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History and Background: Types of Climates and Corresponding Characteristics

Arctic. Long, cold winters and short, mild summers characterize the Arctic. Nearly every section of the Arctic
has ice on the surface for long periods of time. Average January temperature range: 40 to 0 °C (winter). July
average temperature range: 10 to +10 °C (summer).

Temperate. Located half between the tropics and

the poles. Summer and winter temperatures in
these areas are normally moderate, rather than
extreme hot or cold.

Tropical & Subtropical. The temperature in the

tropics is generally stable throughout the year;
seasonal changes are mainly by rainfall.

Equatorial. A tropical environment that occurs

mostly (but not always) along the equator and is
characterized by tropical rainforests. A tropical
rainforest climate is one in which there is little or
no dry season and mean precipitation levels are
consistent throughout the year.

Climate of the Philippines

The Climate of the Philippines is tropical and maritime. It is

characterized by relatively high temperature, high humidity
and abundant rainfall. Discussed here under, are the most
important elements of the country's weather and climate.

Temperature. The mean annual temperature is 26.6o C. The

coolest months fall in January with a mean temperature of
25.5oC while the warmest month occurs in May with a mean
temperature of 30.3oC

Humidity. Refers to the moisture content of the atmosphere.

Due to high temperature and the surrounding bodies of
water. The average monthly relative humidity varies between
71 percent in March and 85 percent in September. It is
especially uncomfortable during March to May, when
temperature and humidity attain their maximum levels.
Climate Map of the Philippines (1951-2010)
Rainfall. The most important climatic element in the
Philippines. Rainfall distribution throughout the country
varies from one region to another, depending upon the
direction of the moisture-bearing winds and the location of
the mountain systems.
The Seasons

(1) the rainy season, from June to November; and (2) the dry season, from December to May. The dry
season may be subdivided further into (a) the cool dry season, from December to February; and (b) the hot
dry season, from March to May.

Climate conditions are one of the most important variables influencing the design of dwelling units
all around the world. The man constructs a house to provide refuge from the inclement weather. As a result,
depending on the environment, the design of a shelter has evolved differently in different parts of the world.
Furthermore, climatic design aims to make it simpler for buildings to become more energy efficient. Thermal
design uses ecologically friendly approaches to improve people's living and working surroundings. It also
tries to reduce the harmful health effects of bad weather. The standard concrete/plywood house is no
longer sufficient in the Philippines, where temperatures can reach a sweltering 42.2 degrees Celsius. As the
threat of climate change grows, more people are looking for sustainability, as well as beauty and practicality,
in the places they name "home."

Traditional Housing Types in Philippines with The Focus on Climatic Design Solutions

It is important to examine the forms of dwelling from the past and present time because those have
been used for ages and can show us how the people deal with the climate. Structures were not only shaped
by the culture and traditions but by the external environment as well. In words of V. Olgyay, “the regional
adaptation is an essential principle of architecture.”
 The Bahay-Kubo. For generations, this rural house
composed of indigenous materials such as bamboo, nipa,
and local timbers has remained largely unchanged. The
architecture varies by region, but some aspects remain
consistent, such as a steep roof over the living space and a
house structure built on stilts (1-2meters above the
ground or shallow water). The light bamboo slats and
strips walls allow for air flow, while the materials
themselves have a low heat capacity and do not gather
heat. Gaps on the floor made of split bamboo pieces are
another feature that adds to the ventilation.

The Bahay na Bato is built with more durable materials

and structure. It followed the same principles as Bahay
Kubo, with open ventilation and a raised living area. The
lower level is made of stone due to earthquakes, while the
upper level, the living area, is made of wood. Sliding
window panels typically ran the length of the second story,
increasing ventilation effects. The roof is either tiled or
constructed of metal sheets (later). Passive cooling
methods such as ventanillas, capiz windows, brandilas,
azoteas, and internal courtyards were introduced to
enhance the indoor climatic conditions.

The Ivatan house is a typical Batanes structure. The design

has been influenced by the extreme environment of the
area (many typhoons and earthquakes per year). Houses
are protected from the wind by high limestone walls, reed
or cogon (a type of long grass) roofs, and roof nets. Only
three of the walls have windows; the one facing the hardest
winds has not. During the day, stone walls absorb heat and
release it at night.

