DIN 4093 en

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DIN 4093
□IN
ICS 93.020 Replacement for
DIN 4093:2012-08
Design of consolidated soil bodies -.

Produced with jet-blasting, deep-mixing or injection processes
Design of strengthened soil -
Set up by means of jet grouting, deep mixing or grouting
Dimensionnement des renforcements de sol -
Colonnes de sol-ciment realisees par jet, colonnes de sol traite ou injection
Standards Ticker-Beuth-Keller Grundbau GmbH-KdNo.168007-LfNo.7219423001-2015-10-15 21:02
Total 19 pages
DIN Standards Committee for Construction

(NABau)
© DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e. V. ■ Any kind of reproduction, including excerpts,
only permitted with the approval of DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e. V., Berlin.
Exclusive sale of the standards by Beuth Verlag GmbH, 10772 Berlin
Price group 11
www.din.de
www.beuth.de
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DIN 4093:2015-11
ContentsPage
..................................................................................................................................................................................... Foreword3
1 Scope4
2 Normative references4
3 Terms and formula symbols5
3.1 Terms5
3.2 Formula symbol7
4 Soil consolidation8
4.1 General requirements8
4.2 Assignment to geotechnical categories9
4.3 Actions and stresses9
4.3.1 General9
4.3.2 Actions specific to the basic structure9
4.3.3 Dynamic effects10
4.3.4 Characteristic stresses10
4.3.5 Design values of the stress10
4.4 Resistors10
4.4.1 General10
4.4.2 Characteristic strength10
4.4.3 Information on deformation behavior12
4.4.4 Design value of strength12
4.4.5 Anchorages in nozzle jet soles13
4.4.6 Dimensions of solidified soil bodies13
4.5 Durability14
4.6 Proof of load-bearing capacity14
4.7 Proof of suitability for use15
4.8 Audits and controls15
Annex A (normative) ................................................................................................Performance of strength tests16
Annex B (normative) ......................................................................................................Performance of creep tests17
8.1 General17
8.2 Soil consolidation with cement17
8.3 Soil consolidation with silicate gel18
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DIN 4093:2015-11
Foreword
This document was prepared by the Working Committee NA 005-05-08 AA, Injections, jet grouting, deep soil stabilization
(mirror committee to CEN/TC 288/WG17 and WG 18), in the DIN Standards Committee for Civil Engineering (NABau) as a
supplement to DIN 1054:2010-12 and DIN EN 1997-1:2009-09.
Planning, execution, and testing of injecting, deep mixing, and grouting (injecting) into the subsurface require thorough
knowledge and experience with these construction methods that use soil as a building material.
If substances are introduced into the groundwater by injecting, mixing or injecting into the soil, a permit is required in
accordance with the Water Resources Act. authorities responsible under state lawmust be consulted in good time
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some texts in this document may affect patent rights. DIN [and/or DKE] are not
responsible for identifying some or all patent rights in this respect.
Changes
Compared to DIN 4093:2012-08, the following changes have been made:
a) Changes in sections 2,3 and 4;
b) Revision of section 4.4.2;
c) Restatement of Appendix A;
d) Rewording of Annex B;
e) Adaptation of the English title;
f) editorial revision.
Previous issues
DIN 4093:1962-06,1987-09,2012-08
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DIN 4093:2015-11
1 Scope
This standard applies to the design of unreinforced consolidation bodies as load-bearing elementsproducedby injecting,
mixing and injecting consolidating substances into soils, and to their design and testing Regulations on the consolidating
materials are contained in DIN EN 12715, DIN EN 12716 and DIN EN 14679.
Measures that serve exclusively to improve the subsoil, change permeability or immobilize contaminants are not the
