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URBAN DESIGN SCOPE

1. General Principles of Urban Design and Community

Architecture
a. Elements of Urban Design
b. Urban aesthetic and community architecture
c. Space in Urban Design, Urban Aesthetics and Urban Patterns
d. Images of Cities
e. Signs and Symbols in Urban Design
f. Orientation and identity in Community Architecture
g. Creating and Identifying the Sense of Space
h. Cultural Basis of Design of Communities
i. Documenting the City: The system of design and process of presentation
j. Legal consideration in Urban Design
k. Current Public Policy and concerns in Urban Design
l. Urban Design Theories, Rules and Processes

AREA
3
URBAN DESIGN SCOPE
2. Urban Design Theories, Rules and Processes
3. Applications of Design requirement of Specific Places in Towns
and Cities:
a. Cluster Housing and Planned Unit Development (PUD)
b. Areas for Priority Development (APDs) / Mixed Used Developments
and Commercial Centers
c. Industrial Parks and Districts
d. Planning Educational Campuses
e. Government Centers and the Plaza Complex
f. Village Planning, Ecological Communities,
Coastal/Lakeshore Community Planning
g. Resort Community Design
h. Parks and Open Spaces; Recreational Areas
i. Urban Renewal
j. Streetscape

AREA
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Understanding the roles and differences of

Architecture
Urban Design
Urban
Planning

Contents
1. Architecture

2. Urban Design

3. Urban Planning
Table of Comparison

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“Architecture isn’t just the reflection of the state of society, it’s the reflection of the mind”

1 Architecture
The art or practice of designing &
constructing buildings

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The 3 Fs of Architecture

Function:
Fundamentally to provide shelter

Form:
An art that is appreciated by many for its beauty.

Firmness:
Stability of structure

2 Urban

Design
The design of Functionality of spaces
between buildings & structures

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WHAT IS URBAN DESIGN?

• Art of Making Places for People

• Human Interaction with the environment

• Involves places such as Squares, Piazza, Streets, Pedestrian
Precinct

“A street is a spatial entity and not the residue between

buildings.”
– Anonymous

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3 Urban

Planning
The Design & Organisation Of Urban
Space & Infrastructure

What’s UP?
Taking a Look at Urban Planning

 Layout of neighbourhoods, cities

and regions

 Fulfilling needs of community

& economy

Balancing the built & natural

environment

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“If you can tell a man by his shoes, you can tell a city by its
pavements”
- Rowan Moore

URBAN
ARCHITECTURE URBAN DESIGN
PLANNING
Scale Individual building Spaces between Whole neighbourhoods,
buildings: street, park, districts & cities
transit stop
Orientation Aesthetic and functional Aesthetic and functional Utility

Treatment 2D & 3D 3D Predominantly 2D

of space

Time frame No definite time frame Short Term (<5 years) Long Term (5 to 20
years)

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URBAN DESIGN SAMPLE

QUESTIONS

The most important space found within the rules of

the Leyes de las Indias.

a. Tribunal
b. Town plaza
c. Fort
d. Parish church

LEYES DE LAS INDIAS Laws of the Indies

PLAZA MAYOR (main square)

• Center of town
• Size within specified limits
• 12 straight streets are built in a
rectilinear grid

• Directions of the streets are chosen

according to the prevailing winds, to
protect the Plaza Mayor.
• Guidelines recommend a hospital for
non-contagious cases near the
church, and one for contagious
diseases further away.

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URBAN DESIGN SAMPLE QUESTIONS

Which of the following would probably not be

considered an element of a city’s image?

a. A group of houses
b. A freeway
c. A neighborhood bar
d. A rice paddies

IMAGE OF THE CITY Kevin Lynch

a. A group of houses Districts

b. A freeway Paths
c. A neighborhood bar Landmarks
d. A rice paddies Edges
Nodes

MENTAL MAPPING

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URBAN DESIGN SAMPLE QUESTIONS

The links within the settlement and with other settlements.

a. Shells
b. Networks
c. Norms
d. Hamlet

EKISTICS SCIENCE OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

C.A.
DOXIADIS
ECONOMICS
SETTLING
DOWN
(Greek)

CULTURAL
DISCIPLINES SOCIAL

EKISTICS

TECHNICAL POLITICAL
SCIENCE &
DISCIPLES ADMINISTRATION

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CONCEPTUAL MODELS

EKISTICS ELEMENTS

SOCIETY
Deals with
Interaction with
NATURE
Population Ecosystem NETWORKS
MAN Trends, Group SHELLS
Interrelation Transportation,
Behavior, Social between Man, Buildings and
Anthropos Customs, Communication,
Machine, Structures
Occupation, Utilities
Settlement and
Income, Nature
Government

