The circuit has an automatic
charger which stops charging when the battery is fully charged.
The IC LM 317 produces a regulated 7 V for the charging of Battery.Transistor BD 140 drives the o
put.Transistor BC 548 and Zener diode controls the charging of the battery.
Tips
It is always better to connect a heat sink with BD 140.Before using the circuit out put of LM317 mu
set to 7V by adjusting the potentiometer. Original article: http://www.circuitstoday.com/automatic
emergency-light
The heart of the circuit is IC LM317, which is an adjustable voltage regulator IC.The pin 1 of the IC
the control pin which is used to control the charging voltage.The pin 2 is the output pin at which th
charging voltage appears.The pin 3 is the input pin to which the regulated DC supply is given.
The charging voltage and current is controlled by the Transistor Q1, resistor R1 and POT R5. When
battery is first connected to the charging terminals, the current through R1 increases.This in turn
increases the current and voltage from LM317. When the battery is fully charged the charger reduc
the charging current and the battery will be charged in the trickle charging mode. Source:
CircuitsToday.
Notes.
The input voltage to the circuit must be at least 3V higher than the expected output volt
LM 317 dissipates around 3V during its operation. Here I used 18V DC as the input.
The charging voltage can be set by using the POT R5.
The LM 317 must be mounted on a heat sink.
All capacitors must be rated at least 25V.
You can use crocodile clips for connecting the battery to the charger.
The purpose of this project was to see what it would take to build a remote controlled outlet. The basic
requirements were that I wanted to be able to use a secure shell to log in to a device and tell it to turn o
off a 120V A/C socket.
Using a $69 Linux embedded board (an Atmel NGW100), an AVR microcontroller relay board, open sou
development tools (WinAVR), and some home-brewed software and electrical elbow grease, I now have
system I can use to hard boot a server remotely. Read the details at: http://sawdust.see-
do.org/power/files/AVRRemoteACControl.html
1. Capture line position with optical sensors mounted at front end of the robot. Most are using seve
number of photo-reflectors, and some leading contestants are using an image sensor for image
processing. The line sensing procss requires high resolution and high robustness.
2. Steer robot to track the line with any steering mechanism. This is just a servo operation, any phas
compensation will be required to stabilize tracking motion by applying digital PID filter or any othe
servo argolithm.
3. Control speed according to the lane condition. Running speed is limited during passing a curve du
friction of the tire and the floor.
There are two line styles, white line on the black floor and black line on the white floor. Most contest ar
adopting the first one in line width of between 15 and 25 millimeters. Read the details here: http://elm-
chan.org/works/ltc/report.html
Project: FM Transmitter with the 2N2222
Here is the schematic, PC board pattern, and parts placement for a low powered FM transmitter.
range of the transmitter when running at 9V is about 300 feet. Running it from 12V increases the
range to about 400 feet. This transmitter should not be used as a room or telephone bug.
Project: How to Make a Temperature Recorder using LM35
Here is how you can make an LM35 an temperature recorder by using the 12F675 PIC microcontroller a
the controller and data store. It generates serial output so that you can view the results on a PC and it a
calculates the temperature reading in Fahrenheit sending both to the serial port at half second intervals
See it Step by Step.
Here is a instructable to waterproof a LM35 for use on a tethered ROV using a automobile 12V battery
power source. This came out of a need for the MATE ROV Competition. The LM35 series are precision
integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius
(Centigrade) temperature. See it Step by Step.
The LM317T is a adjustable 3 terminal positive voltage regulator capable of supplying in excess of
amps over an output range of 1.25 to 37 volts. The device also has built in current limiting and the
shutdown which makes it essentially blow-out proof.
Output voltage is set by two resistors R1 and R2 connected as shown below. The voltage across R
constant 1.25 volts and the adjustment terminal current is less than 100uA. The output voltage ca
closely approximated from Vout=1.25 * (1+(R2/R1)) which ignores the adjustment terminal curren
``but will be close if the current through R1 and R2 is many times greater. A minimum load of abou
10mA is required, so the value for R1 can be selected to drop 1.25 volts at 10mA or 120 ohms.
Something less than 120 ohms can be used to insure the minimum current is greater than 10mA. T
example below shows a LM317 used as 13.6 volt regulator. The 988 ohm resistor for R2 can be
obtained with a standard 910 and 75 ohm in series.