Aside from these three, there are a variety of housing types built for each socioeconomic group,
including torogans, lawigs, mala-awalais, Maranao houses, and Ifugao houses. Nowadays, there is a trend
toward embracing non-climate-adapted western architectural styles. In cities, concrete is a common building
material. The homes often have concrete floors, brick or concrete block walls, and an iron sheet or tiled roof.
And, because of the country's heat and humidity, it creates a problem of discomfort.
TROPICAL DESIGN

This is concerned with countries where discomfort due to heat and humidity are the dominant
problems. Through the use of passive design elements like sunshades, cavity walls, light shelves, overhangs,
roof and wall insulation and even shading from large trees to block the sun. Passive design is the process of
achieving this comfort level without the use of mechanical systems. Furthermore, tropical architecture is all
about tackling urban heat island effect.

Elements of Climate Needed in Design

• Macro Climate – climate of a region and/or the entire country. It provides the basis upon which
micro-climate can be estimated.

• Micro Climate – climate of a site and its immediate environs.

• Dry Bulb Temperature (DBT) – measurement of air temperature measured under a shade.

• Relative Humidity (RH) – amount of moisture in the air.

• Sky – (or celestial dome) is everything that lies a certain distance above the surface of Earth,
including the atmosphere and the rest of outer space. It is here defined as only the denser portions
of the atmosphere. Some of the natural phenomena seen in the sky are clouds, rainbows, and
aurorae. Lightning and precipitation can also be seen in the sky during storms. Due to human
activities, smog during the day and light pollution during the night are often seen above large cities.

• The design of buildings that respond to the environment involves the use of principles of solar
design as also a detailed understanding of the complex interrelationship between architectural
design, building materials, human behavior and climatic factors. This kind of design, not restricted
just to the use of solar energy but including the utilization of all forms of natural energy to provide
required comfort conditions within the built-up space may be defined as climatic design. Before
elaborating on the ways and means to achieve human comfort in the built-space, it would be useful
to define what exactly constitutes comfort.

Comfort levels are influenced by three main factors:

• Mean radiant temperature (MRT):

Temperature is one of the main parameters on which comfort of the inhabitants depends.
Maintaining a temperature of 24 degrees C within the structure when the outside temperature is 35-
37 degrees C puts a huge strain on the HVAC system leading to huge energy costs. Therefore, it
would be wise to revise our criteria for thermal comfort and accept a standard for thermal neutrality
 instead, the person feels neither too hot nor too cold, nor feels any local discomfort due to
asymmetric radiation, drafts, cold floors and furniture, non-uniform clothing, etc.

• Humidity: The moisture content present in the air is called ‘humidity’. The level of humidity greatly
influences evaporative cooling. Greater the moisture content in the air lesser is the effect of
evaporative cooling. Therefore, efforts to reduce humidity levels within a space result in better
conditions. In the design of HVAC systems humidity level of 40-50% is considered acceptable, but
one should also remember that this standard is not a law and human adaptability can be stretched
to farther limits.

• Air Movement or Ventilation: Can be used to considerably cool the interiors of a building. Air
movement over the skin results in Evaporative cooling- as the air moves over the skin, the
perspiration on the skin surface evaporates leading to cooling of the surrounding area. Air
movement also affects conductive-convective heat transfer between skin and air. The velocity of the
air is also important as stagnant air creates a suffocating effect as the air turns stale due to
respiration, foul odors, smoke, etc. Therefore, removal of this air and its replacement with fresh air
is very important which directly depends on adequate cross ventilation of the spaces, which results
in proper air movement and velocity.

Principles and Strategies of Climatic Design

The objectives in the design of a structure that responds to the environment should be to maximize
solar gain in winter and minimize heat gain in summer. Heat gain can take place in one of the following ways
of natural thermal transmission-conduction, convection and radiation in addition to evaporation, which plays
a major role in cooling of indoor environment. There is thus an inherent contradiction in the tasks that the
building envelope has to perform in summer and cold season.

In a climate such as ours, cooling is the main factor affecting building design. Humidity levels are also
quite high along with high summer temperatures in the high 30’s. Therefore, the control of solar heat gain is
the most important factor to be considered.