subject of this standard.
The consolidation of rock is not the subject of this standard.
2 Normative references
The following documents, which are cited in part or in their entirety in this document, are required for the application of
this document. For dated references, only the referenced edition applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the
referenced document applies (including all amendments].
DIN 1045-2, Structures made of concrete, reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete - Part 2: Concrete - Specification,
properties, production and conformity; Application rules for DIN EN206-1
DIN 1045-3, Structures made of concrete, reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete - Part 3: Construction - Application
rules for DIN EN 13670
DIN 1054:2010-12, Subsoil - Safety analyses in earthwork and foundation engineering - Supplementary regulations to DIN
EN 1997-1
DIN 4020, Geotechnical investigations for civil engineering purposes - Supplementary regulations to DIN EN 1997-2
DIN 4150-3:1999-02, Vibration in civil engineering - Part 3: Actions on structures
DIN EN 206-1, Concrete - Part 1: Specification, properties, production and conformity
DIN EN 1992-1-1, Eurocode 2: Design of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures- Part 1 -1: General design rules and
rules for building construction
DIN EN 1997-1:2009-09, Eurocode 7: Design in geotechnics - Part 1: General rules; German version EN 1997-1:2004 +
AC:2009
DIN EN 1997-1/NA, National Annex - Nationally determined parameters - Eurocode 7: Design, calculation and
dimensioning in geotechnics - Part 1: General rules
DIN EN 1997-2: Eurocode 7: Design, calculation and dimensioning in geotechnics - Part 2: Investigation and examination of
the foundation soil
DIN EN 1997-2/NA, National Annex - Nationally defined parameters - Eurocode 7: Design, calculation and dimensioning in
geotechnics - Part 2: Investigation and examination of the foundation soil
DIN EN 12390-2:2009-08, Testing of hardened concrete - Part 2: Production and storage of specimens for strength tests;
German version EN 12390-2:2009
DIN EN 12390-3, Testing of hardened concrete - Part 3: Compressive strength of specimens
DIN EN 12504-1, Testing of concrete in structures - Part 1: Core samples - Preparation, examination and testing of
compressive strength
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DIN EN 12715, Execution of special geotechnical work (foundation engineering) - Injections
DIN EN 12716, Execution of special geotechnical works (foundation engineering) - Jet grouting (high pressure grouting,
high pressure soil grouting, jetting)
DIN EN 14199, Execution of special geotechnical works (foundation engineering) - Piles with small diameters (micropiles)
DIN EN 14679, Execution of special geotechnical works (foundation engineering) - Deep soil stabilization
3 Terms and formula symbols
3.1 Terms
For the application of this document, the following terms apply.
3.1.1
Soil consolidation
For the purpose of this standard, soil areas are defined as areas that are specifically consolidated by injection methods, jet
grouting or deep mixing and are taken into account as load-bearing elements in planning and design.
3.1.2
characteristic strength
Strength that is assumed not to fall below with high probability, taking into account the service life of the structure and
the corresponding design situation.
3.1.3
Deep mixing process
Process in which mechanical tools intensively mix the soil on site, introducing a binder in the process.
Note 1 on the term: The process referred to as "deep soil stabilization" in DIN EN 14679 is referred to as the "deep mixing
process" in this standard.
3.1.4
Nozzle jet process
High-pressure injection, high-pressure floor grouting, jetting
Process consisting of breaking down soil or moderately solid rock into its components and adding or partially replacing it
with cementitious mixture. The dissolution of the soil structure is caused by a high-energy fluid jet, and the fluid may be
the cement suspension.
[SOURCE: DIN EN 12716:2001-12]