When power is shut off to the regulator the output voltage should fall faster than the input. In case
doesn't, a diode can be connected across the input/output terminals to protect the regulator from
possible reverse voltages. A 1uF tantalum or 25uF electrolytic capacitor across the output improve
transient response and a small 0.1uF tantalum capacitor is recommended across the input if the
regulator is located an appreciable distance from the power supply filter. The power transformer s
be large enough so that the regulator input voltage remains 3 volts above the output at full load, or
volts for a 13.6 volt output.
LM317T Voltage Regulator with Pass Transistor
The LM317T output current can be increased by using an additional power transistor to share a po
of the total current. The amount of current sharing is established with a resistor placed in series w
the 317 input and a resistor placed in series with the emitter of the pass transistor. In the figure be
the pass transistor will start conducting when the LM317 current reaches about 1 amp, due to the
voltage drop across the 0.7 ohm resistor. Current limiting occurs at about 2 amps for the LM317 w
will drop about 1.4 volts across the 0.7 ohm resistor and produce a 700 millivolt drop across the 0
ohm emitter resistor. Thus the total current is limited to about 2+ (.7/.3) = 4.3 amps. The input volt
will need to be about 5.5 volts greater than the output at full load and heat dissipation at full load w
be about 23 watts, so a fairly large heat sink may be needed for both the regulator and pass transi
The filter capacitor size can be approximated from C=IT/E where I is the current, T is the half cycle
(8.33 mS at 60 Hertz), and E is the fall in voltage that will occur during one half cycle. To keep the
voltage below 1 volt at 4.3 amps, a 36,000 uF or greater filter capacitor is needed. The power
transformer should be large enough so that the peak input voltage to the regulator remains 5.5 vol
above the output at full load, or 17.5 volts for a 12 volt output. This allows for a 3 volt drop across
regulator, plus a 1.5 volt drop across the series resistor (0.7 ohm), and 1 volt of ripple produced by
filter capacitor. A larger filter capacitor will reduce the input requirements, but not much.
The LM35/LM34 has an output of 10 mV/°F with a typical nonlinearity of only ±0.35°F over a −50 to +3
temperature range, and is accurate to within ±0.4°F typically at room temperature (77°F). The LM34’s lo
output impedance and linear output characteristic make interfacing with readout or control circuitry ea
An inherent strength of the LM34 sensor over other currently available temperature sensors is that it is
as susceptible to large errors in its output from low level leakage currents. For instance, many monolith
temperature sensors have an output of only 1 μA/°K. This leads to a 1°K error for only 1 μ-Ampere of
leakage current. On the other hand, the LM34 sensor may be operated as a current mode device provid
20 μA/°F of output current. The same 1 μA of leakage current will cause an error in the LM34’s output o
only 0.05°F (or 0.03°K after scaling).
Low cost and high accuracy are maintained by performing trimming and calibration procedures at the w
level. The device may be operated with either single or dual supplies. With less than 70 μA of current dr
the LM34 sensor has very little self-heating (less than 0.2°F in still air), and comes in a TO-46 metal can
package, a SO-8 small outline package and a TO-92 plastic package.
The LM35/LM34 is a versatile device which may be used for a wide variety of applications, including ov
controllers and remote temperature sensing. The device is easy to use (there are only three terminals)
will be within 0.02°F of a surface to which it is either glued or cemented. The TO-46 package allows the
to solder the sensor to a metal surface, but in doing so, the GND pin will be at the same potential as tha
metal. For applications where a steady reading is desired despite small changes in temperature, the us
can solder the TO-46 package to a thermal mass. Conversely, the thermal time constant may be decrea
to speed up response time by soldering the sensor to a small heat fin.
Project: LM3886 Based 300W Audio Power Amplifier
Full audio power amplifier project based on six LM3886 high performance ICs providing 300 watts of p
into 4 Ohm speakers. Futher information on the LM3886 Amp Project is here.
Project: Economic Battery Sufficiency Tester with BC547 Crcuit
R2 = (0.6 x R1) / (Vbmin - 0.6) Ohm and R3 = (Vb - 1.4) / 0.2 ohm
For example, for 6.5Vb(min) value (to test a 9V battery) R2 must be 10k and R3 must be 39 ohm. R4 m
be between 10k and 1M. For higher values of R4, circuit becomes more economed after abic but this
causes lenghten the test period. When R4 is 100k, battery can be testout 10 seconds.