CONCEPTUAL MODELS

EKISTIC LOGARITHMIC SCALE (ELS) AND THE EKISITIC UNITS

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CONCEPTUAL MODELS

EKISTIC GRID

MODEL OF SATISFACTION

ANTHROPOCOMOS MODEL

URBAN FORM
URBAN PATTERN

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LEGEND:

Development

Radiocentric
A large circle with radial
corridors of intense
development
emanating from the center

URBAN FORM
URBAN PATTERN

LEGEND:
Development

Rectilinear
Usually with two corridors
of intense development
crossing the center;

usually found in small

cities
rather than in large
URBAN FORM
URBAN PATTERN

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LEGEND:
Development The connector and separator of
neighborhoods and districts.

a. Corridor
b. Bridges
Rectilinear c. Roads
Usually with two corridors d. Streets
of intense development
crossing the center;

usually found in small

cities
rather than in large
URBAN FORM
URBAN PATTERN

Star
Radiocentric form with open
spaces between the
outreaching
corridors of development
URBAN FORM
URBAN PATTERN

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LEGEND:

Development

Ring
A city built around
an open space

URBAN FORM
URBAN PATTERN

LEGEND:

Development

Branch
A linear span with connecting
arms.
URBAN FORM
URBAN PATTERN

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LEGEND

Development

Constellation/Network
A series of nearly equal sized cities
in close proximity

URBAN FORM
URBAN PATTERN

LEGEND

Development

Satellite
Constellation of cities around
a main cluster

URBAN FORM
URBAN PATTERN

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URBAN DESIGN SAMPLE QUESTIONS

Which one is bigger in the hierarchy of settlements?

a. City
b. Metropolis
c. Conurbation
d. Megalopolis

HIERARCHY OF SETTLEMENTS
CONURBATION
a group of large cities
and their suburbs, 3 to
10 million people
METROPOLIS
a large city and
its suburb consisting of
multiple cities and towns,
1 to 3 million
LARGE TOWN has a population of 20,000 to
ECUMENO
POLIS
ECUMENOPOLIS
a theoretical construction in which the
entire area of Earth that is taken up
MEGALO by human settlements, or at least, that
POLIS those are linked so that to create urban
areas so big that they can shape an urban
continuum through thousands of
CONURBATION kilometers which cannot be considered as
a megalopolis. As of the year 2009, the
United Nations estimated that for the first
METROPOLIS time more than 50% of the world's
populations lived in cities, so if these were
linked, the total population of this area
LARGE CITY large population would be about 3,400,000,000 people as
and many services. <1 million of 2010.
people but over 300,000 people.
CITY abundant services, but not as
many as a large city
over 100,000 people up to 300,000
MEGALOPOLIS
a group of conurbations,
100,000. consisting of more than
10 million people each.

TOWN population of 1,000 to 20,000.

VILLAGE does not have many services, a small corner

shop or post office. population of 100 to 1,000.

HAMLET tiny population (<100) and very few services, and few
buildings.

ISOLATED DWELLING 1 or 2 buildings or families, negligible services

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URBAN DESIGN SAMPLE QUESTIONS

Organization of town into cohesive neighborhoods.

a. Town Colonization concept

b. Radburn idea
c. Superblock concept
d. All of the above

THE NEW COMMUNITIES MOVEMENT

SUPERBLOCK TOWN
RADBURN
COLONIZATION
CONCEPT IDEA CONCEPT

G. R. Taylor
RADBURN, NJ
Answer to problem of Organization of town Metropolitan growth
through traffic into cohesive through colonization,
reinforces Ebenezer
neighborhoods
Howard’s belief

Series of superblocks, not “Satellite Cities, A

Island of green, completed due to
bordered by houses depression
and skirted by One of the most important
peripheral automobile designs conceived for the
roads modern residential
community
Study of Industrial
Suburbs” (1915)
“The Building of
Satellite Towns” (1925)

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LETCHWORTH
1ST garden city (1902),
located 35 miles from
London
Barry Parker and
Raymund Unwin
became a satellite of London
because factories did not
materialize
WELWYN
2ND garden city (1920),
more successful than
Letchworth
Louis de Soissons
“Garden City” concept
WYTHENSHAWE
3RD garden city (1930),
surrounding greenbelt,
mixture of industrial &
residential
Barry Parker and
Raymond Unwin
TOWN
COLONIZATION
CONCEPT
EBENEZER
HOWARD
G. R. Taylor
An English
stenographer Metropolitan growth
through colonization,
“Tomorrow: A reinforces Ebenezer
Peaceful Path to Howard’s belief
Social Reform”
published in 1898
Proponent of the
“Satellite Cities, A
Study of Industrial
Suburbs” (1915)
“The Building of
Satellite Towns” (1925)

URBAN DESIGN SAMPLE QUESTIONS

He is the proponent of Multiple Nuclei Theory

a. Ernest Burgess
b. Edward Ullman
c. Ebenezzer Howard
d. Le Corbusier

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MULTIPLE NUCLEI THEORY

A model of town growth based on the fact that many towns and nearly all
large cities grow about many nuclei rather than around a simple CBD.