Sources Of Heat Gain

The proper use of shading devices can prevent direct solar radiation from reaching all or part of the
roof, walls or windows of a building. Natural vegetation, neighboring buildings or the surrounding landscape
can provide shading - for example on the north-facing slope of a hill or valley. Shading devices on the
building (fixed or movable, the latter being manually or automatically controlled) can prevent radiation from
reaching critical parts such as windows, doors and even roofs. Indirect solar gain from the sky or reflected
from the surrounding buildings or the ground and air heated by irradiated surfaces such as roads and
pavements can also contribute significantly to cooling load. A significant amount of heat is also produced by
appliances, electric lighting and occupants, which during the overheating season can lead to uncomfortably
high temperatures. The use of Natural Daylight to replace artificial light where appropriate and the use of
high efficiency artificial lighting can reduce cooling costs drastically, especially in commercial buildings. Heat
producing appliances should be placed such that the heat can be quickly removed from the building to
reduce cooling load.
Control Of Heat Gain

Solar control involves the prevention of unwanted solar heat gain taking into consideration the following
factors in design: Microclimate and site design, Building envelope and Control of internal gains.

Climatic Design Factors

The structure which in given environmental setting reduces undesirable stress and at the same time utilizes
all natural resources favorable to human comfort may be called climate balanced. The process of building a
climate balanced house can be divided into four steps:

Analyze of climatic data

Biological evaluation

-Microclimate and site design

o Site selection
o Landform orientation
o Street widths and orientation
o Ground character
o Plan form
o Plan elements
o Building orientation
o Landscaping
o Windbreaks
o Water
o Orientation to sun and wind
o Building shape and Planning
o Natural Ventilation

-Building envelope
o Fenestration System
o Shading system
o Glazing
o Vegetation
o Thermal Insulation
o Air infiltration
o Roof form
o Walls and roofs materials

-Control of internal gains.

The key objectives of climatic design include:

(1) To reduce energy cost of a building. (2) To use "natural energy" instead of mechanical system and
power. (3) To provide comfortable and healthy environment for people
Climate Data and Biological Evaluation

The structure of a building should take advantage of the natural possibilities and use passive means
of achieving comfort interior conditions. Methodology in evaluation of thermal performance of buildings has
evolved to the level where we can, based on local climate data, properly set the principles of efficient design.
There are 4 traditional methods of bioclimatic analysis:

 Olgyay
method
 Givoni
method
 Fanger
method
 Mahoney
tables

The first 3
methods use
climate data to
graphically show
the climatic
conditions of the
area compared
with the human
comfort
requirements.
The Mahoney tables give certain design recommendations.
Microclimate and site design

Site selection

It may seem from the weather conditions data that the climatic conditions over large area are same.
In fact, the conditions in one area may vary depending on topography and microclimate of a certain area (for
example northern slopes are usually colder than southern). These deviations in climate play important role
in architectural land utilization.

In hot and humid areas air movement constitutes the main comfort-restoring element. Sites off-set
from the prevailing wind direction, but exposed to the high air stream areas near the crest of a hill or high
elevations on the windward side near the ridge are preferable. Southern and northern slope directions are
more desirable because of the less radiation they receive. However, wind flow effects will remain the
dominating consideration, as shading might be provided by other means.

Landform orientation

It has no meaning in conditions when the land is flat. Important factor is an orientation of a slope.
For the hot climates the north oriented slopes are better for a placement of the building as they receive less
direst radiation, but only in case when the slope shades the building. This arrangement is quite unique thus
the orientation has a little consequence. Building should be placed in a way that maximizes air flow.

Ground character

The heat gain from the radiation could be decreased, stored and re-radiated or increased depending
on a ground surface. Important factors here are color and texture. The pale and smooth ground surface also
reflects daylight which may be uncomfortable during sunny days therefore the paving should be minimized
and where possible rough.

Planform

The planform of the building affects ventilation heat loss and gain. An important indicator of heat loss and
gain is perimeter to area ratio. A large perimeter to area ratio (P/A) means the small area is bounded by a
large perimeter. A priority for hot and humid regions is maximizing ventilation through the building and
minimizing the P/A ratio to reduce the heat gain.

Plan elements

The elements such as verandas, wind catchers or courtyards could be integrated in the building or the
building complex to benefit the microclimate of the area. Shaded courtyards can be quite effective being
places with cooler air. However, the wind catchers are really effective only when there are strong breezes.

Landscaping

It can improve the microclimate in both summer and cold/stormy season, providing shading, evaporative
cooling and wind channeling in summer, or shelter in cold season. Vegetation absorbs large amounts of solar
radiation in summer helping to keep the air and ground beneath cool while evapotranspiration can further
reduce temperatures. However, some care should be taken in the choice and placement of vegetation on or
near the building to avoid structural damage.

