INTERNATIONAL COURSE ON COMPUTATIONAL GEOTECHNICS Civil Engineering Department, Itenas 21-23 September 2010, Bandung, Indonesia Lecture | Finite Element Modelling in Geotechnical Engineering Prof. Paulus Rahardjo Pitenas atu, Graz University of TechnologyBEBE ERR EEE INTERNATIONAL SHORTCOURSE on FINITE ELEMENT METHOD (PLAXIS) THE USE OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS 5 IN GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING by Prof. Paulus P. Rahardjo, Ph.D : Steps of Finite Element MethodExample : Footing Foundation 15-noded element Importantio consider: (1) Boundary must be far enough > avoid boundary effect (2) Certain Area should be refine for better accuracy Strain controlled: example direct shear test of triaxial test + Known/given : displacements at nodal points * calculate strains ¢ * build up the stiffness matrix D-matrix * Calculate stresses using stress-strain relation (constitutive law) o + Calculate: Forces at boundary F Stress controlled: example consolidation test + Known/given: acting Forces F + calculate stresses at integration points o + build up the stiffness matrix D-matrix calculate strains using stress-strain relation (constitutive law) + calculate: displacements at nodal points 8Spe Scone ota eeten Isa function to describre distribution of primiary unknwon in the area of an element Primary unknowns: nodal displacements Displacements within elements 3 ==> described by (u,v) 1 H+ ==>Express displacements ee using global co-ordinate system (x,y) ‘Transformations done using interpolation functions: 6-noded elements: quadratic interpolation U(RY) = apt ax + ayy + ag? ary + acy? vOuy) = byt Bix + bay + byx? + byxy + bey? a, +2ax+ay by = ab, + bax +265 y 9 = (6 + 0, a, + 25,)x + (2a, 4 b)y Ig = Fi Em (Bb as Nag +2 + (2a +B)B-matrix relates strains to displacements where: [ur \% ba U, inj je us With U; and V, are the displacement at node i Constitutive law: relation stresses and strains o-De D is material stiffness matrix For plane strain isotropic elasticity: 2+ vy) E = Young's modulus [kN/m?] Y= poisson’s ratio [-] lasticity: relation stress rate to strain rateRaieretreg + Mohr Coulomb model * Cam Clay model + Soft Soil Creep model Src cima al Increase of complexity eee RS Soil elasticity Hooke’s laws: If shear stress is applied: G: Shear modulus [kN/m?]Plane strain ¢,,0, so: E Tapa Mts) Ca E om Goad) A Mn + en) t; = Gy, K: Bulk modulus [kN/m?] G: Shear modulus [kN/m?] vy: Poission’s ratio [-] E: Young's modulus [kN/m?] Elastic material fully specified when 2 parameters are known‘Two dimensional elastic analysis + plane stress analysis => o,,= 0 * plane strain analysis <=> ¢,=0 <— most common Element stiffness matri Derivation can be done by the Energy Equation Forces P® at nodes due to Body forces and surface tractions acting on element Relation nodal Forces to nodal displacements: K“Ut= Pe With K* is element stiffness matrix given by: K* = B'DBdv (B,J Where: D material stiffness matrix B matrix relating displacements with strainsK' { B'DBdv to evaluate K®, integration must be performed for each element @ numerical integration scheme must be employed (Gaussian integration) essentially, the Integral of a function is replaced by a weighted suri Of the function evaluated at a number of integration points Combining all element stiffness matrices K* for WHOLE mesh: Using Compatibility Rule Ik] [U] =[P] number of dofe Band matrix KBEER RRRERERER ERR | FOLLOWING STEPS in FEM = STEP 6 : PROVIDE BOUNDARY CONDITION AND SOLVE EQUATIONS (displacements) = STEP 7 : SOLVE SECONDARY UNKNOWN (stresses, strains, internal forces) = STEP 8: INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS (need judgment, engineering, experience ete) consolidation d analysis: Constitutive model based on effective stresses using drained parameters Undrained : a) Constitutive model based on total stress analysis using undrainedp: »Prong Preloading in Bandung, Indonesia By : Paulus P. Rahardjo & Stephen Handoko = An office and a warehouse would be built over 14m thick soft layer with CPT tip resistance, q, values range 0—5 kg/cm’. The target is to use shallow foundation and avoid the use of pile foundation improvement, and it was decided to apply igher than design load for a short period of time (approx. 