URBAN DESIGN SAMPLE QUESTIONS

This type of development pattern emerged as towns

grew around a monastery or castle during the
medieval times.

a. Radiocentric
b. Rectilinear
c. Circular
d. Nodal

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MEDIEVAL ERA

• DECLINE OF ROME – “Dark Ages”, but not for urban design

• URBAN SETTINGS – Military strongholds, castles, monasteries, towns
• MILITARY STRONGHOLDS – Acropolis and Capitoline Hill
• CASTLES – built atop hills, enclosed by circular walls; RADIOCENTRIC growth
• MONASTERIES – citadels of learning, laid out in rectilinear pattern

MEDIEVAL TOWNS

growth and
like Greek became parts of population
towns, small lacks geometry larger territorial created the
and finite in size states need for
PIAZZA DEL CAMPO, SIENA
marketplaces

MEDIEVAL ERA TOWN DESIGN

• VISIBLE EXTERIORS suit the viewing conditions of small spaces

• VISTA considerations and HUMAN SCALE – fine accents in landscape
• STREET LAYOUT is functional, although with no logical form

• MEDIEVAL ERA sets the stage for RENAISSANCE

-- skill of builders
-- wealth of bourgeoisie and nobility
-- organization of the military and new force in gunpowder
-- development of political powers and expertise
-- new organizations
-- scholarly knowledge of the church

• 3 MAJOR EVENTS MARKING TRANSITION FROM MEDIEVAL TIMES

-- Dawn of science
-- Fall of Constantinople
-- Discovery of the New World

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URBAN DESIGN SAMPLE QUESTIONS

Renaissance architect and town planner regarded as

one of the world’s earliest modern urban designers.

a. Leon Battista Alberti

b. Biaggio Rossetti
c. Domenico Fontana
d. Alberto Fettucinni

a. Leon Battista Alberti

b. Biaggio Rossetti
c. Domenico Fontana
d. Alberto Fettucinni
BIAGGIO ROSSETTI – architect and town planner regarded as
one of the world’s earliest modern urban designers
-- Rossetti’s plan:
1. Street widening, new buildings, wall improvement
2. Enlarge the town
3. Carry on with the plan

LEON BATTISTA ALBERTI – foremost theoretician

-- Alberti’s De Architectura – treats
architecture and town design as single
theme (just like Vitruvius)

DOMENICO FONTANA
Italian architect who worked on St. Peter’s Basilica
and other famous buildings of Rome and Naples.

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the art or process of creating, designing and shaping

cities, towns and villages

the arrangement and design of buildings, public spaces,

transport systems, services, streets and amenities

the process of giving form, shape, and character to groups

of buildings, to whole neighborhoods, districts and entire cities

 tomake urban areas functional, attractive and

sustainable

Urban design makes life better for all!

URBAN DESIGN

"The building of cities is one of

man's greatest achievements.”

-Edmund Bacon

Edmund Norwood Bacon

(May 2, 1910 – October 14, 2005)
"The Father of Modern Philadelphia"

URBAN DESIGN

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Urban design operates at 3 scales:

THE REGION THE NEIGHBORHOOD THE BLOCK

city and town district and corridor street and building

URBAN DESIGN

Urban design includes infrastructure,

architecture, public spaces:

URBAN DESIGN

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Washington, DC Cartagena, Colombia Salt Lake City, UT

GREAT URBAN DESIGNS

Copenhagen, Denmark Portofino, Italy Strasbourg, France

Siena, Italy A New City Aleppo, Syria

GREAT URBAN DESIGNS

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Urban design has a wide range of applications:

GREAT URBAN DESIGNS

Some of the best urban design comes from

Italy

Rome, Italy

GREAT URBAN DESIGNS

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BUILDINGS
- most pronounced elements

The Fort Bonifacio

(Bonifacio Global City)

Well designed buildings and

groups of buildings work together
to create a sense of place.
EASTWOOD CITY LIBIS

ELEMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN

PUBLIC SPACE

- living room of the city

- form the stage
- backdrop to the drama of life
- range from grand central plazas & squares,
to small, local neighborhood parks

Plaza Lorenzo Ruiz

(Plaza de Binondo,
Plaza Calderon de la Barca)

the place where people come

together to enjoy the city and
each other

Plaza de Roma make high quality life in the city

Intramuros possible
ELEMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN

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STREETS

- connections between spaces &

places
- defined by their physical dimension
and character as well as the size,
scale, and character of the buildings
that line them

Samson Road
across PNR line

pattern of the street network

is part of what defines a city
Carriedo Street and what makes each city
Quiapo unique

ELEMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN

TRANSPORT

- connect the parts of cities

- help shape the city
- enable movement throughout the city
- include road, rail, bicycle,
and pedestrian networks

The balance of these various transport

systems is what helps define the quality
and character of cities, and makes
them either friendly or hostile to
pedestrians.