Grass and other ground cover planting

Keeping the ground temperature lower than most hard surfaces as a result of evapotranspiration and their
ability to reduce the effect of solar radiation. This happens due to the shading provided by the grass which
prevents radiation from reaching the ground resulting in a difference between asphalt and lawn being as
much as 25 degrees F

Windbreaks

Enhance air pressure difference around buildings and improve cross ventilation. Hedging, for example, can
allow a gentle breeze to filter through the foliage, while a masonry windbreak can create a calm, sheltered
zone behind it. Gaps in windbreaks, openings between buildings or openings between the ground and
canopy of trees can create wind channels, increasing wind speeds by about 20%.

Water

Also be used effectively for cooling of internal as well as surrounding environment. Ponds, streams,
fountains, sprays and cascades can be used where water is available in summer. These are particularly
effective in dry conditions where relative humidity levels are low.

Orientation to sun and wind

The orientation of the building on site is very important to achieve reduced heat gain and improved wind
circulation and ventilation. The major openings in the building envelope should be placed on the North while
the south face should be adequately protected from heat gain by using shading devices or vegetation.
Prevailing wind direction should be taken into consideration while deciding the position and size of the
openings to ensure proper cross ventilation. This can go a long way in improving comfort conditions within
the building.

Building shape and Planning

The configuration of the building and the arrangement of internal spaces according to function can help to
influence the exposure to incident solar radiation, the availability of natural daylight and airflow in and
around the building. In general, a compact building will have a relatively small exposed surface, or in other
words a low surface to volume ratio (SVR). This can offer advantages for the control of heat gains through
the building skin without conflict between design priorities for winter and summer months. There are a
range of other options to improve thermal performance including courtyards, construction on pilotis, use of
wing walls, etc. however the relationship between form and thermal transmission are not very critical as a
number of strategies are available to counteract its negative effects. More important are the effect of
building form on wind channeling and airflow patterns and the opportunities for enhancing the use of
daylight.

Natural Ventilation

Ventilation provides cooling by using air to carry heat away from the building and from the human body. Air
movement may be induced either by natural forces (wind and stack effect) or mechanical power. Airflow
patterns are a result of differences in pressure patterns around and within the building. Neighboring
landforms such as slopes and valleys can be used to increase the exposure to summer breezes along with
proper orientation to wind. Openings should be oriented to catch the prevailing summer breeze.

Air moves from high-pressure regions to low pressure ones. When the outside air temperature is
lower than the inside air temperature, building ventilation can exhaust internal heat gains or solar heat gain
during the day and cool air during the night if required. Indoor air movement enhances the convective
exchange at skin surface and increases the rate of evaporation of moisture from the skin. Evaporation is a
very powerful mechanism for cooling which may bring a feeling of comfort to the occupants under hot
conditions. However, to be effective the surrounding air should not be too humid (relative humidity less than
85%). Turbulent air movement will hinder both of these mechanisms of heat removal.
 Both the design of the building itself as well its surrounding spaces can have a major impact on the
effectiveness of natural cooling through ventilation. The rate of air flow through the building will be affected
by location, sizing and air flow characteristics of the openings (wing walls, louvers, overhangs can be used to
direct summer wind flow into the interior), the effect of indoor obstacles to air movement (open plan spaces
promote air flow), the effects of the external shape of the building in relation to wind direction, etc. The
total airflow normally depends on a combination of buoyancy and wind pressure differences, and is affected
by the size and location of openings. Proper placement of openings along with the use of wing walls can
greatly enhance the effect of ventilation by increasing wind pressure differences and consequently air
velocity within the space. Other strategies for improving ventilation are wing walls, wind towers and solar
chimneys:

 Solar chimneys use the sun to warm the internal surface of the chimney. The buoyancy generated
due to the temperature difference help induce an upward flow along the plate. The chimney width
should be close to the boundary layer to prevent backward flow.
 Wing walls, many buildings having rooms with lust one external wall are difficult to ventilate
naturally. Even rooms with two windows placed as far as possible will offer limited ventilation.
However, research has found that airflow in rooms with two windows on one wall can be further
augmented by the use of wing walls (small walls perpendicular to the main wall). These projections
create positive pressure over one window and negative over the other, achieving cross ventilation of
the room by drawing air in on one side and forcing it out on the other side.
 Wind towers draw upon the force of wind to generate air movement within the building. There are
various systems based on this principle. The wind-scoop inlets of the tower oriented toward the
windward side capture the wind and drive the air down the chimney. The air exits through leeward
openings in the building. Alternatively, the chimney cap is designed to create low pressure at the top
of the tower, and the resultant drop in air pressure causes the air to rise through the chimney. A
windward opening should be incorporated in the system as an inlet. The buoyancy of the warm air
inside the building aids this process. Both these systems can be combined in a single tower providing
both admittance and exhaust of air thus creating a self-sustained system.