3.1.5
Suitability test
Testing before the start of construction to prove that the injection method with the injection material or the binder is
suitable for the purpose in question under the conditions of the task in question
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3.1.6
Policy review
Testing for soil consolidation with silicate gel to prove the suitability of the grout regardless of its use in individual cases.
3.1.7
Injection method
Process in which the grain structure of the soil is consolidated by injecting grout.
3.1.8
Control check
Test to verify that the consolidation bodyhas achievedthe properties required in the structural engineering documents
3.1.9
Range with the nozzle jet method
Distance considered from the axis of the nozzle carrier, on which the soil is consolidated
3.1.10
Range for injections
Distance viewed from the exit point where the soil is consolidated
3.1.11
Consolidation body
Soil volume consolidated by the injection process or jet-blasting process or deep mixing process.
3.1.12
Consolidation section
Area of a consolidation body for which uniform soil conditions exist and the same production parametersprocesses apply
and for which the characteristic strength is determined uniformly
DIN 4093:2015-11
3.2 Formula symbol
4V Area of the cross-section of the consolidation body belonging to /v

dDiameter of the cylinder sample
EdDimensioning value of stresses
Ek characteristic value of stresses
kcharacteristic bond strength
/^ dBmeasurement value of bond strength
fm Cylindrical compressive strength of the consolidation body (m for material)
fm d Design value of the compressive strength of the consolidation body (m for material)
fm k characteristic cylindrical compressive strength of the consolidation body (m for material)
/m,mean Mean value of the cylindrical compressive strength of the specimens of a series
/'m min Minimum value of the cylindrical compressive strength of the specimens in a series
hHeight of the cylinder sample
iT radius of inertia
IvSecond-degree moment of area of the smallest cross-section of the hardening body
lvAnchorage length
RdB rating values of the resistors
ßzd Design value of resistance with respect to the bond of compression or tension members in 'a strengthening body.
k characteristic value of resistance with respect to the bond of compression or tension members 'in a
consolidation body.
Rz jExtraction resistanceduring suitability test
sDeformation
skBend length
aDue to the determination of the characteristiccompressive strength from the average

value of the test results
nissen
yaPartial safety factor for pull-out resistance

yFpartial safety factor for actions and stresses
ym Partial safety factor for the cylindrical compressive strength of the consolidation body
YvPartial safety factor for the friction angle
öEarth pressure inclination angle
Difference amount of creep strain
£kCreep elongation
ASchlankness
DIN 4093:2015-11
a compressive stress or the standard deviation of the numerical values of the natural logarithm of the individual
strengths
ö p 02 03 Main voltages (see Fig. 1]
crcr constant compressive stress as test stress in creep test
T Shear stress
^oden friction angle of the soil
(p^ Design value of friction angle of consolidated soil
cp\ Design value of the effective friction angle of the unconsolidated soil
characteristic value of the effective friction angle
4 Soil consolidation
4.1 General requirements
(1] In addition to DIN EN 12715, DIN EN 12716 and DIN EN 14679, DIN EN 1997-2, DIN EN 1997-2/NA and DIN 4020
must be taken into account for soil testing.
(2] basic suitability of the manufacturing process for soil consolidation must becomprehensibly established ina
geotechnicalinvestigation report
(3] When selecting and planning the production method, the condition and spacing of existing structural installations
must be taken into account, especially with regard to their sensitivity to deformation.
NOTE The performance of evidence preservation on structural facilities is recommended.
(4] If a consolidation body is planned as part of a foundation or a retaining structure, the associated safety checks must
be performed in accordance with DIN EN 1997-1, DIN EN 1997-1/NA and DIN 1054.
(5] If the stability of consolidated soil bodies subjected to water pressure is endangered by a local loss of waterproofing,
two independent waterproofing levels or another additional securing measure must be provided.
(6] The design and dimensioning of consolidation bodies shall consider the effects of soil conditions, including their
stratification and any embedded obstructions, on the shape and strength of the consolidation body.
(7] When designing and dimensioning soil reinforcements, specifications must be made regarding the work sequence,
permissible tolerances and required strengths. It must be ensured that the introducedmaterial is not discharged by
erosion
DIN 4093:2015-11
4.2 Assignment to geotechnical categories
(1) Soil consolidation is generally to be assigned to the geotechnical category GK3 according to DIN 1054:2010-12,
A.2.1.2.
(2) The classification into the geotechnical category GK 2 is possible if the following conditions are all fulfilled:
When dimensioning the reinforcing bodies, the following is taken into account
— when using the deep mixing process, a characteristic cylinder compressive strength of /m,k 8 N/mm2
— and for other soil consolidations of/m k < 4 N/mm2
as the basis for the calculation;
— the consolidation body is not exposed or is only exposed on one side;
— Underpinning bodies or walls are exposed to a maximum height of 2 m and for injection bodies to a maximum height
of 1 m;
— for nozzle jet bodies, the maximum height embedded in the ground on all sides is 4 m;
— the consolidation body is not subject to water pressure resulting from a water level difference of more than 1 m;
— the consolidation body is exposed to at most weak chemical attack corresponding to exposure class XA1 (or XA2 in
the case of sulfate attack) according to DIN EN 206-1 and DIN 1045-2;
— uniform soil conditions are present in the area to be consolidated, which areexpected toresult in uniform soil
consolidation
— no dynamic stresses (see DIN 1054:2010-12, A.2.4.2.1) on the consolidation bodyexceed the values specified in DIN
4150-3:1999-02, Table 1, line 3, for foundations
4.3 Actions and stresses
4.3.1 General
In soil consolidation, which is carried out in sections, the redistribution of the foundation loads ofan existing structure is
of particular importance In the process
- process-related peculiarities (e.g. areas not yet sufficiently hardened) as well as
- the construction sequence (e.g. manufacturing sequence),

