COST ANALYSIS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING PROJECT

BS CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

Session (2017-2021)

Authors
Naseem Iqbal BSCTF17E034
Nasrullah BSCTF17M015
Ali Raza BSCTF17E036

Supervisor
Engr. Sikandar Zaman
Lab Engineer, CET, UOS

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF SARGODHA (UOS)
SARGODHA, PAKISTAN
COST ANALYSIS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING PROJECTS

BS CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

Session (2017-2021)

SUBMITTED BY:
Naseem Iqbal BSCTF17E034
Nasrullah BSCTF17M015
Ali Raza BSCTF17E036

________________ ________________
Engr. Sikandar Zaman Dr.Zia-ur-Rehman
Project Supervisor External Examiner

A thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of

BS CIVIL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLOGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF SARGODHA (UOS)

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 DECLARATION
We declare that this is our own work and this project/thesis does not
incorporate without acknowledgement any material previously submitted for a degree
or diploma in any other university or institute of higher learning and to the best of our
knowledge and believe it does not contain any material previously published or
written by another person except where the acknowledgement is made in the text.

Also, we hereby grant to University of Sargodha the non-exclusive right to reproduce

and distribute our thesis / dissertation, in whole or in part in print, electronic or other
medium. We retain the right to use this content in whole or part in future works (such
as articles or books).

Signature: ------------------- Date: ----------------------

The above candidate has carried out research for the Bachelor‟s thesis under
my supervision.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all thanks and appreciations to ALLAH for this unlimited blessings and for
giving us the ISLAM and the strength to complete this thesis. We would sincerely
like to thank Engr.Dr. Malik Muneeb Abid (Principal College of Engineering and
Technology) for providing us good opportunity for the research work.
We wish to express my profund gratitude to Engr. Sikander Zaman for his
continued guidance, supervision, and comments throughout the course of this project.
He has been ever-present force in helping us to mature as a students. His dedication to
helping us succeed is deeply appreciated.
Special thanks to Engr. Aqeel Ahmad for helping and advices during the project.
Our grateful thanks to all Private contractors, consultants and MES, PWD
departments who participated in filling questionnaires and provided important
information for this project.

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 Dedication
We dedicate this work to our parents who always pray for our success in every field
of our life, because they are the driving force in life and career. Without their love,
none of this would matter. We also dedicate this work to our teachers who make us
able to face different challenges and also to each group member who support us a lot
and contribute their full efforts to make this project possible.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

Contents
Abstract ............................................................................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER 01 ......................................................................................................................................... 2
1.1. INTRODUCTION:- ................................................................................................................. 2
1.2. NEED FOR ESTIMATE AND COSTING:- .......................................................................... 2
1.3 PROCEDURE OF ESTIMATING OR METHOD OF ESTIMATING ............................. 2
1.4 DATA REQUIRED TO PREPARE AN ESTIMATE ........................................................ 2
1.5 DRAWINGS ....................................................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER 02 ......................................................................................................................................... 5
LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................................... 5
2.1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 5
2.2. Definitions........................................................................................................................... 5
2.2.1. Cost and Price Concepts ................................................................................................. 5
2.2.2. Cost Engineering ............................................................................................................. 5
2.2.3. Cost Estimate .................................................................................................................. 5
2.2.4. Construction Cost............................................................................................................ 6
2.3. Purpose of Cost Estimate .................................................................................................... 6
2.4. Accuracy of Cost Estimate .................................................................................................. 7
2.5. Type of Construction Cost Estimates .................................................................................. 8
2.5.2. Preliminary estimate ....................................................................................................... 8
2.5.3. Engineers estimate .......................................................................................................... 8
2.5.4. Bid estimate .................................................................................................................... 8
2.6. Estimating Process .............................................................................................................. 8
2.6.1. Project Initiation.............................................................................................................. 8
2.6.2. Scope Definition ............................................................................................................. 8
2.6.3. Pre-Estimate Planning ..................................................................................................... 9
2.6.4. Quantity Take- Offs and Item Descriptions .................................................................... 9
2.6.5. Data Sources and Costs ................................................................................................... 9
2.6.6. Summary and Cover Sheets ............................................................................................ 9
2.6.6.2. Indirect Cost ................................................................................................................ 9
2.6.7. Documentation and Checking ........................................................................................ 9
2.6.8. Management Review....................................................................................................... 9
2.6.9. Estimate Issue and Filling ............................................................................................... 9
2.6.10. Cost Feedback Continual Improvement .......................................................................... 9
2.7. PLANNING OF THE PROJECT ..................................................................................... 10

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 2.8.1. Material Cost ................................................................................................................. 11
2.8.2. Labor Cost ..................................................................................................................... 11
2.8.3. Equipment Cost ............................................................................................................. 11
2.8.3.1. Specific use Equipment ............................................................................................. 11
2.8.3.2. General use equipment .............................................................................................. 11
2.8.4. Overheads ..................................................................................................................... 11
2.8.5. Markup .......................................................................................................................... 11
2.8.5.1. Risk allowance (Contingency) .................................................................................. 11
2.8.5.2. Profit ......................................................................................................................... 12
2.9. METHODS OF BUILDING ESTIMATE ........................................................................ 12
2.9.1. Long wall-short wall method ........................................................................................ 12
2.9.2. CENTER LINE METHOD ........................................................................................... 13
2.10. ANALYSIS OF RATES ............................................................................................... 13
2.11. METHOD OF ESTIMATING ...................................................................................... 14
2.11.1. Actual Cost.................................................................................................................... 14
2.11.2. Detailed Estimate .......................................................................................................... 14
2.11.2.1. Details of Measurements and calculation of Quantities ............................................ 14
2.11.2.2. Abstract of Estimated Cost ....................................................................................... 15
2.12. Factors to be considered while Preparing Detailed Estimate ........................................ 16
2.13. UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS ................................................................................... 16
2.14. METHODS FOR MEASUREMENT ........................................................................... 16
2.15. Data for Detailed Estimate ............................................................................................ 17
2.15.1. Drawing......................................................................................................................... 17
2.15.2. Specifications ................................................................................................................ 17
2.15.2.1. General Specifications .............................................................................................. 17
2.15.2.2. Detailed Specifications ............................................................................................. 17
2.15.3. Rates.............................................................................................................................. 18
2.16. METHODS OF PREPARATION OF APPROXIMATE ESTIMATE......................... 18
2.16.1. Plinth Area Method ....................................................................................................... 18
2.16.2. Cubical Contents Method.............................................................................................. 18
2.16.3. Unit Base Method ......................................................................................................... 18
CHAPTER.NO 03................................................................................................................................. 19
METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................................... 19
3.2. MES Schedule of Rate ...................................................................................................... 19
3.3. PWD Schedule of Rate ..................................................................................................... 19
3.4. General Market Rate ......................................................................................................... 19
3.5. Estimated items of work ................................................................................................... 20

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CHAPTER 04 ...................................................................................................................................... 21
RESULT ........................................................................................................................................... 21
4.1. Result ................................................................................................................................ 21
Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 42
CHAPTER 05 ....................................................................................................................................... 43
CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................. 43
5.1. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................. 43
5.2. Recommendation .............................................................................................................. 43
References ......................................................................................................................................... 44

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 LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 1.1 Complete Estimate................................................................................................................. 3

Figure 2.1 Accuracy of Cost Estimate .................................................................................................... 7
Figure 2.2 Classification of Construction Cost ..................................................................................... 10
,

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 LIST OF TABLE
1Table 2.1. Project Management Plan .................................................................................................... 10
2Table 2.2. Details of Measurement From: ............................................................................................ 15
3Table 2.3. Abstract of Estimate From MES AND PWD: ..................................................................... 15
4Table 2.4.Abstract of Estimate From General Market: ........................................................................ 15
5Table 4.1 Estimation by Using MES Schedule of Rates ..................................................................... 22
6Table 4.2 Estimation by Using PWD Schedule of Rates ..................................................................... 27
7Table 4.3 Estimate by Using Contractor 1 Rates ................................................................................. 36
8Table 4.4 Estimate by Using Contractor 2 Rates ................................................................................. 39
9Table 4.5 Summary............................................................................................................................... 42

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 LIST OF CHART
1 Chart 4.1. Project Amount .................................................................................................................... 42

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 Abstract
Early stage cost estimate plays a significant role in the success of any construction
project. All parties involved in the construction of a project; owners, contractors, and
consultant are in need of reliable information about the cost in the early stages of the
project, where very limited drawings and details are available during this stage.
The cost analysis was carried out taking different rates, as PWD, MES, and two
different Contractor rates.
The purpose of our study is to compare Market Rates with Schedule of Rates. It is a
general perception that most of the public sector projects suffer due to
underestimation of the cost. i.e. MES and PWD. Which load to cost escalation delay
and poor quality work.
Cost estimation is the important part of the project planning which has major
difference on the quality of the project in terms of quality of work and timely
completion. As the same has been observed in BRT, Peshawar, project of KPK
government suffered a lot of delay due to cost escalation.
Detailed estimate of a three story building was prepared by considering market as
well as schedule of item for the purpose of cost analysis.. This cost includes the cost
of materials, labors, machinery, contractors profit and other miscellaneous petty
expenses required for the particular work to be complete in every aspect.
The drawings of three story residential building included architecture and structural
drawing was used. All the details of different items quantities were taken from these
drawings. Items i.e. excavation, dry rammed, P.C.C, R.C.C foundation, brick work for
sub structure & super structure, D.P.C, plaster, ceiling, white wash, paint, flooring,
R.C.C slab, stair, lintel, parapet & balcony wall, skirting, window & door, and steel
were calculated and the cost estimate of the same was prepared accordingly. FPS,
system of units was used for measurement sheet. A general specifications page
attached with drawing was followed is the spirit while taking rates for different items.
Bar bending schedule was prepared separately for each structural component.
The cost analysis was carried out taking different rates, as PWD, MES, and four
different Contractor Rates . It was concluded that cost estimate of the building as per
market rates differed from schedule cost estimate i.e. schedule latest are 3.31% less
than market rates.