Building Envelope

Fenestration System or Design of openings

The balance between heating, cooling and day-lighting is a critical consideration for the choice of orientation
and size of opening. Building type and Building Regulations also influence this choice. However, the use of
additional devices such as overhangs, shutters, blinds and louvers allow some scope to correct or limit the
unfavorable orientations for large glazed areas. The sizing of north facing openings is less affected by
seasonal variations and may be determined largely by day lighting and cross ventilation requirements. North
facing openings can provide an almost uniform daylight source. Effective cross ventilation typically requires
openings distributed across opposing facades, with minimal internal barriers to impede airflow. The proper
treatment of south and west facing windows is therefore very important to prevent unnecessary heat gain.
For single sided ventilation the shape of opening becomes important, horizontal formats being more
economical in simulating internal air velocities. The design of openings should be undertaken in conjunction
with the overall solar strategy.

The building envelope design strategy must encompass summer conditions so that, for example, excessive
solar heat gain can be avoided in summer while adequate daylight is available throughout the year, thus
avoiding the need for artificial lighting during the day, consequently reducing cooling loads.
To achieve a good air flow inside the building, the wind direction should not be the same as inlet to outlet
direction. Here are some examples of ideal window positioning:

Windows should be within 45° of the perpendicular to the direction of an air flow.

Shading systems

Blocking the solar radiation from reaching the building,

particularly the glazed, but also the other opaque surfaces
(including the roof) and reflecting the solar radiation is
fundamental to the prevention of heat gain. While shading
systems must provide good solar protection in summer, they
should not reduce solar gain in winter, impede natural lighting
or obstruct cross ventilation. Well-designed shading systems
can actually enhance natural day lighting and ventilation.
Shading systems can be either fixed or movable and placed
internally, externally or between double glazed panels.
Vegetation can also be used to provide shading.

Glazing

The type of glazing used can also affect the solar heat gain of
the building. Glazing may be either clear or may have special
coatings or treatments to enhance its reflective or heat
absorbing properties. Electrochromic glass allows the
radiation transmission properties to be altered by varying an
electric current that is passed through the glass panel. Other
new types of high-performance glass called low-e glass are
also now available which have low emission values compared
to normal glass. The use of sun films can also reduce the
penetration of solar radiation.

Fixed shading systems

Fixed shading systems include structural elements such as balconies and projecting fins or shelves and non-
structural elements such as canopies, blinds, louvers and screens. The orientation and shape of the opening
to be shaded, relative to the position of the sun at different times of the day and year is critical to the design
of fixed shading systems. Each orientation will need to be examined separately, taking account of direct and
diffuse and reflected components of solar radiation throughout the day and year. Typically, horizontal
shading is used for south facades while vertical fins or louvers are more efficient for east and west facades.
Fixed shading systems are generally used externally as when used internally heat build-up between the
system and glazing can reduce the effectiveness of the system by as much as 30%.

Movable shading systems

Movable shading is use either internally or externally. Control can be either manual or power assisted and
may be automated to respond to changing conditions such as current radiation levels and daylighting or
thermal requirements.

Awnings can reduce heat gain by up to 65% in summer on south facades and up to 80% on east or west
facades. The geometry of awnings is similar to that of horizontal overhangs but efficiency will also depend on
how opaque the material is to both direct and diffused radiation and the presence of dust which might
change the absorption and radiation characteristics of the awning. Normally, an air gap should be provided
between the awning and glazing for air circulation. The efficiency of awnings may also deteriorate with age
and weather damage.

Venetian blinds can permit simultaneous ventilation and shading

which is controllable, allow daylight to be reflected. Reflective
blinds, curtains and blinds fitted internally are less satisfactory as
they provide shade only after. The use of curtains and internal
blinds may conflict with the daylighting or ventilation needs.

Light shelves

Horizontal projections in a window. They can be inside, outside

or partly within or outside the glazing. They function partly as
horizontal shades which reflect the light incident on the upper
side inside the building.