Influences whose effects must be taken into account.
4.3.2 Actions specific to the basic structure

(1) When determining favorably acting dead loads of consolidation bodies for the verification of the limit state of loss of
bearing safety, only the weight of the untreated soil may be taken into account. Higher weights may only be assumed for
the design if an increase due to the binder content is proven by sampling. Lower weights are to be used as a basis for the
design if there are indications of lower expected weights for the consolidation body.
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(2) When determining the earth pressure on consolidation bodies, the maximum earth pressure inclination angle =
^ßoden can be used.
(3) Negative skin friction and lateral pressure shall be considered as appropriate for pile foundations in accordance with
DIN 1054:2010-12 and DIN EN 1997-1:2009-09, 7.3.2.2 and 7.3.2.4.
4.3.3 Dynamic effects
With regard to dynamic actions, reference is made to DIN 1054:2010-12, A.2.4.2.1.
4.3.4 Characteristic stresses
(1) The characteristic values of the stresses Ek of the reinforcing member may be determined on the basis of linear-elastic
behavior, taking into account the strength limits given below and in 4.4.
(2) When calculating the normal stresses, tensile stresses must not be included in the calculation. Off-center loads may
not cause a crack opening (gaping joint) up to the center of gravity of the total cross-section. If the calculation results in a
crack opening, the area in the area of the crack opening must not be taken into account when determining the shear
stresses.
4.3.5 Design values of the stress
The design values of the stresses (anchor forces, stresses) required for comparison with the resistances (strength of the
reinforcing body) shall be determined in accordance with DIN 1054:2010-12 and DIN EN 1997-1:2009-09,2.4.7.3.2.
4.4 Resistors
4.4.1 General
(1) This standard only deals with the resistance of reinforcing elements. The other characteristic values and design
values of resistances for stability checks of reinforcing elements must be determined in accordance with DIN EN 1997-1
and DIN 1054.
(2) The resistance of reinforcing elements is determined by the specifications in 4.4.2 to 4.4.4 in connection with the
dimensions of the reinforcing element, for which specifications are given in 4.4.6.
(3) In addition to forces, normal and shear stresses can also be used as resistors within the scope of this standard.
(4) If the required strength is not achieved in tests in accordance with 4.8, adjustments shall bemade torequired
strength or adjustments shall be made in the manufacture of the consolidation bodies or additional measures shall be
specified
4.4.2 Characteristic strength
(1) The cylinder compressive strength /m, which applies for hld = 2., is to be used as a parameter for the strength, from
which absorbable normal and shear stresses can be determined.
(2) The cylinder compressive strength test is governed by Annex A.
(3) The characteristic cylinder compressive strength/mk on which a design is based shall be verified by proficiency tests
before the start of execution and confirmed by control tests during execution. Instead of using proficiency tests, the
strengths can be determined on the basis of experience with transferable soil conditions and manufacturing parameters.
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(4) Mean value and minimum value according to (5) are to be determined from at least 4 single samples for (5) a) and
