Scribd

Scribd Inc. /ˈskrɪbd/ is an American e-book and

audiobook subscription service that includes one million Scribd, Inc.
titles.[1][2][3][4] Scribd hosts 60 million documents on its
open publishing platform.[5]

The company was founded in 2007 by Trip Adler, Jared Type of Private
Friedman, and Tikhon Bernstam, and headquartered in San business
Francisco, California. Scribd's e-book subscription service is Available in English, French,
available on Android and iOS smartphones and tablets, as
German,
well as the Kindle Fire, Nook, and personal computers.
Indonesian, Italian,
Subscribers can access unlimited books a month[6] from
Portuguese,
1,000 publishers, including Bloomsbury, Harlequin,
HarperCollins, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Lonely Planet, Romanian,
Macmillan, Perseus Book Group, Simon & Schuster, Wiley, Russian, Spanish
and Workman.[7][8] Founded March 2007
Headquarters San Francisco,
Scribd has 80 million users, and has been referred to as
California, US
"the Netflix for books".[9][10][11]
Founder(s) Trip Adler
Jared Friedman

Contents Tikhon Bernstam

Key people Trip Adler
History (co-founder and
Founding (2007–2013) CEO)
Subscription service (2013–present) Jared Friedman
Audiobooks (co-founder and
Comics CTO)
Timeline Tikhon Bernstam
(co-founder and
Financials
COO)
Technology
Services Social reading and
Reception publishing platform
Accusations of copyright infringement
Subsidiaries SlideShare
Controversies
BookID URL www.scribd.com (ht
tps://www.scribd.co
Supported file formats
m/)
See also
Current status Active
References
External links
History

Founding (2007–2013)

Scribd began as a site to host and share documents.[10] Previous logo

While at Harvard, Trip Adler was inspired to start Scribd
after learning about the lengthy process required to publish
academic papers.[12] His father, a doctor at Stanford, was told it would take 18 months to have
his medical research published.[12] Adler wanted to create a simple way to publish and share
written content online.[13] He co-founded Scribd with Jared Friedman and attended the
inaugural class of Y Combinator in the summer of 2006.[14] There, Scribd received its initial
$120,000 in seed funding and then launched in a San Francisco apartment in March 2007.[5]

Scribd was called "the YouTube for documents", allowing anyone to self-publish on the site
using its document reader.[12] The document reader turns PDFs, Word documents, and
PowerPoints into Web documents that can be shared on any website that allows embeds.[15] In
its first year, Scribd grew rapidly to 23.5 million visitors as of November 2008.[16] It also ranked
as one of the top 20 social media sites according to Comscore.[16]

In June 2009, Scribd launched the Scribd Store, enabling writers to easily upload and sell
digital copies of their work online.[17] That same month, the site partnered with Simon &
Schuster to sell e-books on Scribd.[18] The deal made digital editions of 5,000 titles available for
purchase on Scribd, including books from bestselling authors like Stephen King, Dan Brown,
and Mary Higgins Clark.[19]

In October 2009, Scribd launched its branded reader for media companies including The New
York Times, Los Angeles Times, Chicago Tribune, The Huffington Post, TechCrunch, and
MediaBistro.[15] ProQuest began publishing dissertations and theses on Scribd in December
2009.[20] In August 2010, many notable documents hosted on Scribd began to go viral,
including the California Proposition 8 ruling, which received over 100,000 views in about 24
minutes, and HP's lawsuit against Mark Hurd's move to Oracle.[21][22]

Subscription service (2013–present)

In October 2013, Scribd officially launched its unlimited
subscription service for e-books. This gave users unlimited
access to Scribd's library of digital books for a flat monthly
fee.[9] The company also announced a partnership with
HarperCollins which made the entire backlist of
HarperCollins' catalog available on the subscription
service.[23] According to Chantal Restivo-Alessi, chief
digital officer at HarperCollins, this marked the first time
that the publisher has released such a large portion of its Screenshots of Scribd's subscription
catalog.[24] In March 2014, Scribd announced a deal with service
Lonely Planet, offering the travel publisher's entire library
on its subscription service.[25]
In May 2014, Scribd further increased its subscription offering with 10,000 titles from Simon &
Schuster.[26] These titles included works from authors such as: Ray Bradbury, Doris Kearns
Goodwin, Ernest Hemingway, Walter Isaacson, Stephen King, Chuck Klosterman, and David
McCullough.[27]