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 CHAPTER 01
1.1. INTRODUCTION:-
Before taking up any work for its execution the owner or builder should have a
thorough knowledge about the volume of work that can be complete within the limits
of his or the probable cost that may be required to complete the contemplated work.
It becomes therefore necessary to prepare the probable cost or estimate for the
intended work from its plan and specification. Otherwise, it may so happen that the
work has to be stopped before its completion due to shortage of or of materials.
Besides the above an estimate for any public construction work is asked to be
prepared and submitted beforehand, so that sanction of necessary may be obtained
from the authority concerned.
The purpose of our study is to compare Market Rates with Schedule of Rates. It is a
general perception that most of the public sector projects suffer due to
underestimation of the cost. i.e. MES and PWD. Which load to cost escalation delay
and poor quality work. The cost analysis was carried out taking different rates, as
PWD, MES, and two different Contractor rates.
Thus an estimate for any construction work may be defined as the process of
calculating the quantities and costs of the various items required in connection with
the work. To prepare an estimate, drawings consisting the plan, the elevation and the
sections through important points, along with a detailed specification giving specific
description of all workmanship, properties and proportion of material are required.
1.2. NEED FOR ESTIMATE AND COSTING:-
1. Estimate give an idea of the cost of the work and hence its feasibility can be
determined i.e. whether the project could be taken up with in the funds available
or not.
2. Estimate gives an idea of time required for the completion of the work.
3. Estimate is required to invite the tenders and quotations and to arrange contract.
4. Estimate is also required to control the expenditure during the execution of work.
5. Estimate decides whether the proposed plan matches the funds available or not.
1.3 PROCEDURE OF ESTIMATING OR METHOD OF ESTIMATING:-
Estimating involves the following operations
1. Preparing detailed Estimate.
2. Calculating the rate of each unit of work.
3. Preparing abstract of estimate.
1.4 DATA REQUIRED TO PREPARE AN ESTIMATE:-
1. Drawing i.e. plan, elevations, section etc.

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 2. Specifications
3. Rates
1.5 DRAWINGS:-
If drawing are not clear and without complete dimensions the preparation of
estimation become very difficult. So, it is very essential before preparing an estimate.
1.6 SPECIFICATIONS:-
1. General Specification: This gives the nature, quality, class and work and
materials in general terms to be used in various parts of work. It helps no form a
general idea of building.
2. Detailed Specifications: These gives the detailed description of the various items
of work laying down the quantities and qualities of materials, their proportions,
the method of preparation workmanship and execution of work.
1.7 RATES:-
For preparing the estimate the unit rates of each item of work are required.
1. For arriving at the unit rates of each item.
2. The rates of various materials to be used in the construction.
3. The cost of transport materials.
4. The wages of labor, skilled or unskilled of masons, carpenters, mazdoor. etc.
1.8 COMPLETE ESTIMATE:-
Most of people think that the estimate of a structure includes cost of land, cost of
materials and labor. But many other direct and indirect costs included and is shown
below.

Figure 1.1 Complete Estimate

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1.9 LUMPSUM:-
While preparing an estimate, it is not possible to workout in detail in case of petty
items. Items other than civil engineering such items are called lumpsum items or
simply L.S. items.
The following are some of L.S. Items in the estimate.
1. Water supply and sanitary arrangements.
2. Electrical installations like mete, motor, etc.
3. Architectural features.
4. Contingencies and unforeseen items.
In general, certain percentage on the cost of estimation is allotted for the above L.S.
Items.
Even if sub estimates prepared or at the end of execution of work, the actual cost
should not exceed the L.S. amounts provided in the main estimate.
1.10 WORK CHARGED ESTABLISHMENT:-

During the construction of a project considerable number of skilled supervisors, work

assistance, watch men etc., are employed on temporary basis. The salaries of these
persons are drawn from the L.S. amount allotted towards the work charged
establishment that is, establishment which is charged directly to work an L.S. amount
of 1.5% to 2% of the estimated cost is provided towards the work charged
establishment.

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 CHAPTER 02
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. INTRODUCTION:-
Cost estimating is an essential part of construction projects, where cost is considered
as one of the major criteria in decision making at the early stages of building design
process. The accuracy of estimation is a critical factor in the success of any
construction project, where cost overruns are a major problem, especially with current
emphasis on tight budgets. Indeed, cost overruns can lead to cancellation of a project.
In some cases, a potential overrun may result in changing a project to a design-to-cost
task.
Subsequently, the cost of construction project needs to be estimated within a specific
accuracy range, but the largest obstacles standing in front of a cost estimate,
particularly in early stage, are lack of preliminary information and larger uncertainties
as a result of engineering solutions. As such, to overcome this lack of detailed
information, cost estimation techniques are used to approximate the cost within an
acceptable accuracy range.
Cost models provide an effective alternative for conceptual estimation of construction
costs. However, development of cost models can be challenging as there are several
factors affecting on project costs. There are usually various and noisy data available
for modeling.
2.2. Definitions:-
2.2.1. Cost and Price Concepts:-
Cost as defined, as the total amount of all the resources required to perform the
activity. However, the price is the total amount paid for that activity. Mathematically,
price equals the cost plus the desired profit (Price= Cost + Profit).
2.2.2. Cost Engineering:-
Cost engineering is a field of engineering practice that engineering judgment and
experience are utilized in the application of scientific principles and techniques to
problems of estimation, cost control business planning and management science,
profitability analysis (AACE International Recommended Practice, 2010).
2.2.3. Cost Estimate:-
Association for the Advancement of Cost Engineering (AACE) International defines
the cost estimation as it provides the basis for project management, business planning,
budget preparation and cost and schedule control.
The Society of Cost Estimating and Analysis (SCEA) defined the cost estimation as
„‟the art of approximating the probable worth or cost of an activity based on
information available at the time‟‟.

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2.2.4. Construction Cost:-
The sum of all costs, direct and indirect, inherent in converting a design plan for
material and equipment into a project ready for start-up, but not necessarily in
production operation, the sum of field labor, supervision, administration, tools, field
office expense, materials, equipment, taxes, and subcontracts (AACE International,
2007).
2.3. Purpose of Cost Estimate:-
In recent decades, researchers and participants in construction industry have
recognized the potential impact of early planning to final project outcomes. Therefore,
they started to put more emphasis on early planning process, where the project
definition in the early planning process is an important factor leading to project
success.
The cost estimate becomes one of the main elements of information for decision
making at preliminary stage of construction. Thus, improved cost estimation
techniques will facilitate more effective control of time and costs in construction
project.
Actually, estimates are prepared and used for different purposes including feasibility
studies, tendering phase, avoidance misuse of funds during the project, etc. The
primary function of cost estimation is to produce an accurate and a credible cost
prediction of a construction project. However, the predicted cost depends on the
requirements of a client and upon the information and data available.
Outlined the purpose of cost estimate through the following point:-
 Provides an assessment of capital cost for a specified piece of project.
 Can help to classify and prioritize development project with respect to an overall
business plan.
 Forms the basis for planning and control by defining the scope of work and its
associated estimated cost.
 Determine what resources to commit to the project with providing mush of the
basic information (house, resources, tasks, and durations) which is needed for
preparing a schedule.
 Project can be easier to manage and control when resources are better matched to
real needs.
 Provides the financial input required to prepare a cash flow curve.
 Customers expect actual development costs to be in line with estimated costs.
 Is a catalyst for discussion, idea generation, team participation, clarity and buy in,
it ties together much of the relevant project information within a simple
document.
 Can be used to assess the impact of changes and support re-planning.