The best cities are the ones that

elevate the experience of the
(LRT) Lines 1 and 2, and the Metro pedestrian while minimizing the
Rail Transit (MRT) along EDSA dominance of the private automobile.

ELEMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN

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LANDSCAPE
- the green part of the city that weaves
throughout
- in the form of urban parks, street
trees, plants, flowers, and water in
many forms

GLORIETTA

helps define the character and

beauty of a city and creates soft,
contrasting spaces and elements.
Eastwood City

ELEMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN

The creative articulation of space is the most

prominent aspect of urban design.

The following artistic principles are an integral

part of creating form and spatial definition:

order
unity
balance
proportion
scale
hierarchy
symmetry
rhythm
contrast
context
detail
texture
harmony
beauty

ELEMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN

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“Every citizen has had long associations with

some part of the city, and his image is
soaked
in memories and meanings.”

Kevin Lynch's The Image of the City of 1961

• concept of legibility
(the ease with which people understand the layout of a place)
• reduction of urban design theory to five basic elements
• made popular the use of mental maps
(A person's perception of the world is known as a mental map)

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Skyway - SLEX Elevated Walkway

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IDENTITY

- the foundation to a sense of belonging

- It is the means by which people locate themselves
as members of communities and groups and how
they define their place in society

Settlements were
formed based on:
 Need to survive
 Common ideology

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URBAN IDENTITY = IDENTITY OF PLACE

Attributes which provides place’s individuality or

distinction from other places and serves as the basis
of its recognition as a seperable entity – by Kevin
Lynch

3 COMPONENTS:
• Physical setting
• Function
• Symbol

Urban Areas

1. Cross-road Communities
2. Educational Communities
3. Agricultural Communities
4. Commercial Communities
5. Military Communities
6. Industrial Communities

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Urban Areas

7. Recreational Hubs
8. Transportation Hubs
9. Government Centers
10. Mining Communities
11. Retirement Villages
12. Gentleman’s Farm

Qualities:  the natural setting

and backdrop
 the layout and
legibility of the place
 the clarity and
definition given by its
edges
 clear entrances that
contribute to a sense
of arrival or departure

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Articulation of Space

The definition of “space” is done using a delimiting

element commonly referred to as boundary
(property line, walls, fences, fortification, nature
etc).

A space can be infused with a sense of “spirit” so

that it present an identity – Genius Loci

Articulation of Space

In the urban setting, there should be a careful and

skilful deployment of architectural energy so that the
influence of fine buildings radiates towards
articulating the whole fabric of a city. (Bacon, 1957)

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Articulation of Space
Meaningful places are those where
life is celebrated, where equity are
achieved in access to the facilities
of the city… where the common
denominator is man on foot; where
the necessary simple human
needs are accommodated; where
community and that sense of
belonging can exist freely,,, make
areas most liveable

Responsive Environments

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Permeability
overall layout of routes & development blocks

Must be accessible to offer choice

Access must be complementary
Network of public spaces divides the
environment into blocks
Decline in public permeability due to
current design trends:
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Variety
range of uses provided

Offers a choice of experience

Implies places with varied forms, uses, and
meanings
Developers & planners are more concerned
with economic performance
Variety of uses depends on 3 main factors:
Variety also depends on feasibility:
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Legibility
understand the spatial layout of a place

 Depends on how layout is

understood
 Important at 2 levels:
 Important buildings stood out during old days
 Modern environment reduced the legibility of
form & use
 Separating pedestrians from vehicles reduces
legibility
 Lynch’s physical elements of the city
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Robustness – spatial & constructional arrangement

of individual buildings and outdoor spaces

Can be used for many different purposes

Distinction between long term & small scale
robustness
3 key factors that support long term
robustness:
Design of small scale robustness depends on
extra factors:
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Visual Appropriateness
the external image

 Determine the general appearance of the

scheme
 Focuses on details
 Concerned with designing the external image of
the place
 People interpret places as having meaning
 Visual cues must be found to communicate
levels of choice
 Reinforced by supporting the place’s:
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Richness
developing the design for sensory choice

The most detailed level of design

Variety of sense experiences that users can
enjoy: sense of motion, of smell, of hearing, of
touch, of sight.
Two ways for users to choose from diff. sense
experiences:
Basis of visual richness depends on the
presence of visual contrasts
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Personalization
people put their own mark on the places where they live or work

 Bears the stamp of their own tastes & values

 Makes a person’s pattern of activities more clear
 Users personalize in 2 ways:

 Users personalize as an affirmation of their own tastes & values

 Two levels of personalization:
 Personalization is affected by 3 factors:

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