at least 10 single samples for (5) b). The associated sampling is regulated in Annex A.
(5) In order to demonstrate that the characteristic cylinder compressive strength/mk on which the design for a
consolidation section (see Annex A) is based has been achieved, criteria a) or b) and, if applicable, c) shall be met:
a) Simplified verification, related to minimum value and mean value
— related to the minimum value:
/m,min
-/m,k(1)
— related to the mean value:
a
' fm, mean -
/m,k(2]
a= 0.6 at/m medium < 4 N/mm2 a= 0.75 at/m medium > 12 N/mm2 Intermediate values are to be interpolated
linearly.
For simplified verification, both criteria (1] and (2) must be met.
b) Alternatively, permissible verification with sample numbers of at least 10 in a consolidation section on a statistical
basis.
(3)
Thereby
H is the mean value of the numerical values of the natural logarithm of the individual strengths;
ct is the standard deviation of the numerical values of the natural logarithm of the individual strengths;
k the acceptance factor; k = 1.28 (10% quantile).
c) If creep tests according to (7) and (8) are required, fm k shall also be additionally verified according to Annex B.
6) Only characteristic cylinder compressive strengths
— for jet grouting and injection/m k < 10 N/mm2
— for the deep mixing process, fm k < 12 N/mm2 should be applied.
(7) When using the jet-blasting method or the deep-mixing method in cohesive soils (definition according to DIN
1054:2010-12, A.3.1.3), creep tests are required at cylinder compressive strengths of < 4 N/mm2.
(8) When using silicate gel as an injection agent, creep tests are always required.
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4.4.3 Information on deformation behavior
If deformations of a reinforcing member are of importance for the design, themodulus of the unconfined compression test
required forthe stiffness determination shall bedeterminedas the maximum slope of the stress-compression lineand
taken into account in the calculation If creep has to be investigated according to 4.4.2, the creep deformations shall also
be determined.
4.4.4 Design value of strength
(1]From the characteristic cylinder compressive strength/mk, the design value of the compressive strength d is derived
as follows.'
/m,d = 0.85 x/mjk/ym (4)
Thereby
/mk characteristic cylinder compressive strength, see 4.4.2.
ym Partial safety factor for the cylindrical compressive strength of the consolidation body
ym = 1.5 for design situation BS-P and design situation BS-T according to DIN 1054:2010-12
ym = 1.3 for design situation BS-A according to DIN 1054:2010-12.
NOTE The factor 0.85 takes into account possible long-term effects on the compressive strength and, unlike the regulation for
unreinforced concrete in DIN EN 1992-1-1 and DIN 1045-3, is not reduced to 0.7 here because of a higher deformability of the
soil consolidation.
(2] When designing soil reinforcement, it is permissible to carry out approximately separate checks for compressive
and shear stresses that can be absorbed. In this case, it must be verified under design stresses that the design values of
the normal stresses do not exceed the value 0.7 x/md and the design values of the shear stresses do not exceed the value
0.2 x/m d, see Fig. 1.
Legend
#? d (consolidated soil] = ^'d (unconsolidated soil]
tan = tan
y^ according to DIN 1054:2010-12, Table A.2.2