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2.4. Accuracy of Cost Estimate:-
The word “accuracy” has two definitions as defined in Webster‟s College Dictionary
(1999) as:
1. The condition or quality of being true, correct or exact, precision, exactness.
2. The extent to which a given measurement agrees with the standard value for that
measurement.
(Abdal-hadi, 2010) defined the accuracy as the degree to which a measurement or
calculation varies to its actual value. So, estimate accuracy is an indication of the
degree to which the final cost outcome of a project may vary from the single point
value used as the estimate cost for the project.
In general, the accuracy of any estimates depends on the amount of information
available at the time of the estimate. The range of accuracy increases as the quantity
and quality of information increase through the life of a project. This infers that
estimate accuracy is a function of available information. Good estimating practice and
experienced personnel are also fund to have considerable impact on estimate
accuracy.
The CII‟s (1998) study highlights the major factors influencing on estimate accuracy:
 Quality and amount of information available for preparing the estimate.
 Time allocated to prepare the estimate.
 Proficiency of the estimator and the estimating team.
 Tools and technique used in preparing the estimate.
According to earlier concepts, the relationship between the accuracy of estimate and
time phases of project can be expressed by the figure, which presents the percentage
of estimated error during the project phases. As shown, the more advanced time in the
project, the less estimated error of project cost. Moreover, the positive error curve is
not similar to negative error curve because the opportunity of increasing the project
budget more than expected, is greater than decreasing. This is because in common, the
probability of increasing the prices as materials, labors, etc. of a project is more than
decreasing.

Figure 2.1 Accuracy of Cost Estimate

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2.5. Type of Construction Cost Estimates:-
The type of estimate is a classification that is used to describe one of several estimate
functions. However, there are different types of estimates which vary according to
several factors including the purpose of estimates, available quantity and quality of
information, range of accuracy desired in the estimate, calculation techniques used to
prepare the estimate, time allotted to produce the estimate, phase of project, and
perspective of estimate preparer.
Generally, the main common types of cost estimate.
2.5.1. Conceptual estimate:-
A rough approximation of cost within a reasonable range of values, prepared for
information purposes only, and it precedes design drawings. The accuracy range of
this stage is -50% to +100%.
2.5.2. Preliminary estimate:-
An approximation based on well defined cost data and established ground rules,
prepared for allowing the owner a pause to review design before details. The accuracy
range in the stage is -30% to +50%.
2.5.3. Engineers estimate:-
Based on detailed design where all drawings are ready, prepared to ensure design is
within financial resources and it assists in bids evaluating. The accuracy in this stage
is -15% to +30%.
2.5.4. Bid estimate:-
Which done by contractor during tendering phase to price the contract. The accuracy
in this stage is -5% to +15%.
2.6. Estimating Process:-
Process is a series of steps or actions that produces a result. However, estimating is
one of many steps in the project management process, yet it is a process into itself,
2.6.1. Project Initiation:-
The purpose of project initiation is to set a definition for overall parameters of a
project where the key of project success is beginning with a project definition.
2.6.2. Scope Definition:-
The purpose of definition the scope is to make an overview of the project by
providing design basis, detailed scope of work, work breakdown structures,
categorical breakdowns, code of accounts, and formatting required by end users.

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2.6.3. Pre-Estimate Planning:-
It reduces the total effort that can be spent to develop the estimate, it also provides
associated information to other project participants.
2.6.4. Quantity Take- Offs and Item Descriptions:-
Estimate items must be listed and quantity take- offs start with estimate detail sheets
for all work items in the project .
2.6.5. Data Sources and Costs:-
There are numerous sources that data can be obtained as quotes, histories or
commercially available data sources, or old estimates in the estimating files.
2.6.6. Summary and Cover Sheets:-
The main purpose of the summary sheet is to state the total estimated cost for the
indirect costs.
2.6.6.1.Direct Cost:-
Mainly the materials, labor, plant, and subcontractor costs involved in executing the
works.
2.6.6.2.Indirect Cost:-
Indirect cost are costs other than direct costs of construction activities, and they are
not physically traceable.
2.6.7. Documentation and Checking:-
Documentation and checking is essential for verifying that calculations are valid.
2.6.8. Management Review:-
Management plays a key role in reviewing the estimate because they are usually
responsible for oversight of estimate preparation and they typically have the insight
and experience to know “what could go wrong”.
2.6.9. Estimate Issue and Filling:-
The estimate numbering systems need to be well thought out to be easy for retrieval
and comfortable for users.
2.6.10. Cost Feedback Continual Improvement:-
This is step is very important to develop the accuracy of the estimating data, estimator
performance, and project histories.

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2.7. PLANNING OF THE PROJECT:-
The planning consists of those processes performed to establish the total scope, define
and refine the objectives, and develop the course of action required to attain those
objectives. The planning processes develop the project management plan and the
project documents that will be used to carry out the project.
The project management plan defines how the project is executed, monitored and
controlled, and closed. All the inputs for the development of project plan are
mentioned above. And the same tool and technique is used for this process and it is
expert judgement mentioned in the initiation phase.
1 Table 2.1. Project Management Plan
Total Duration 1 year

Start 1st Oct

End 31 Sep

Initiation 1st Oct – 31 Oct (1 month)

Planning 1st Nov – 31 Dec (2 month)

Execution 1st Jan – 25 Aug

Monitoring and Control M&C for whole execution

Closing 1st Sep – 31 Sep (1 month)

2.8. Classification of Construction Costs:-

Construction cost can be classified into five types, which constitute the total cost of
the project, they can be classified as follows: material cost, labor cost, equipment cost,
overheads, and markup.

3 Figure 2.2 Classification of Construction Cost

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2.8.1. Material Cost:-
The cost of material includes not only the direct cost of the material items, but also
any other cost that may be obtained except labor or equipment for installation.
Additional items of cost to be considered are; transportation, sales taxes and freight
cost, delivery, storage, sales and other taxes and losses.
2.8.2. Labor Cost:-
The labor cost component in a building project often ranges from 30% to 50%, and
can be as high as 60% of the overall project cost. It consists of direct and indirect
labor cost which vary depending on the extent of their relationship to the project.
2.8.3. Equipment Cost:-
Equipment‟s can be classified as specific use or general use as following:
2.8.3.1.Specific use Equipment:-
This equipment is only for specific construction operations and it is removed from the
jobsite soon after the task is completed.
2.8.3.2.General use equipment:-
General use equipment has shared utilization by all subcontractors on the construction
site and it is not associated with any particular work item or items.
2.8.4. Overheads:-
Overheads cost are construction costs of any kind that cannot be attributed to any
specific item of work. It general, overheads are a significant item of expense and will
general run from (5% to 15%) of the total project cost depending somewhat on where
certain project cost are included in the cost estimate.
2.8.5. Markup:-
In construction industry, markup is define as the amount added to the estimated direct
cost and estimated job into overhead cost to recover the firm‟s main office allocated
overhead and desired profit. In general, markup can be classified into two main
categories as:
2.8.5.1. Risk allowance (Contingency):-
Contingency is the amount of money added to an estimate to cover unforeseen needs
of the project, construction difficulties, or estimating accuracy. In addition, he quoted
the main items that make many chief estimators or contractor to executives add a
contingency to the estimate to cover one or possibly more of the following:
 Unpredictable price escalation for materials, labor, and installed equipment for
projects with an estimated duration greater than 12 months.
 Project complexity.
 Incomplete working drawings at the time detail estimate is performed.

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  Incomplete design in the fast-track or design-build contracting approach.
 Soft spots in the detail estimate due to possible estimating errors, to balance an
estimate that is biased low.
 Abnormal construction methods and startup requirements.
 Estimator personal concern regarding project, unusual construction risk, and
difficulties to build.
 Unforeseen safety and environmental requirements.
Accordingly, contingency is not a potential profit and it should not be treated as an
allowance. It includes risk and uncertainty but explicitly excludes changes in the
project scope.
2.8.5.2.Profit:-
The amount of profit is generally computed as a percentage of the contract or in some
cases, as a percentage of each item in the contract. Generally, the magnitude of
desired profit must be decided by the owner for each individual bid, depending on
local market condition, competition and the contractor‟s need for new work.
2.9. METHODS OF BUILDING ESTIMATE:-
The dimensions, length, breadth and height or depth are to be taken out from the
drawing plan, elevation and section. From the study of the drawings, the building is to
be imagined and pictured in the mind and the dimensions are to be taken out correctly.
There is no hard and fast rule for finding out dimensions from the drawing but the
dimensions are to be taken put accurately. Junctions of wall at the corners and at the
meeting points of walls require special attention.
For symmetrical foundation which is the usual case, earthwork in excavation
in foundation, foundation concrete, brick work in foundation and plinth, and
brickwork in super structure may be estimated by either of the following two
methods.
a) Long wall – short wall method
b) Centre line method
2.9.1. Long wall-short wall method:-
In this method, measure or find out the external length of walls running in the
longitudinal direction generally the long walls out-to-out, and the internal length of
walls running in the transverse direction short walls in-to-in, and calculate quantities
multiplying the length by the breadth and the height of wall. The same rule applies to
the excavation in foundation, to concrete in foundation and to masonry. Care should
be taken to note the difference in dimensions at different height due to offset, or
footings. It is convenient to imagine plans at different level of heights as foundation
trench plan, foundation concrete plans of each footing, etc. and dealing each plan or
part separately.