2 months). | Case Study in Bandung Typical CPT results at site: a ‘Case Study in Bandung Main Features in Calculation Use of Soft Soil (SS) model instead of Mohr-Coulomb (MC) model for more realistic settlement since a load-unload sequence would be applied on the field. Use of MC model will over estimate the heave after removing the preload. = Following real construction sequence on site. = Important parameters (taken from field and lab tests) : Cooffient of consolidation, c, > k, and k, in Plaxis codes. Compressibilityindex,C, > 2° in Plaxis codes ‘Swelling indox, C, > xin Plaxis codes | SS Case Study in Bandung Conditions on Site...: Case Study in Bandung Conditions on Site... Use of precast strip footings to expedite the construction progress. | ES Case Study in Bandung Model & Soil Parameters reload Tee. © ef ‘38 model, undrained ‘o07618 | eozs2i ‘3S model, undrained 0.16760 | 0.034293, ‘SS modal, undrained (0.058191 | o0206%4 FSS model, undrained ‘o.082305 | 0.032206 ‘38 medal, undrained ‘Oaesrat | e03e0as| ES ‘Case Study in Bandung Construction Sequence Identification Time [days] nil phase Consoition Fim ee for mata Preloed 3m Consolation Removal poload Foundation Bulang constuction [Consolidation Note : Calculation type : consoldation, Loading input: staged construction * Case Study in Bandung Development of Excess PP< Case Study in Bandung Calculation of Residual Settlement Case Study in Bandung Load, Excess PP & Settlementow LOM a en eeu eters Sue cu ker usenet eee ar) BEER EERESEEE Conérete Box Culvert 15Elevation of the Concrete Box for Jacking under road | SS Jacking Base Cross Section and position EEO ae Fy x KK aN| ESS Jacking Base (Congtuainal eros section) Series of jacks with 200 tons eapacity were ral placed Stel sie Guide + Jacking points| a Method of jacking at every 2 segmental boxes max 10 cm/push Step 1 Step 2 [- CTO” (LST vd oO oe Step 3 = Step 4 [lena #1 (lem! 1 PTT? Tot Td The jacking were conducted in sequence from front to rear Anticipated problems > Soil Drag and Settlement of pavement > Face Stability > Vertical and horizontal Missalignment > Sufficient jacking Force ive the problems! This lecture will demor etc[Face Stability Soil drag around the box eae Provide Two and Three dimensional Calculation following procedure -Ensure the Face Stability during tunneling - Investigate the soil drag surrounding the box culvert ere etic Rr ee SaeedModeling in two dimerisionis somewhat dificult and will need a trick mainly because the problem is 3 dimensional PEPER EEELEELE LLL |Drhckns Coe Cee EMO ier (cm ep.8 Handling of Segment: — B22Pee SCCCCCCEEEE TEEGGGe | Liz ‘e of the berm due to vertical missalignmet 23Landslide Analysis feel) od ee Breccia Re-sliding on Claystone Topographical remeasurement showed UtaY=Leete eo satel) stole) ON Za —We Tite Naa ee siee mina no and increasing water table 25fore ee limes) By Paulus P. Rahardjo, Yunan Halim and Kwari Pelupessy Use office No. of Storios_: 44 stories and a 7 storeys podium Basement 4 stories basement Thickness of Raft :35 m Basement depth : 15.6 m from existing roadSoil Profile | Typical Soil Profile & SPTParameters from Pressuremeter test Results Sel Modul Atrest pressure Yield Pressure —_Limitpressure : Parameters from Pressuremeter test Results 28| Parameters from Laboratory tests | Parameters from Laboratory testsEREEEREERRERRRRRREEEE : Over Consolidated Stiff Clay o,'=0.45p, Kulhawy and Mayne (1980) Mori and Tajima (1976) reconsolidation pressure yield pressure (p,) with N-SPT and Consolidation yield stress (Imai, Tet al, 1976) * ESE Over Consolidated of Stiff Clay ln Ku Database for Clays «PE apeit-aney on™ sition Sess, ,) (MPa) varcanalsaten Fat, OR» 6! 