1 Envelope for permissible stress conditions
2 Examples of stress states a3 that are allowed to occur as design stress values
3 Stress state in unconfined compression test: cr3 = 0, =/md
4 Permissible range for separate checks for normal and shear stresses
Figure 1 - Explanation of stress states
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DIN 4093:2015-11
(3) For differentiated checks with principal stresses, it must be shown that the design values of the stress do not exceed
the stress states defined as permissible in Fig. 1. It shall be assumed that at a principal tensile stress whose magnitude is
greater than 10% of /md, the body may rupture’
(4) If reinforcing elements are designed as individual pile-type load-bearing members, the 2following conditions must be
met for a cross-sectional area < 1.7 m:
- For a cross-sectional area of < 0.3 m2 , off-center loads must not occur. The load introduction structure must be
designed in such a way that the body is loaded centrally and without horizontal force. Lateral pressure due to ground
movements according to DIN EN 1997-1:2009-09, 7.3.2.4, must be excluded.
m2 m2 ,
- For a cross-sectional area of 0.3 to 1.7 eccentricities are permissible, but the cross-section must be fully
compressed.
4.4.5 Anchorages in nozzle jet soles
(1) The following regulations refer to anchorages with adhesive bond between micropilesaccording to DIN EN 14199
and jet-grouted bases with embedments of at least 1 m length and a service life of less than two years The piles are to be
installed after the strength of the invert specified in the design has been reached.
(2) The characteristic value of the resistance Rzk on which a design is based with respect to the composite of
compression and tension members in jet-grouted piles shall be determined by suitability tests on at least 3% of the
intended number of piles, but at least on 2 piles.
(3) In these suitability tests, the characteristic value of the resistance Ä zk with respect to the bond of compression or
tension members in reinforcing bodies shall be determined in accordance with DIN EN 1997-1:2009-09, 8.5.2. The pull-
out resistance Rzi is the smallest test force at which a deformation s of the steel tension member and the reinforcement
body in the anchorage length /v of maximum s = 5xl0' 3x/v is achieved (scatter factor 1.0].
(4) The design value of resistance 7?zd with respect to the composite of compression or tension members is:'
^z,d - ^z,k/)a(5)
with
Rz k = characteristic value with respect to the bond of compression or tension members. This results from the smallest
value of the test results Rz j
Ya = 14
4.4.6 Dimensions of solidified soil bodies
4.4.6.1 General
(1] When planning the dimensions and when dimensioning consolidation bodiesmanufacturing tolerancesdue to the
process(e.g. drilling deviations and differences in reach) must be taken into account and documented
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4.4.6. Z Dimensions for nozzle jet bodies
(1) The dimensions of jet elements on which the design is based, which result from the range, shall be determined from
local investigations on sample elements (suitability tests), unless documented experience in similar soil conditions and
with the same manufacturing parameters is available.
(2) Characteristic external dimensions are decisive for the design of jet bodies. For their determination, the range
demonstrated by test elements shall be reduced by a lead dimension when designing jet stream bodies, which shall be
determined in each individual case and shall amount to at least 5 % of the range, but at least 5 cm.
(3) For individually arranged nozzle jet elements, the following applies: The smallest characteristic outer dimension
must be at least 1 m. The lead dimension must be increased to 10 % of the reach. In any case, the dimension must be
verified locally by means of test elements.
4.4.6.3 Dimensions for bodies according to the deep mixing method
(1) The cross-section of elements produceddeep-mixing process that can be used for dimensioningdetermined by the
outer dimensions of the mixing tools used In the case of mixing tools arranged next to each other and rotating about a
vertical axis, a smaller dimension in the gusset area of 20% of the mixing tool diameter is to be assumed. The necking can
be reduced by repeated overlapping of the gusset areas. A minimum of 10 % must be taken into account.
4.4.6.4 Dimensions for injection bodies
(1) The dimensions of injection bodies shall be determined from local trial injections (suitability tests) unless
documented experience in similar soil conditions and with the same process technology is available.
(2) The characteristic dimensions are decisive for the design of injection bodies. The type of manufacturing process as
well as the existing stratification and inhomogeneity in the subsoil and filtration effects must be taken into account.
Suitability tests must be carried out to verify the characteristic dimensions and the required reserve dimensions.
4.5 Durability
(1) If frost cannot be excluded, its influence must be taken into account in the design.
(2) If there is moderate (XA2) or severe (XA3) chemical attack according to DIN EN 206-1 and DIN 1045-2, or if there
are indications of substances in the groundwater or soil that negatively affect the setting or hardening or the properties
of the soil consolidation, the suitability of the processes and substances used must be demonstrated, in the case of XA3
with the involvement of an expert.
4.6 Proof of load bearing capacity
(1) shall be verified that the design values of the actions or stressesaccording to 4.3 are not greater than the associated
design values of the resistances according to 4.4 and thus satisfy the following limit state condition
Ed<Rd (6)
(2) Depending on the type of component, further limit state verifications in accordance with DIN 1054 and DIN EN
1997-1 must be provided in addition to the verification of internal load-bearing capacity mentioned under (1).
2 The smallest dimension to be planned in the design of consolidation bodies shall be 40 cm. For free-standing
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(3) Especially in the case of vaults in reinforcing bodies, the absorption of the forces at the transom must be verified
under consideration of serviceable deformations.
(4) As soon as a consolidation body is exposed - even only on one side - it must have a slenderness A < 15 if a buckling
safety check is waived, with
A = s^/iSlimness (7)
skBend length
i = jIv/AvRadius of Inertia (8)