12
 The simple method is to take the long walls and short walls separately and to find out
the center to center length of long walls and short walls from the plan. For
symmetrical footing on either sides, the center line remains same for super structure
and for foundation and plinth.
2.9.2. CENTER LINE METHOD:-
In this method known as center line method sum-total length of center lines of walls,
long and short, has to be fund out. Find the total length of center lines of walls, of
same type, long and short having same type of foundations and footings and then find
the quantities by multiplying the total center length by the respective breadth and the
height. In this method, the length will remain same for excavation in foundation, for
concrete in foundation, for all footings and for super structure. This method is quick
but requires special attention and consideration at the junctions, meeting points of
partition or cross walls, etc.
2.10. ANALYSIS OF RATES:-
The determination of rate per unit of a particular item of work, from the cost of
quantities of materials, the cost of laborer‟s and other miscellaneous petty expenses
require for its completion is known as the analysis of rate. A reasonable profit, usually
10% for the contractor is also included in the analysis of rate. Rates of materials are
usually taken as the rates delivered at the site of work and include the first cost, cost
of transport, railway freight if any, taxes, etc. If the materials are to be carried from a
distant place, more then 8 km (5 mile), then cost of transport is also added. The rates
of materials and labor vary from place to place and therefore, the rates of different
items of work also vary from place to place.
For the purpose of analysis, the details about all the operations involved in carrying
out the work should be available, the quantities of materials required and their costs
should be known and the number of different categories of laborer‟s required and the
capacity of doing work per laborer and their wages per day should be known. These
can be known only from experience of practical works.
The rates of a particular item of work depends on the following:-
1. Specifications of works and materials quantity of materials, proportion of mortar
method of constructional operation, etc.
2. Quantities of materials and their rates, number of different types of laborer and
their rates.
3. Location of the site of work and its distances from the sources of materials and
the rate of transport, availability of water.
4. Profits and miscellaneous and overhead expenses of contractor.
The contractor may be allowed a net profit of 6% to 8% and the miscellaneous
overhead expenses may come to about 5% to 10%. For overhead expenses and
contractor‟s profit 15% of the actual cost may be reasonable amount but it is usual
practice to add 10% for all these under the head profit. For small works overhead cost
may be vary little.
13
 The analysis of rate is usually worked out for the unit of payment of the particular
item of work under two head.
1. Materials
2. Labor
Their costs added together give the cost of the items of work. The cost of materials
are taken as delivered at site inclusive of the transport, local taxes and other charges.
For tools and plants and miscellaneous petty items which cannot be accounted in
details lump-sum provision is made. A provision for water charges @ 1½% of the
total cost is made in the rate. Adding 10% to his cost as Contractor‟s Profit, the rate
per unit of the item of work is obtained. If transport of materials is to be done from a
distant place more then 8 km (5 mile) analysis of transport work may be done
separately. If cement and steel are supplied by the department and the contractor is
not to invest any money on these, 10% profit is not allowed on cement and steel. The
cost of carriage of cement and steel from the go down to the site of work should be
allowed to the contractor. But if cement and steel are to be arranged by the contractor
the 10% should be added as profit on these materials also. 10% profit may be added
over the whole cost of labor and materials including cement and steel, if it is not
specified that these will be supplied departmentally.
2.11. METHOD OF ESTIMATING:-
2.11.1. Actual Cost:-
The actual cost of a work is known at the completion of the work. Account of
all expenditure is maintained day-to-day during the execution of work in the account
section and at the end of the completion of the work when the account is completed,
the actual cost is known. The actual cost should not differ much from the estimated
cost worked out at the beginning.
2.11.2. Detailed Estimate:-
Preparation of detailed estimate consists of working out the quantities of
different items of work and then working out the cost i.e. the estimate is prepared in
two stages-
2.11.2.1. Details of Measurements and calculation of Quantities:-
The whole work is divided into different items of work as earthwork, concrete,
brickwork, etc. and the items are classified and grouped under different sub-heads,
and details of measurement of each item of work are taken out and quantities under
each item are computed in prescribed from---

14
2Table 2.2. Details of Measurement From:
SR. Descrip No Length ft Width ft Hight/depth Quantity No‟s of Total
NO tion ft ft3 Portion Quantity

2.11.2.2. Abstract of Estimated Cost:-

The cost under item of work is calculated from the quantities already computed at
workable rate, and the total cost is worked out in a prescribed from, Abstract of
Estimate From. A percentage of 3% to 5% is added for contingencies, to allow for
petty contingent expenditures, unforeseen expenditures, changes in design, changes in
rates, etc. which may occur during the execution of the work. A percentage of 1½% to
2% is also added to meet the expenditure of work charged establishment. The grand
total thus obtained is the estimated cost of the work.
3 Table 2.3. Abstract of Estimate From MES AND PWD:
SR.NO SI-NO DESCRIPTION QUANTITY PER UNIT RATE AMOUNT

4 Table 2.4.Abstract of Estimate From General Market:

SR.NO DESCRIPTION QUANTITY PER UNIT RATE AMOUNT

The detailed estimate should be accompanied with:

i. Report
ii. Specification
iii. Drawings (plans, elevation, sections)
iv. Design charts and calculations

15
 v. Standard schedule of rate
2.12. Factors to be considered while Preparing Detailed Estimate:-

 Quantity and transportation of materials:-

For bigger project, the requirement of materials is more, such bulk volume of
materials will be purchased and transported definitely at cheaper rate.
 Location of site:-
The site of work is selected, such that it should reduce damage or in transit during
loading, stocking of materials.
 Local labor charges:-
The skill, suitability and wages of local labors are considered while preparing the
detailed estimate.
2.13. UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS:-
The units of measurements are mainly categorized for their nature, shape and
size and for making payments to the contractor and also. The principle of units of
measures normally consists the following:
i. Single units work like doors, windows, etc. are expressed in numbers.
ii. Works consists linear measurements involve length like cornice, fencing,
skirting, hand rail, bands of specified width etc. are expressed in running meters
(RM).
iii. Works consists areal surface measurements involve area like plastering, white
washing, painting, partitions of specified thickness etc. are expressed in square
meters (m2).
iv. Works consists cubical contents which involve volume like earthwork, cement
concrete, masonry, etc. are expressed in Cubic meters.

2.14. METHODS FOR MEASUREMENT:-

The rule for measurement of each item are invariably described in SI-1200. However
some of the general rules are listed below.
i. Measurement shall be made for finished item of work and description of each
item shall include materials, transport, labor, fabrication tools and plant and all
types of overheads for finishing the work in required shape, size and
specification.
ii. In booking, the order shall be in sequence of length, breadth and height or
thickness.
iii. All works shall be measured subject to the following tolerances.

16
  Linear measurement shall be measured to be nearest 0.01m.
 Areas shall be measured to the nearest 0.01 sqm.
 Cubic contents shall be worked out to the nearest 0.01cum.

iv. Same type of work under different conditions and nature shall be measured
separately under separate items.
v. The bill of quantities shall fully describe the materials, proportions,
workmanships and accurately represent the work to be executed.
vi. In case of masonry (stone or brick) or structural concrete, the categories shall be
measured separately and the heights shall be described.

 From Foundation to Plinth level.

 From Plinth level to First Floor level.
 From First floor to Second floor level and so on.
2.15. Data for Detailed Estimate:-
The process of working out the cost or rate per unit of each item is called as
Data. In preparation of Data, the rates of materials and labor are obtained from current
standard scheduled of rates and while the quantities of materials and labor required
for one unit of item are taken from Standard Data Book (S.D.B).
2.15.1. Drawing:-
Plan, sectional elevations, and detailed drawings to scale, fully dimensioned are
required. The plan, elevation and sectional elevations are usually drawn to a scale of
1cm = 1m (1inch = 8feet), and detailed drawings are prepared to scales of 1cm=10cm
to 1cm = 29cm (1inch=1feet to 1inch=2feet).
2.15.2. Specifications:-
2.15.2.1. General Specifications:-
These give the nature, quality and class of work and materials, in general terms, to be
used in the various parts of the work. General specifications help to from a general
idea of the whole building or structure and are useful in preparing the detailed
estimate.
2.15.2.2. Detailed Specifications:-
These give the detailed description of the various items of work laying down the
quantities and qualities of materials, their proportions, the method of preparation,
workmanship and execution of work. Detailed specification describe every item of
work separately, in detail and are helpful for the execution of the different items of
work.