30| CSE Over Consolidated Stiff Clay | "===ZS EB EB BBB RBERHRERRRRRES |= _ Consideration on use of Raft Foundation 1, The bearing layer is strongly comented sands or silty sand with N-SPT > 60 and high stiffness (E,, = 900 - 1400 kg/cm’). The thickness of this bearing layer under the bottom of raft is 15-24 m. idening the projected area from 2190 m? to 4591 m? with two fold benefit: = Widening of raft reduce the uniform load acting on the lower layer = Widening of raft incease the stabilit agaijst overtutning Consideration on use of Raft Foundation 3. The excavation will be 15.8 m and hence the net pressure to be considered for settlement will be much less : pene = 41.4 ~ (15.8 x 1.5) = 16.12 toni? The above calculation is very rough assuming that the raft foundation is sufficiently rigid. This value is much lower than the elastic stress range of the stiff clay soil represented by net yield pressure (p," = 40 Um?) from pressuremeter test result 4. By the net load of 16.12 ton/m2, the total settlement and differential settlement have been calculated to be less than the requirement (<1/300) as will be demonstrated by the results of FEM analysis. 5. There will be risk of differential settlement at the boundary of the tower ‘and podium, and this may be solved by pouring the podium conerete slab after the tower has reached certain height. It is for this purpose that monitoring by extensometer Is required. 32Analysis of Raft Foundation by Finite Element Method (Plaxis Foundation 3D) Results of settlement of Raft Foundation to.be conservative, the modulus has been reduced to 50% ofthe insitu test results it Late 33™ : | MEE Measurement of Subsurface Settlement by Extensometer Pie errs Locations of Extensometer far Equity Tower. | ES Measurement of Subsurface Settlement by Extensometer 34| Measurement of Subsurface Settlement by Extensometer Load vs settlement (from extensometer roading until November 6, 2008) Summary + The raft foundation can be used for Equity Tower project where the raftis supported by 11.0 — 22.0 m thick of cemented sands and silts. Although the underlying layer is stiff to hard clay, the calculated pressure in this stiff clay layer is stil below the allowable limit + The use of pressuremeter test results for design is very important since they provide the soil parameters at in-situ stress condition. The soil parameters can be represented by + earth pressure at rest, py * yield pressure, p, and + limit pressure, p, The net yield pressure py* determines that the applied load is still in elastic condition, py" in cemented sand layer = 14 - 18 kg/om? Py*instiff clay = 4 kg/em?, 35Summary 3. Anumber of approach have been used to verify overconsolidation Approach by laboratory test result shows underconsolidation which may be attributed to disturbance. On the other hand the result of in situ tests are more consistent and is used for design 4. Analysis of raft foundation using 3D finite element analysis and soil parameters from the pressuremeter sows that settlement of building is estimated 200 mm which occur in the tower while for the podium area, the maximum settlement is 39 mm. This is used for structural design consideration. Using actual results, the settlementis 96 mm 5. The extensometer readings at the time of last measurement (November 6, 2008), the building reach five storeys. Settlement measured at EX-03 is 17 mm and at EX-04 the total settlement is 43.5 mm. The compression of cemented sand is 0-3 mm and the compression of stiff clay is about 14 mm. | Conclusion Summary = Finite Element Method is capable of modeling complex geometry, real time analysis and sequence of construction, interface and many constitutive soil models = FEM provide a more innovative and interactive design in a more realistic way 36RT BUTI!!! ©OeO = Geotechnical engineering is complex. Itis not because you're using the FEM that it becomes simpler = The quality of a tool is important, yet the quality of a result also (mainly) depends on the user's understanding of both the problem and the tool = The design process Involvesconsiderably tore than urralysis| = Amistake on modeling and wrong parameters is not excusable! ‘Whenever your input isa garbage, then the result is also a gargabe! Garbage in, garbage out! Gombal in, gombal out! So you better learn the principles of Geotechnical Engineering ‘as the most important step before using a powerful too! | THANK YOU for your kind Attention! ©O@ 37