IvSecond-degree moment of area of the smallest cross-section of the hardening body
AvArea of the cross-section of the hardening body belonging to Iv.
4.7 Proof of suitability for use
Verifications shall be performed in accordance with DIN EN 1997-1:2009-09, 2.4.8, and DIN 1054:2010-12.
4.8 Checks and controls
(1) For the production of consolidation bodies, suitability tests shall be carried out to prove that the designed
properties (strength, stiffness, permeability) and dimensions can be achieved in situ.
NOTE As a rule, suitability tests should be carried out before the construction work. If, exceptionally, suitability tests are not
carried out until the start of a construction project, it must be demonstrated that suitable additional measures can be taken if
the planned strength or dimensions are not achieved.
(2) If suitability tests are available for similar subsoil conditions, if the same raw materials are used and the same
placement methods and process parameters are applied, a new suitability test can be waived.
(3) Prior to the use of consolidation bodies, control tests shall be performed to demonstrate that the specified
requirements have been met.
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Annex A
(normative]
Performance of strength tests
A.1 The compressive strength tests to determine the characteristic strength shall be performed on specimens taken from
the manufactured consolidation body (e.g. cores or liner specimens). The time from the production of the consolidation to
the strength tests shall not be greater than the time to stressing of the consolidation body. This applies to the proficiency
tests as well as to the control tests. After removal, the specimens shall be protected from moisture loss and stored at a
temperature of 15 °C to 22 °C until testing.
A.2 In order to determine the sampling, the consolidation body shall be divided into sections for each of which uniform
soil conditions exist and the same production parameters and sequences apply. The characteristic strength is determined
for each section. In special cases, it may be necessary to treat particular components as a separate consolidation section.
A.3 At least 4 samples shall be taken from each test element and from each consolidation section. For consolidation
sections greater than 500 m3 in volume, at least one individual sample shall be taken for each 125 m3. If consolidation is
performed in clays, sand-clay mixtures, gravel-clay mixtures, or weakly organic soils, the number of specimens to be
tested shall be doubled.
A.4 Specimens shall be taken where the lowest strengths of the consolidation section are expected. For this purpose,
anomalies during production and, in the case of the DS method, the quality of the return shall be evaluated.
A.5 The unconfined compressive strength of material with hydraulic binders in the sense of this standard refers to
cylindrical test specimens with a diameter of d > 80 mm and a height-to-diameter ratio of h-.d = 2. For cubes (a > 150
mm) and cylinders with h-.d - 1, a reduction of 0.8 shall be applied. Linear interpolation is allowed between h-.d = 1 and h
-.d = 2.
A.6 The diameter or edge length of the specimen should be at least 6 times the maximum grain diameter.
A.7 The compressive strength test shall be performed in accordance with DIN EN 12390-3, taking into account DIN
12390-2:2001-06. For cores, DIN EN 12504-1 shall be applied. The loading rate should be a maximum of 0.05 N/(mm2s).
For cylinder compressive strengths of/m > 4 N/mm2 , the loading rate may be increased up to 0.2 N/(mm2 s)."
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Annex B
(normative)
Carrying out creep tests
8.1 General
Cylindrical specimens with a height to diameter ratio of h\d = 2:1 and a diameter of > 80 mm must be used. After
removal, the specimens must be protected against moisture loss until testing. The creep test is performed with a centrally
applied constant load on the specimen.
The deformation of the specimens shall be measured at the following times:
— Immediate setting when applying the load;
— 1 min, 3 min, 8 min, 15 min, 30 min, 60 min;
— 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 24 h, 30 h;
— then about every 24 h.
8.2 Soil consolidation with cement
The test stress to be applied is acr = 0.5 x/mk.
The creep test is considered to have been passed if the deformation criterion of A^K < 0.02 % is met in the last 6 h or, in
the case of a longer observation time, in the last 24 h, up to a loading time of 30 h. The creep test is considered to have
been passed if the deformation criterion of A^K < 0.02 % is met.
Legend
Creep strain t Load duration
NOTE Figure B.l shows examples of two tests, both of which are considered to have passed.
Figure B.l - Requirements in the load duration creep deformation diagram
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DIN 4093:2015-11
8.3 Soil consolidation with silicate gel
If silicate gel is used, its suitability must be proven before construction work begins. Basic tests are required for this
purpose. The specimens must be protected against drying out until the start of loading after seven days. In the basic test,
stable behavior must be demonstrated on 3 specimens under constant load of a= 0.5 N/mm2 . This is achieved if in the
last 168 h
-<0.01 % at a loading time < 800 h,
-<0.02 % at a loading time = 960 h. The basic tests are to be carried out in the laboratory with two test sands (see
Figure B.2].
Figure B.2 - Grain size ranges of the test sands for the basic test for silicate gels
After passing the basic test, the silicate gel can be used for construction work.
Suitability tests: If no experience is available in similar soil conditions, creep tests shall be performed on specimens from
local test injections. The start of the creep tests should be selected according to the start of loading on the consolidation
body to be produced.
Control tests shall be made at each site and shall be completed before the stabilizer to be constructed is loaded.
For proficiency and control tests, the test stress to be applied is <7cr = 0.4 If no cylinder compressive strength is
determined, or if the creep test is successfully performed with only a correspondingly low test stress, a calculated
characteristic cylinder compressive strength / k can be determined from 2.5 times the stress at which the creep test
is passed.'
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DIN 4093:2015-11
On at least 3 samples it must be demonstrated that in the last 6 h - AfK < 0.02 % for an exposure time < 30 h, -<
0.005% for an exposure time < 168 h
or in the last 24 h
- A^K < 0.02 % is observed for a loading time < 168 h.