17
2.15.3. Rates:-
The rates per unit of various items of work, the rates of various materials to be used in
the construction, and the wages of different categories of labor, skilled or unskilled as
mason, carpenter, mazdoor, bhishti, etc. available for preparing estimate. The location
of the work and its distance from the source of materials and the cost of transport
should be known. These rates obtained from PWD Schedule of rates, MES Schedule
of rates and General Market.
2.16. METHODS OF PREPARATION OF APPROXIMATE ESTIMATE:-
Preliminary or approximate estimate is required for studies of various aspects
of work of project and for its administrative approval. It can decide, in case of
commercial projects whether the net income earned justifies the amount invested or
not. The approximate estimate is prepared from the practical knowledge and cost of
similar works. The estimate is accompanied by a report duly explaining necessity and
utility of the project and with a site or layout plan. A percentage 5% to 10% is
allowed for contingencies. The following are the methods used for preparation of
approximate estimate.
2.16.1. Plinth Area Method:-
The cost of construction is determined by multiplying plinth area with plinth area rate.
The area is obtained by multiplying length and breadth (outer dimensions of
building). In fixing the plinth area rate, careful observation and necessary enquiries
are made in respect of quality and quantity aspect of materials and labor, type of
foundation, height of building, roof, wood, work, fixtures, number of story‟s etc.
2.16.2. Cubical Contents Method:-
This method is generally used for multistoried buildings. It is more accurate that the
other two methods viz, plinth area method and unit base method. The cost of a
structure is calculated approximately as the total cubical contents (volume of
buildings) multiplied by Local Cubic Rate. The length and breadth are measured out
to out of walls excluding the off set.
The cost of string course, cornice, car belling etc. is neglected.
The cost of building = volume of buildings x rate / unit volume.
2.16.3. Unit Base Method:-
According to this method the cost of structure is determined by multiplying the total
number of units with unit rate of each item. In case schools and colleges, the unit
considered to be as one student and in case of expenditure incurred or cost of similar
building in the nearby locality by number of units.

18
 CHAPTER.NO 03
METHODOLOGY
3.1. INTRODUCTION:-
This chapter discusses the methodology used in this research. The adopted
methodology to accomplish this study used historical data analysis as the base of
providing a relation between the main factors affecting the cost of the building
projects to make estimates for new projects.
Detailed estimate of a three story building was prepared by considering market as
well as schedule of item for the purpose of cost analysis.. This cost includes the cost
of materials, labors, machinery, contractors profit and other miscellaneous petty
expenses required for the particular work to be complete in every aspect. The
drawings of three story residential building included architecture and structural
drawing was used. All the details of different items quantities were taken from these
drawings. Items i.e. excavation, dry rammed, P.C.C, R.C.C foundation, brick work for
sub structure & super structure, D.P.C, plaster, ceiling, white wash, paint, flooring,
R.C.C slab, stair, lintel, parapet & balcony wall, skirting, window & door, and steel
were calculated and the cost estimate of the same was prepared accordingly. FPS,
system of units was used for measurement sheet. A general specifications page
attached with drawing was followed is the spirit while taking rates for different items.
Bar bending schedule was prepared separately for each structural component.
To prepare an estimate, drawings consisting the plan, the elevation and the sections
through important points, along with a detailed specification giving specific
description of all workmanship, properties and proportion of material are required.
The dimensions, length, breadth and height or depth are to be taken out from the
drawing plan, elevation and section.

3.2. MES Schedule of Rate:- :-

An estimate was prepared according to the MES (Military Engineer Services) rate.
This rate is based on the MES Schedule of Rate, that MES uses in most general
projects and also uses the 4% rolling percentage to each item because of MES
Schedule of Rate based on 2014.

3.3. PWD Schedule of Rate:-

An estimate was prepared according to the PWD (Public Work Department) rate. This
rate is based on the PWD Schedule of Rate, that PWD uses in most general projects
and also uses the 35% premium percentage to each item because of PWD Schedule of
Rate based on 2012.

3.4. General Market Rate:-

Rates from two Private Contractor whose company‟s name are Empire Engineering
Association from Sargodha and second AM Builders from Hafizabad. According to
these rate, an cost estimate were also prepared to. Get general rates that do not fit any

19
 of the Schedule of Rate and which they commonly uses. An was received a separate
for each item rate.

3.5. Estimated items of work:-

An was used items to calculate quantity for following:
 Excavation (cum or cft)
 Dry Rammed (cum or cft)
 P.C.C (cum or cft)
 R.C.C for foundation (cum or cft)
 Brick work for sub and super structure, Mumty (cum or cft)
 D.P.C (sqm or sqft)
 Plaster (sqm or sqft)
 Ceiling for roof (sqm or sqft)
 White-wash (sqm or sqft)
 Paint (sqm or sqft)
 Flooring (cum or cft)
 R.C.C slabs, lintels, stairs, parapet & balcony walls (cum or cft)
 Skirting (Rm or Rft)
 Door‟s & Window‟s (sqm or sqft)
 Steel (kg)

20
 CHAPTER 04
RESULT
4.1. Result:-
The cost analysis was carried out taking different rates, as PWD, MES, and two
different Contractor rates.
 Cost estimate of the project as per MES Schedule in Rupees 17.9 M.
 Cost estimate of the project as per PWD Schedule in Rupees 18.3 M.
 Cost estimate of the project as per Contractor 1 in Rupees 18.8 M.
 Cost estimate of the project as per Contractor 2 in Rupees 18.6 M.

21
5 TABLE 4.1 ESTIMATION BY USING MES SCHEDULE OF RATES

BILL OF QUANTITY SHEET

SR.NO SI-NO DESCRIPTION QUANTITY PER UNIT RATE AMOUNT(RS)
Excavation over
areas as in hard
1 1.07 364.56 Cum 299.66 109244.0496
soil upto 1.5m
depth, in foundation
Compaction /
2 1.23 Ramming Earth in 59.79 Cum 41.69 2492.6451
150mm layers
Providing and
laying of P.C.C
1:4:8, using
3 3.8 20.93 Cum 5173.94 108290.5642
crushed or broken
stone graded as
specified
Providing and
laying of RCC
4 3.18 Type 'B' using 47.8 Cum 7350.07 351333.346
crushed or broken
stone in foundation,
Burnt brick work in
wall 115mm thick,
laid and jointed in
CM 1:6, straight or
5 4.27 94.26 Cum 9491.08 894629.2008
to curve with inner
radius of 6m and
over, upto 4.25m
depth
50mm thick P.C.c
1:2:4 using 3mm
aggregate and
finished smooth
with steel float,
covered with two
6 4.102 78.7 Sqm 658.83 51849.921
coats, each of hot
bitumen 0.75 kg
per sqm and
blinded with 0.012
cum of sand per
sqm.
Brick work in Super
structure
Burnt brick work in wall
7 115mm thick, laid and
jointed in CM 1:6,
4.07 straight or to curve with
138.52 Cum 9642.36 1335659.707
inner radius of 6m and
over, upto G.F roof level

22
 Burnt brick work in
wall 115mm thick,
laid and jointed in
CM 1:6, straight or
4.12 138.52 Cum 9851.72 1364660.254
to curve with inner
radius of 6m and
over, upto 1st floor
roof level
Burnt brick work in
wall 115mm thick,
laid and jointed in
CM 1:4, straight or
4.17 138.52 Cum 10315.91 1428959.853
to curve with inner
radius of 6m and
over, upto 2nd floor
roof level
Ceiling Cement
Plaster 1:4, finished
as specified.
8 13.5 Ground floor 259.07 Sqm 219.01 56738.9207
13.5 1st floor 259.07 Sqm 219.01 56738.9207
13.5 2nd floor 259.07 Sqm 219.01 56738.9207
Plaster 13mm thick
Cement Plaster
1:6, finished as
9 specified.
13.7 Ground floor 1042.17 Sqm 200.27 208715.3859
13.7 1st floor 1042.17 Sqm 200.27 208715.3859
13.7 2nd floor 1042.17 Sqm 200.27 208715.3859
Whitewash
White or Colour
washing on new /
15.4 3903.73 Sqm 12.17 47508.3941
old surface, 1st
coats.
White or Colour
10 washing on new /
15.5 3903.73 Sqm 9.27 36187.5771
old surface, 2nd
coats.
White or Colour
washing on new /
15.5 3903.73 Sqm 9.27 36187.5771
old surface, 3rd or
subsequent coats.
Paint
1st Coat of painting
to new or old work
such as doors of
15.44 any type and 206.32 Sqm 107.37 22152.5784
11 description with
synthetic enamel
paint.
2nd and
15.45 subsequent Coat of 206.32 Sqm 83.86 17301.9952
painting to new or

23
 old work such as
doors of any type
and description
with synthetic
enamel paint.
Flooring
Earth filling as in
1.15 hard soil, filling in 164.31 Cum 160.33 26343.8223
foundation
Providing and
laying CC 1:4:8,
3.08 laid under floor 269.67 Sqm 5173.94 1395256.4
using crushed or
broken stone
Providing and
laying CC 1:2:4,
3.1 laid under floor 269.67 Sqm 6827.47 1841163.835
using graded bejri
2''
Providing and
12 laying, white / light
colour / glazed /
non skid tiles, not
ext 225sq cm area
each, on walls and
floors, set in neat
cement and joints
grouted with White/
Coloured cement,
complete, all as
specified, Pak
made.
12.48 Ground floor 269.67 Sqm 1598.99 431199.6333
12.48 1st floor 269.67 Sqm 1598.99 431199.6333
12.48 2nd floor 269.67 Sqm 1598.99 431199.6333
Providing and
laying RCC Type
'B' using crushed or
broken stone in
stairs as specified.
13 Reinforcement
measured and paid
separately.
3.24 Ground floor 1.77 Cum 10459.74 18513.7398
3.24 1st floor 1.77 Cum 10459.74 18513.7398
3.24 2nd floor 1.77 Cum 10459.74 18513.7398
Providing and
laying RCC Type
'B' using crushed or
14 broken stone in
roof slabs as
specified.
Reinforcement

24
 measured and paid
separately.