Vegetation

A major advantage of natural shading using vegetation is that

plants constantly rearrange and reposition their leaves for
maximum solar exposure and therefore maximize shading, while
artificial shading is generally inflexible.

A curtain of vines or creepers in the external walls will reduce heat

penetration and help maintain cooler temperatures within the
rooms. Shady trees will control the light and heat reflected off the
roads and pavements onto the walls and roof of the structure if it
is within the shadow range. Terrace gardens can further reduce
heat transmission through the roof. As the roof is responsible for
50% of the heat load this can achieve temperature drops of 3
degrees C to 5 degrees C.

Roof form

Roof can be used to indirectly bring light into the building as well as to help direct the natural ventilation.
The building in hot humid climate should have high pitched roof with overhangs and be located
perpendicular to the wind direction to maximize the pressure difference and the air flow.
 Thermal insulation

Thermal insulation may combine two physical processes; reducing

the thermal transmittance of the envelope and maximizing long wave
radiation. Usually, only the first is taken into consideration, but both
these processes can be incorporated in the concept of radiant
barriers. The development of higher quality foil products and
research showing the most efficient way to install these, have
resulted in major energy savings in hot regions, for example, a low
emissivity material like aluminum foil, next to an air gap will impede
radiation, thus reducing the temperature of the inner layer and also
radiant room temperature. At night, the foil blocks radiant heat
exchange, reducing night cooling. When properly installed, radiant
barriers can reduce cooling loads by as much as 10%.

Air infiltration

Air infiltration represents a major cooling load in hot climates. By

sealing areas or introducing air infiltration barriers where
different building materials join together, summer heat gain and
excessive use of mechanical equipment for cooling can be
dramatically reduced.

Walls and roof materials

Significant role in the climatic design of the roofs and walls plays
materials. Besides the thermal properties of materials there are
other factors such as availability, cost or fire resistance that have
to be considered. Here is a description of few thermal properties
that are important for a climate design purposes:

o Thermal conductivity (k). It is the rate of heat transfer through a material in steady state. In other
words, it predicts the power loss (in watts, W) through a piece of material. It is not easily measured,
data for most common materials are readily available.
o Thermal admittance (y). The quantity of heat that passes in unit time through unit area of a plate of
particular thickness when its opposite faces differ in temperature by one kelvin.
o Thermal transmittance (U). The rate of transfer of heat (in watts) through one square meter of a
structure divided by the difference in temperature across the structure.
o Heat capacity (C). Characterizes the amount of heat that is required to change a body's temperature
by a given amount. It’s also described as big- or small-time lag of a material, that means for how long
can materially radiate the accumulated heat.
o Reflectivity. It is ratio of reflected and incident spectral intensity in other words a fraction of incident
radiation reflected by a surface. White materials may reflect 90% or more, black materials 15% or
less of received radiation. Another feature concerning materials that may affect heat absorption but
could not be called a thermal property is the texture of surface. A rough texture (extruded bricks on
the facade) enables self-shading, on the other hand the smooth surface would be more reflective.

In general, when designing for a hot humid climate, building material should have the following properties:

 Low conductivity
 Low admittance (small y value)
  Low transmittance (small U value)
 Low heat capacity (small time lag)
 High resistance
 High reflectivity and Low absorption

Light-colored exteriors. The first thing one would notice about tropical-inspired houses is that their exterior
walls always come in pale colors like white, gray or beige—a characteristic that is reflected in Trava’s model
houses. That’s because colors on the lighter end of the spectrum cause heat waves to bounce away from a
house’s walls. In contrast, dark-colored walls absorb heat, giving way to rising temperatures within a
building.

Open plan layout. Tropical homes are characterized by open-plan layouts, though the savvy homeowner
would not necessarily want to leave everything ajar. Aside from security concerns, having too many open
windows would invite excess heat into a house. Instead, the openings should be positioned in a way that
optimal airflow is achieved.

Reference

https://www.hdm.lth.se/fileadmin/hdm/Education/Undergrad/ABAN05_2010/Panulin_Peter-
_Climate_Responsive_Design_for_Damayang_Lagi_Site.pdf

http://mhathwar.tripod.com/thesis/climaticarch/climatic_architecture.html

https://www.lamudi.com.ph/journal/tropical-architecture-and-design-the-anatomy-of-a-modern-filipino-
home/

http://pupclass.blogspot.com/2008/05/tropical-design-module-3-climatic.html?m=1