NAME: MARIA ANGELIKA AGARPAO

STUDENT ID No.: 2020-H-01166

SECTION: MALINIS
SUBJECT: ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT
DATE OF SUBMISION: January 11, 2021
TEACHER: MR. ELIZALDE ARRIETA

1. Types of Planning
• Strategic Planning
- A strategic plan is the company’s big picture. It defines the company’s goals for a set
period of time, whether that’s one year or ten, and ensures that those goals align
with the company’s mission, vision, and values. Strategic planning usually involves
top managers, although some smaller companies choose to bring all of their
employees along when defining their mission, vision, and values.
• Tactical Planning
- It describes how a company will implement its strategic plan. A tactical plan is
composed of several short-term goals, typically carried out within one year, that
support the strategic plan. Generally, it’s the responsibility of middle managers to
set and oversee tactical strategies, like planning and executing a marketing
campaign.
• Operational Planning
- It encompass what needs to happen continually, on a day-to-day basis, in order to
execute tactical plans. Operational plans could include work schedules, policies,
rules, or regulations that set standards for employees, as well as specific task
assignments that relate to goals within the tactical strategy, such as a protocol for
documenting and addressing work absences.
• Contingency Planning
- Contingency plans wait in the wings in case of a crisis or unforeseen event.
Contingency plans cover a range of possible scenarios and appropriate responses for
issues varying from personnel planning to advanced preparation for outside
occurrences that could negatively impact the business. Companies may have
contingency plans for things like how to respond to a natural disaster,
malfunctioning software, or the sudden departure of a C-level executive.
2. Planning Techniques and Tools
- Forecasting- using statistical tools and intuition based on experience to
predict a future state
- Contingency Planning- identifying actions to take when a strategic or
tactical plan must change based on circumstances (good or bad)/(day to
day problems)
- Scenario Planning- considering future scenarios and developing plans to
address those issues (long term I.E. economic collapse)
- Benchmarking- comparing your company to outside organizations both
in your industry and in other businesses
- Participatory Planning- including those impacted and/or who will
implement your plan in the process
- Goal Setting- developing clear quantified measures that guides the orgs.
and the individuals work

3. The 6 P’s of Planning

1. Purpose- It ss the first need in the process of planning. In order to be
effective, the process of planning requires that there should be clear
understand regarding the purposes for which planning has to be done. In
the same way, the reason behind the existence of the organization should
also be mentioned.

2. Philosophy- It mentions the beliefs regarding the ways in which the

purpose of the organization can be achieved. The philosophy of the
organization can be based on achieving profitability through quality or to
increase the turnover with the help of greater customer satisfaction.

3. Promise- It is the evaluation of the organizational strengths and

weaknesses that are based on the knowledge as well as the assumptions
regarding the environment. In this regard, some conclusions can be made
with the help of business forecasting and also certain other methods that
are used for predicting future trends in the business environment.
 4. Policies- It can be described as the general statements that provide
guidance to the workforce of the organization. These policies are the
guidelines as well as the constraints which help the management in the
process of thinking and taking action.

5. Plans- They can be described as the objectives as well as the action

statements. The objectives of the organization are its goals and the action
statements are the means that are used for achieving these goals. In this
way the plans guide the organization in achieving its objectives and also
help in remaining aware of the progress made by the organization
towards the achievement of its goals at different stages.

6. Priorities- It is particularly important that the organization decides its

goal priorities. The resources available to the organization like the capital,
personal and material are always limited and therefore these resources
have to be allocated according to the priorities that have been decided by
the organization. It allows the organization to allocate more resources to
the goals of the organization that have a high priority.

4. Steps in Decision Making

Step 1: Identify the decision

- You realize that you need to make a decision. Try to clearly define the
nature of the decision you must make. This first step is very important.

Step 2: Gather relevant information

- Collect some pertinent information before you make your decision: what
information is needed, the best sources of information, and how to get it.
This step involves both internal and external “work”.

Step 3: Identify the alternatives

- As you collect information, you will probably identify several possible
paths of action, or alternatives. You can also use your imagination and
 additional information to construct new alternatives. In this step, you will
list all possible and desirable alternatives.

Step 4: Weigh the evidence

- Draw on your information and emotions to imagine what it would be like
if you carried out each of the alternatives to the end. Evaluate whether
the need identified in Step 1 would be met or resolved through the use of
each alternative. As you go through this difficult internal process, you’ll
begin to favor certain alternatives: those that seem to have a higher
potential for reaching your goal. Finally, place the alternatives in a priority
order, based upon your own value system.

Step 5: Choose among alternatives

- Once you have weighed all the evidence, you are ready to select the
alternative that seems to be best one for you. You may even choose a
combination of alternatives. Your choice in Step 5 may very likely be the
same or similar to the alternative you placed at the top of your list at the
end of Step 4.

Step 6: Take action

- You’re now ready to take some positive action by beginning to implement
the alternative you chose in Step 5.

Step 7: Review your decision & its consequences

- In this final step, consider the results of your decision and evaluate
whether or not it has resolved the need you identified in Step 1. If the
decision has not met the identified need, you may want to repeat certain
steps of the process to make a new decision. For example, you might want
to gather more detailed or somewhat different information or explore
additional alternatives.