3.21 Ground Floor 55.56 Cum 9863.78 548031.6168

3.21 1st Floor 55.56 Cum 9863.78 548031.6168
3.21 2nd Floor 55.56 Cum 9863.78 548031.6168
Providing and
laying RCC Type
'B' using crushed or
broken stone in
lintels, beams as
specified.
15 Reinforcement
measured and paid
separately.
3.24 Ground Floor 4.51 Cum 10459.74 47173.4274
3.24 1st Floor 4.51 Cum 10459.74 47173.4274
3.24 2nd Floor 4.51 Cum 10459.74 47173.4274
Providing and
laying of cc Type
'B' using crushed or
broken stone as
specified in walls,
parapit and balcony
wall, sills, copings
etc incl formwork
16 and fair faces to
exposed surfaces.
Ground floor
3.15 5.34 Cum 8295.05 44295.567
balcony wall
1st floor balcony
3.15 5.34 Cum 8295.05 44295.567
wall
2nd floor parapit
3.15 5.34 Cum 8295.05 44295.567
wall
3.15 Mumty parapit wall 2.37 Cum 8295.05 19659.2685
Providing and
laying 13mm thick
stonolithic skirting,
75mm high and
tucking in top edge
or fair upper edge,
17 where walls are
plastered incl
cutting and rubbing
12.32 Ground Floor 236.36 rm 23.86 5639.5496
12.32 1st Floor 236.36 rm 23.86 5639.5496
12.32 2nd Floor 236.36 rm 23.86 5639.5496
Mumty
4.17 Brick work (1:6) 11.5 Cum 10315.91 118632.965
18
Plaster 13mm thick
13.7 Cement Plaster 100.65 Sqm 200.27 20157.1755

25
 1:6, finished as
specified.
White wash
15.4 1st Coat 100.65 Sqm 12.17 1224.9105
15.5 2nd Coat 100.65 Sqm 9.27 933.0255
15.6 3rd Coat 100.65 Sqm 9.27 933.0255
Ceiling Cement
13.5 Plaster 1:4, finished 14.94 Sqm 219.01 3272.0094
as specified.
3.21 R.C.C Slab 3.53 Cum 9863.78 34819.1434
Door's & Window's
Supply and fix, 1st
Class Soft wood
framed and
panelled doors,
gate etc, incl
7.95 121 Sqm 9566.67 1157567.07
hanging chowkats,
hold fats, and iron
mongery as
described, 32mm
thick.
19 Supply and fix, 1st
class Soft wood,
glazed, CSWs, with
moulded or
chanfered bars,
panels filled in with
7.22 85.32 Sqm 10701.58 913058.8056
glass incl
chowkats, holdfasts
and hung with
pivots incl mongery
as described,
32mm thick.
Supply and fix, bars
round, using
deformed bars
Grade-40 incl
20 9.54 16203.42 Kg 112.58 1824181.024
cutting, bending,
binding and placing
reinforcement in
position.

Total 17244583.66
Rolling Persontage 0.04 689783.3466
Total Amount 17.9 M

26
6 TABLE 4.2 ESTIMATION BY USING PWD SCHEDULE OF RATES

BILL OF QUANTITY SHEET

Sr. No# S-I (PWD) Description of work Quantity Unit Rate Amount(Rs)
Excavation for foundation
trenches and drains in all
linds of soil (except
gravelly and murum soil,
wet oil, clay or mud
conglomeration of gravel
and boulders, soft, sandy
or disintegrated sandy
and hard rock) and back
filling the excavated
material in foundation,
plinth or under floor
1 including breaking clods,
watering, consolidation,
by ramming in layers not
exceeding 9 inches (229
mm) in depth to full
compaction, dressing
and disposal of surplus
excavated stuff as
directed, lead up to one
chain (30.5 R.m) and lift
upto 5 feet (1.52m).
103-01 12876.27 Cft 5.35 68888.0445
Dry Rammad
2
103-01 2111.84 Cft 5.35 11298.344
Providing and laying
1:4:8 (1 cement 4 sand 8
coarse aggregate)
cement concrete using
graded stone ballast 2
3 inches (51 mm) and
down gauge in
foundation including
leveling, compacting and
curing etc. complete.
105-(13+23) 739.17 Cft 115.59 85440.6603
Providing and laying
reinforced cement
concrete using crushed
graded boulders
3/4inch(19 mm)and down
4 guage having minimum
work cube crushing
strength 3000 lbs per sq
inch (20.69 N/mm) at 28
days with a mix not

27
 leaner than 1:2:4 in
Column footing of
required shape i/c form
work and its removal
compacting and curring
etc. complete but
excluding the cost of
reinforcement in
foundation basement and
plinth.
114-(001+136) 1688.2 Cft 175.14 295671.348
Providing and laying first
class solid burnt brick
masonry set in cement
mortar 1:6in straight or
curved walls 9” to 13-1/2
inches (228 mm to 343
mm) thick including
scaffolding, raking out
joints and curing etc.
5 complete in foundation,
basement and plinth
(foundation and
basement masonry upto
5 feet (1.52 Ru.m) depth
and plinth upto 4feet (1.2
Ru.m) height from ground
level).
112-02 3329.42 Cft 208.24 693318.4208
Providing and laying 2
inches (51mm) thick
damp proof course with
cement concrete 1:2:4
cast in situ using graded
screened bajri of 3/4 inch
(19mm) and down gauge
including compacting,
cuting, form work and its
removal etc. complete
6 with applying a coat of
hot bitumen (mixphalt
80/100 or equivalent)
using 35 Lbs. per
hundred square feet
(1.71kg/sm) on demp
proof course after
complete drying and
cleaning the surface.
108-9 846.86 Sft 42.99 36406.5114
Providing and laying first
class solid burnt brick
7 masonry set in Cement
Morter 1:6 in straight are

28
 curved walls 9" to 13.5"
thick including
scaffolding, raking out
joints and curing etc
complete in ground super
structure.
112-25 Ground Floor 4892.44 Cft 219.05 1071688.982
112-(25+70) 1st Floor 4892.44 Cft 229.27 1121689.719
2nd Floor 4892.44 Cft 239.48 1171641.531
1/4'' thick cement plaster
1:4 using sand on soffits
of ceiling cantilever slabs
sides and sofftis of
beams etc. in basement
mezzanine and ground
8 floor including making
edgas corners and curing
etc. complete.
122-04 Ground Floor 2787.58 Sft 19.13 53326.4054
122-87 1st Floor 2787.58 Sft 20.67 57619.2786
122-90 2nd Floor 2787.58 Sft 21.97 61243.1326
1/2'' thick cement plaster
1:4 using sand on walls
and columns etc. in
ground floor including
9 making edgas corners
and curind etc. complete.
122-(04+06) Ground Floor 11213.8 Sft 17.31 194110.878
122-87 1st Floor 11213.8 Sft 18.85 211380.13
122-90 2nd Floor 11213.8 Sft 20.15 225958.07
Distempering with vinyle
distemper (ICI) Dulux
Paintex of approved
make and shade in two
coats over and including
the coat of one priming
coat of lime wash
10 including sand papering,
dusting, and filling the
holes, cracks and
inequalities, if any, at any
height in any floor.
122-151 1st coat 42004.13 Sft 10.54 442723.5302
122-151 2nd coat 42004.13 Sft 10.54 442723.5302
122-151 3rd coat 42004.13 Sft 10.54 442723.5302
Painting wood work with
synthetic enamel paint of
approved make and
11 shade two coats over
and including the cost of
one priming coat
complete at any height in