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GERMAN NORMNovember 2015

Design of consolidated soil bodies -.

DIN Standards Committee for Construction

Compared to DIN 4093:2012-08, the following changes have been made:

a) Changes in sections 2,3 and 4;

b) Revision of section 4.4.2;

e) Adaptation of the English title;

The consolidation of rock is not the subject of this standard.

DIN 4150-3:1999-02, Vibration in civil engineering - Part 3: Actions on structures

DIN EN 206-1, Concrete - Part 1: Specification, properties, production and conformity

DIN EN 12390-3, Testing of hardened concrete - Part 3: Compressive strength of specimens

3 Terms and formula symbols

For the application of this document, the following terms apply.

[SOURCE: DIN EN 12716:2001-12]

4V Area of the cross-section of the consolidation body belonging to /v

aDue to the determination of the characteristiccompressive strength from the average

yaPartial safety factor for pull-out resistance

4.1 General requirements

NOTE The performance of evidence preservation on structural facilities is recommended.

— and for other soil consolidations of/m k < 4 N/mm2

as the basis for the calculation;

— the consolidation body is not exposed or is only exposed on one side;

- process-related peculiarities (e.g. areas not yet sufficiently hardened) as well as

- the construction sequence (e.g. manufacturing sequence),

Influences whose effects must be taken into account.

4.3.2 Actions specific to the basic structure

4.3.3 Dynamic effects

With regard to dynamic actions, reference is made to DIN 1054:2010-12, A.2.4.2.1.

4.3.4 Characteristic stresses

4.3.5 Design values of the stress

4.4.2 Characteristic strength

(2) The cylinder compressive strength test is governed by Annex A.

a) Simplified verification, related to minimum value and mean value

— related to the minimum value:

— related to the mean value:

k the acceptance factor; k = 1.28 (10% quantile).

6) Only characteristic cylinder compressive strengths

— for jet grouting and injection/m k < 10 N/mm2

— for the deep mixing process, fm k < 12 N/mm2 should be applied.

y^ according to DIN 1054:2010-12, Table A.2.2

4.4.5 Anchorages in nozzle jet soles

4.4.6 Dimensions of solidified soil bodies

4.4.6.3 Dimensions for bodies according to the deep mixing method

4.4.6.4 Dimensions for injection bodies

4.6 Proof of load bearing capacity

i = jIv/AvRadius of Inertia (8)

4.8 Checks and controls

Performance of strength tests

Carrying out creep tests

The deformation of the specimens shall be measured at the following times:

— Immediate setting when applying the load;

— 1 min, 3 min, 8 min, 15 min, 30 min, 60 min;

— then about every 24 h.

8.2 Soil consolidation with cement

The test stress to be applied is acr = 0.5 x/mk.

Figure B.l - Requirements in the load duration creep deformation diagram

-<0.01 % at a loading time < 800 h,

0.005% for an exposure time < 168 h

- A^K < 0.02 % is observed for a loading time < 168 h.

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