Transistor
Project: Gaincard Like Amplifier
LM3886 2×68 Watt Amplifier Full Project description. In this application, we are building a gaincard like
amplifier. This application type is named gainclone in audio world. To take a satisfactory audio respons
we are adding a Linkwitz equaliser to the feedback line and adding bass compensation also. We are us
LM3886 which is the revised version of its brother LM3875. Full instuctions and circuit schematics, PC
board layout are here.
Project: Guitar Power Amp
This is a powerful amplifier based on the LM3886 or LM3876 IC. This little amp is capable of some ma
sounds at up to 68 watts. You'll need 18 dc volt bipolar power. Here's the spec. Source General Guitar
Gadgets.
Project: Inertial GPS with the AVR ATmega128
This project's goal is to determine the user's position with a commercial GPS system aided by MEMS
accelerometers and gyroscopes. The additional MEMS sensors allow for prediction of the user's move
in between and in absence of the absolute GPS updates. Using the ATMEL MEGA128, we combined the
sensors to create a compact and easy to use unit!
The primary use of this system would be for in-car GPS where velocities are relatively high (>~1 m/s). O
motive for creating this system is that traditional GPS receivers have problems holding a signal lock wh
occluded by large buildings in cities. With the inertial reference, GPS outages are not as detrimental to
position estimation, as the gyros and accelerometers can be used for pose estimation for many secon
Feel free to check out the site to learn more about our implementation, or take a look at our source cod
find out what really going on under the hood. Get the full project details from Cornell University.
1 LED = 22mW
2 LEDs = 42mW
3 LEDs = 90mW
4 LEDs = 175mW
5 LEDs = 320mW
6 LEDs = 650mW
7 LEDs = 1.2 Watts
8 LEDs = 2.5 watts
Quasi-complementary symmetry was a scheme used in the days when PNP power transistors we
expensive and useless. If you wanted any sort of voltage and current rating, you had to use NPN
devices. The quasi-complementary output stage used a (discrete) Darlington for the positive side
a complementary pair for the negative (i.e. a PNP driver coupled to an NPN power transistor).
Almost all amps of the era from which this circuit originated used the 2N3055 power transistor -
was the pre-eminent power transistor (NPN of course), and there were no vaguely equivalent PNP
devices for less than about 5 times the price, and even these were highly inferior. As a result, the
quasi-complementary output was very common, until decent PNP power devices became more
readily available. Immediately, just about everyone started using NPN and PNP Darlington couple
devices for the output stages (as shown for Q3 and Q4) - the funny part is that it was demonstrat
back in the mid 1970's that the full Darlington connection actually sounds (or at least measures)
worse than quasi-complementary stages. Read full details:http://sound.westhost.com/project12
Project: Voltage Controlled Switch with a BC547 Transistor
In this example we will make a solar charger using a 6 Volt 250ma Solar Panel to charge four 800m
AAA batteries. The batteries can be put into a couple of 2 x AAA battery holders and wired in serie
(link the positive output from one battery holder to the negative of the other).
This gives us 4 x 1.2 = 4.8 Volts with a capacity of 800mah - therefore we want a charging current
around 80ma. According to the table above, a 15 Ohm resistor gives a fixed current of 83.3 milliam
which will be perfect.
The power loss in the resistor is again given by Ohm's Law as I * I * R = 0.0833 * 0.0833 * 15 = 0.10
Watts, therefore we can safely use a standard 0.25 Watt 15 Ohm resistor.
Project: Transistor Shortwave Radio
Designed by Charles Kitchin, N1TEV, the schematic appeared in the August 18, 1994 edition of EDN
magazine. The article is titled, “$10 receiver has microvolt sensitivity.”
This radio uses three 2N2222 transistors, while the P-Box radio uses one NPN transistor and two P
transistors. The 2N2222s are easy to come by.
ABOUT JOOMLA SEO TECHNIQUES SITEMAP INDUSTRY AND SEO LINKS SEARCH FOR MORE
DATASHEETS EXPERIMENTS