29
 any floor.
122-160 1st coat 2220 Sft 25.85 57387
122-160 2nd coat 2220 Sft 25.85 57387
Floorimg
Supplying earth from
approved outside
sources within a radius of
5 miles (8km) including
digging, loading and
unloading and filling in
foundayion trenches,
plinth or under floor, etc.
including breaking clods,
dressing, watering and
consolidation by ramming
in layers not exceeding 9
inches (229mm) in depth
to full compaction
complete within a ; lead
of one chain (30.5 R.m
)and lift of 5 feet (1.52m).
104-08 5803.4 Cft 18.14 105273.676
Providing and laying
1:4:8 cement concrete
bed under floor using
graded stone ballast 4
inches (51mm) and down
gauge with leveling and
12 ramming, watering and
curing etc. complete.
117-02 2901.7 Cft 103.16 299339.372
Proving and laying floors
of 3 inches (76mm) thick
1:2:4 cement concrete
using graded screened
bajri 3/4 inch (19mm) and
down gauge in ground
floor laid in panels
including form work,
consolidation, finishing
and curing etc. complete.
117-07 2901.7 Sft 30.53 88588.901
Providing and laying floor
of 3/4 inch (19 mm) thick
white marble tiles upto 36
Sq. inch (232 sq.cm) size
fine dressed on the
surface without windings
in ground fioor and laid
over 1 inch (25 mm) thick
lime mortar 1:4 (one
cement, two sand) setting
the tiles with grey cement

30
 slurry over cement
mortar, jointing &
washing the tiles with
white cement slurry
including curing, rubbing
and polishing etc.
complete, including the
cost of mortar.
117-(32+57) Ground Floor 2901.7 Sft 163 472977.1
117-60 1st Floor 2901.7 Sft 164.95 478635.415
117-61 2nd Floor 2901.7 Sft 166.27 482465.659
Providing and laying
reinforced cement
concrete using crushed
graded boulders
3/4inch(19 mm)and down
guage having minimum
work cube crushing
strength 3000 lbs per sq
inch (120.69 N/mm) at 28
days with a mix not
leaner than 1:2:4, Using
in straight balustrade of
stair or balcony railing,
sun breakers, parapet,
13 hanging pardi, eave
board etc. (all without
apertures) 2 inches
(50mm) to 3 inches
(76mm) thick including
form work and its
removal, compacting and
curing etc. complete but
excluding the cost of
reinforcement, in
basement plinth and
ground floor.
114-(45+136) Ground Floor 62.38 Cft 337.43 21048.8834
114-92 1st Floor 62.38 Cft 346.92 21640.8696
114-92 2nd Floor 62.38 Cft 356.41 22232.8558
Providing and laying
reinforced cement
concrete using crushed
graded boulders
3/4inch(19 mm)and down
guage having minimum
work cube crushing
14
strength 3000 lbs per sq
inch (120.69 N/mm) at 28
days with a mix not
leaner than 1:2:4 in
ordinary slab 5'' to 6''
thick including form work
and its removal,

31
 compacting and curing
etc. complete but
excluding the cost of
reinforcement in
foundation, basement
and plinth and ground
floor.
114-(56+136) Ground Floor 1962.5 Cft 201.44 395326
114-92 1st Floor 1962.5 Cft 210.93 413950.125
2nd Floor 1962.5 Cft 220.42 432574.25
Providing and laying
reinforced cement
concrete using crushed
graded boulders
3/4inch(19 mm)and down
guage having minimum
work cube crushing
strength 3000 lbs per sq
inch (120.69 N/mm) at 28
days with a mix not
leaner than 1:2:4 in
straight beams, lintels
15 and cantilever beams of
required shape or section
including form work and
its removal, compacting
and curing etc. complete
but excluding the cost of
reinforcement in
foundation, basement
and plinth and ground
floor.
114-(38+136) Ground Floor 159.4 Cft 206.69 32946.386
114-92 1st Floor 159.4 Cft 216.18 34459.092
2nd Floor 159.4 Cft 225.67 35971.798
Providing and laying
reinforced cement
concrete using crushed
graded boulders
3/4inch(19 mm)and down
guage having minimum
work cube crushing
strength 3000 lbs per sq
inch (120.69 N/mm) at 28
16 days with a mix not
leaner than 1:2:4, Using
in straight balustrade of
stair or balcony railing,
sun breakers, parapet,
hanging pardi, eave
board etc. (all without
apertures) 2 inches
(50mm) to 3 inches
(76mm) thick including

32
 form work and its
removal, compacting and
curing etc. complete but
excluding the cost of
reinforcement, in
basement plinth and
ground floor.
114-(45+136) Balcony wall Ground floor 188.44 Cft 337.43 63585.3092
114-92 Balcony wall 1st floor 188.44 Cft 346.92 65373.6048
114-92 Parapit wall 2nd floor 188.44 Cft 356.41 67161.9004
114-92 Mumty parapit wall 83.67 Cft 356.41 29820.8247
Skirting
118-59 Ground Floor 775.6 Rft 1.95 1512.42
17
118-60 1st Floor 775.6 Rft 2.93 2272.508
118-61 2nd Floor 775.6 Rft 2.46 1907.976
Mumty
Providing and laying first
class solid burnt brick
masonry set in Cement
Morter 1:6 in straight are
curved walls 9" to 13.5"
thick including
scaffolding, raking out
joints and curing etc
complete in ground super
structure.
112-(25+70) 406.13 Cft 239.48 97260.0124
1/2'' thick cement plaster
1:4 using sand on walls
and columns etc. in
ground floor including
making edgas corners
and curind etc. complete.
18 122-90 1083 Sft 20.15 21822.45
Distempering with vinyle
distemper (ICI) Dulux
Paintex of approved
make and shade in two
coats over and including
the coat of one priming
coat of lime wash
including sand papering,
dusting, and filling the
holes, cracks and
inequalities, if any, at any
height in any floor.
122-151 1st coat 1083 Sft 10.54 11414.82
122-151 2nd coat 1083 Sft 10.54 11414.82
122-151 3rd coat 1083 Sft 10.54 11414.82
1/4'' thick cement plaster
1:4 using sand on soffits
of ceiling cantilever slabs

33
 sides and sofftis of
beams etc. in basement
mezzanine and ground
floor including making
edgas corners and curing
etc. complete.
122-87 160.72 Sft 21.97 3531.0184
144-92 Mumty Slab 124.8 Cft 220.42 27508.416
Door's & Window's
Providing and fixing 1-1/2
inches (38mm) thick soild
core deodar wood
flushed veneered door
shutters, with and
including the cost of
commercial plywood
facing 3mm, thick (3ply)
on both faces, fixed over
best quality deodar wood
frame 2 inches wide
alround 6 inches wide
lock rail and 2nd class
deodar wood soild core,
i/c., 1/4 inch thick best
quality deodar wood
lipping on all sides as per
19 approved drawing,
manufactured under
power driven hydraulic
press, including the cost
of approved iron fitting
but excluding the cost of
handles and locking
arrangement.
120-59 1302 Sft 571.68 744327.36
Providing and fixing 1-1/2
inches (38mm) thick best
quality deodar wood
swing shutters fully
panelled with same
wood, with iron helical
spring hinges etc. as
required.
120-153 918 Sft 598.47 549395.46
Providing and laying
ribbed deformed steel
reinforcement bar with
guaranteed minimum
yield stress of 40,000 Psi
20
with and i/c the cost of
straightening ,cutting,
bending, binding
,wastage, complete in all
kind of R.C.C work.

34
114-167 16203.42 Kg 103.29 1673651.252

Total 13523431.4

Premium 0.35 4733200.99

Total Amount 18.3 M

35
7 TABLE 4.3 ESTIMATE BY USING CONTRACTOR 1 RATES

BILL OF QUANTITY SHEET

Description of Items Rate Amount
Sr.# Unit Qty.
(Rs.) (Rs.)
1 Excavation
Cft 12,876.27 5.00 64381.35
2 Dry Rammad
Cft 2,111.84 150.00 316776.00
3 P.C.C (1:4:8)
Cft 739.17 211.00 155964.87
4 R.C.C (1:2:4)
Cft 1,688.20 300.00 506460.00
5 Brick work in Sub structure (1:6)
Cft 3,329.42 227.00 755778.34
1-1/2" Damp Proof Course consisting of PCC
6
1:2:4 Sft 846.86 77.00 65208.22
Brick work in Super structure (1:6)

7 Ground Floor Cft 4,892.44 250.00 1223110.00

1st Floor Cft 4,892.44 270.00 1320958.80

2nd Floor Cft 4,892.44 280.00 1369883.20

1/4'' thick cement plaster (1:4) using sand on
soffits of ceiling cantilever slabs

8 Ground Floor Sft 2,787.58 31.00 86414.98

1st Floor Sft 2,787.58 40.00 111503.20

2nd Floor Sft 2,787.58 48.00 133803.84

1/2'' thick cement sand plaster 1:4 using sand
on walls

9 Ground Floor Stf 11,213.80 34.00 381269.20

1st Floor Stf 11,213.80 36.00 403696.80

2nd Floor Stf 11,213.80 37.00 414910.60

Wihite wash 3 coat
1 coat
Sft 42,004.13 15.00 630061.95
10
2 coat
Sft 42,004.13 15.00 630061.95
3 coat
Sft 42,004.13 15.00 630061.95

36
 Painting wood window's & door's 2 coat

11 1 coat
Sft 2,220.00 30.00 66600.00
2 coat
Sft 2,220.00 30.00 66600.00
Flooring

Supplying earth from approved outside and

filling in foundation under floor
Cft 5,803.40 3.30 19151.22

Providing and laying (1:4:8) cement concrete

bed under floor using graded stone ballast 4''
Sft 2,901.70 60.00 174102.00
Providing and laying floors (1:2:4) cement
12 concrete bed under floor using graded bajri
2'' Sft 2,901.70 28.00 81247.60
Marble over ¾'' thick base plaster (1:4) For
Flooring
Ground Floor
Sft 2,901.70 194.00 562929.80
1st Floor
Sft 2,901.70 194.00 562929.80
2nd Floor
Sft 2,901.70 194.00 562929.80
R.C.C 3000 Psi in Stair
13
Cft 187.14 314.60 58874.24
R.C.C 3000 Psi in Slab 6'' thick
14
Cft 5,887.50 314.60 1852207.50
R.C.C 3000 Psi in Lintel
15
Cft 478.20 314.60 150441.72
Parapit & Balcony wall
16
Cft 648.99 330.00 214166.70
Skirting
17
Rft 2,326.80 194.00 451399.20
Mumty
Brick work
Cft 406.13 280.00 113716.40
Plaster
Sft 1,083.00 34.00 36822.00
18 Wihite wash
1 coat
Sft 1,083.00 15.00 16245.00
2 coat
Sft 1,083.00 15.00 16245.00
3 coat Sft 16245.00

37
 1,083.00 15.00
Ceiiling
Sft 160.72 48.00 7714.56
Slab
Sft 124.80 314.60 39262.08
Window's & Door's

Doors 1,533.0
19
Sft 1,302.00 0 1995966.00
Windows
Sft 918.00 600.00 550800.00
Deformed reinforcing bars with minmum yield
strength of 40,000 psi.
20

Kg 16,203.42 125.00 2025427.50

Total Amount 18.8 M

38
8 TABLE 4.4 ESTIMATE BY USING CONTRACTOR 2 RATES

BILL OF QUANTITY
Description of Items Rate
Sr.# Unit Qty. Amount (Rs.)
(Rs.)
1 Excavation
Cft 12,876.27 5.00 64,381.35
2 Dry Rammad
Cft 2,111.84 145.00 306,216.80
3 P.C.C (1:4:8)
Cft 739.17 210.00 155,225.70
4 R.C.C (1:2:4)
Cft 1,688.20 300.00 506,460.00
5 Brick work in Sub structure (1:6)
Cft 3,329.42 244.00 812,378.48
1-1/2" Damp Proof Course
6
consisting of PCC 1:2:4 Sft 846.86 75.00 63,514.50
Brick work in Super structure
(1:6)

7 Ground Floor Cft 4,892.44 247.00 1,208,432.68

1st Floor Cft 4,892.44 258.00 1,262,249.52

2nd Floor Cft 4,892.44 270.00 1,320,958.80

1/4'' thick cement plaster (1:4)
using sand on soffits of ceiling
cantilever slabs

8 Ground Floor Sft 2,787.58 28.00 78,052.24

1st Floor Sft 2,787.58 35.00 97,565.30

2nd Floor Sft 2,787.58 42.00 117,078.36

1/2'' thick cement sand plaster
1:4 using sand on walls

9 Ground Floor Stf 11,213.80 32.00 358,841.60

1st Floor Stf 11,213.80 34.00 381,269.20

2nd Floor Stf 11,213.80 36.00 403,696.80

Wihite wash 3 coat
1 coat
Sft 42,004.13 14.00 588,057.82
10
2 coat
Sft 42,004.13 14.00 588,057.82
3 coat
Sft 42,004.13 14.00 588,057.82

39
 Painting wood window's & door's
2 coat
11 1 coat
Sft 2,220.00 29.00 64,380.00
2 coat
Sft 2,220.00 29.00 64,380.00
Flooring
Supplying earth from approved
outside and filling in foundation
under floor Cft 5,803.40 3.00 17,410.20
Providing and laying (1:4:8)
cement concrete bed under floor
using graded stone ballast 4'' Sft 2,901.70 57.00 165,396.90
Providing and laying floors
12 (1:2:4) cement concrete bed
under floor using graded bajri 2'' Sft 2,901.70 25.75 74,718.78
Marble over ¾'' thick base plaster
(1:4) For Flooring
Ground Floor
Sft 2,901.70 190.00 551,323.00
1st Floor
Sft 2,901.70 190.00 551,323.00
2nd Floor
Sft 2,901.70 190.00 551,323.00
R.C.C 3000 Psi in Stair
13
Cft 187.14 310.00 58,013.40
R.C.C 3000 Psi in Slab 6'' thick
14
Cft 5,887.50 312.50 1,839,843.75
R.C.C 3000 Psi in Lintel
15
Cft 478.20 310.00 148,242.00
Parapit & Balcony wall
16
Cft 648.99 347.00 225,199.53
Skirting
17
Rft 2,326.80 145.00 337,386.00
Mumty
Brick work
Cft 406.13 277.00 112,498.01
Plaster
Sft 1,083.00 32.00 34,656.00
18 Wihite wash
1 coat
Sft 1,083.00 12.00 12,996.00
2 coat
Sft 1,083.00 12.00 12,996.00
3 coat
Sft 1,083.00 12.00 12,996.00

40
 Ceiiling
Sft 160.72 42.00 6,750.24
Slab
Sft 124.80 265.00 33,072.00
Window's & Door's
Doors
19 Sft 1,302.00 1,600.00 2,083,200.00
Windows
Sft 918.00 850.00 780,300.00
Deformed reinforcing bars with
minmum yield strength of 40,000
20 psi.

Kg 16,203.42 122.00 1,976,817.24

Total 18.6 M

41
 AMOUNT
20
19.5
19
18.5 18.8
18.6
18 18.3
AMOUNT
MillioNS

17.5 17.9

17
16.5
16
15.5
15
MES PWD Contractor 1 Contractor 2

ESTIMATE

1 Chart 4.1. Project Amount

Summary:-
9 Table 4.5 Summary

Sr. No Detail MES PWD Contractor 1 Contractor 2

1 Project 17.9M 18.3M 18.8M 18.6M

42
 CHAPTER 05
CONCLUSION
5.1. CONCLUSION:-
The cost analysis was carried out taking different rates, as PWD, MES, and four
different Contractor Rates . It was concluded that cost estimate of the building as per
market rates differed from schedule cost estimate i.e. schedule latest are 3.31% less
than market rates.
 Market rates of both Contractors firms are also almost equal.
 The approach as presented is capable of providing accurate estimates of project
cost by using General Market Rate.
The cost estimate becomes one of the main elements of information for decision
making at preliminary stage of construction.

5.2. Recommendation:-
 Government and engineering associations are recommended to establish a
database for executed projects for researchers to develop cost estimation process.
 For future studies, a mechanism may be developed in order to over come the gap
between schedule and general markets. For improving the quality of the civil
engineering projects.

43
References:-

1. AACE International Recommended Practice, 2010. Cost Engineering

Terminology, TCM Framework: No. 10S-90, pg 24.

2. AACE International, 2007. Cost engineering terminology, recommended

practice. [Online] Available at: www.aacei.org [Accessed 5 May 2012].

3. AACE Recommended Practice and standard, 1990. Standard cost engineering

terminology., s.l.: AACE, Inc. No.10s-90, .

4. Abdal-Hadi, M., 2010. Factors Affecting Accuracy of Pre-tender Cost Estimate

in Gaza Strip., Gaza strip. Master thesis in construction management, The
Islamic University of Gaza Strip.

5. General Market Rate 2021 Sargodha and Hafizabad.

6. Pak. Public Work Department (PWD) 2012 Schedule of Rates.

7. Military Engineer Services (MES) 2014 Schedule of Rate.

8. Estimating and Costing in Civil Engineering: Theory & Practice by B.N Dutta

9. H.C. Wendes, The Eight Facets of the Estimating Diamond, Heating/Piping/Air

Conditioning, October 1976, pp. 51-56.

10. The Business Roundtable, Modern Management Systems, The Business

Roundtable, New York, New York, Report A-6, November 1982.

11. R. Brown, investigating into the Feasibility of Applying the Pareto Principle to
SMM Bills of Quantities and Cost of Planning, Project Report, Loughborough
University, UK.

44