Scribd added audiobooks to its subscription service in November 2014 and comic books in
February 2015.[3][28]

In February 2016, it was announced that only titles from a rotating selection of the library
would be available for unlimited reading, and subscribers would have credits to read three
books and one audiobook per month from the entire library with unused credits rolling over to
the next month.[29]

The reporting system was discontinued on February 6, 2018, in favor of a system of "constantly
rotating catalogs of ebooks and audiobooks" that provided "an unlimited number of books and
audiobooks, alongside unlimited access to news, magazines, documents, and sheet music"[30]
for a monthly subscription fee of US$8.99.[31] However, under this unlimited service, Scribd
would occasionally "limit the titles that you’re able to access within a specific content library in a
30-day period."[32]

In October 2018, Scribd announced a joint subscription to Scribd and The New York Times for
$12.99 per month.

Audiobooks

In November 2014, Scribd added audiobooks to its subscription library.[33] Wired noted that
this was the first subscription service to offer unlimited access to audiobooks, and "it represents
a much larger shift in the way digital content is consumed over the net."[34] In April 2015, the
company expanded its audiobook catalog in a deal with Penguin Random House.[35] This added
9,000 audiobooks to its platform including titles from authors like Lena Dunham, John
Grisham, Gillian Flynn, and George R.R. Martin.[36]

Comics

In February 2015, Scribd introduced comics to its subscription service.[37] The company added
10,000 comics and graphic novels from publishers including Marvel, Archie, Boom! Studios,
Dynamite, IDW, and Valiant.[28] These included series such as Guardians of the Galaxy,
Daredevil, X-O Manowar, and The Avengers.[38][39] However, in December 2016, comics were
eliminated from the service due to low demand.

Timeline
In February 2010, Scribd unveiled its first mobile plans for e-readers and smartphones.[40] In
April 2010 Scribd launched a new feature called "Readcast",[41] which allows automatic sharing
of documents on Facebook and Twitter.[42] Also in April 2010, Scribd announced its integration
of Facebook social plug-ins at the Facebook f8 Developer Conference.[43]
Scribd rolled out a redesign on September 13, 2010 to become, according to TechCrunch, "the
social network for reading".[44]

In October 2013, Scribd launched its e-book subscription service, allowing readers to pay a flat
monthly fee in exchange for unlimited access to all of Scribd's book titles.[45]

In August 2020, Scribd announced its acquisition of the LinkedIn-owned SlideShare for an
undisclosed amount. [46]

Financials
The company was initially funded with US$120,000 from Y Combinator in 2006, and received
over US$3.7 million in June 2007 from Redpoint Ventures and The Kinsey Hills Group.[47] In
December 2008, the company raised US$9 million in a second round of funding led by Charles
River Ventures with re-investment from Redpoint Ventures and Kinsey Hills Group.[48] David
O. Sacks, former PayPal COO and founder of Yammer and Geni, joined Scribd's board of
directors in January 2010.[49]

In January 2011, Scribd raised an additional US$13 million in a round led by MLC Investments
of Australia and SVB Capital.[50] In January 2015, the company raised US$22 million in new
funding from Khosla Ventures with partner Keith Rabois joining the Scribd board of
directors.[51]

In 2019, Scribd raised $58 million in new funding led by growth firm Spectrum Equity. [52]

Technology
In July 2008, Scribd began using iPaper, a rich document format similar to PDF and built for
the web, which allows users to embed documents into a web page.[53] iPaper was built with
Adobe Flash, allowing it to be viewed the same across different operating systems (Windows,
Mac OS, and Linux) without conversion, as long as the reader has Flash installed (although
Scribd has announced non-Flash support for the iPhone).[54] All major document types can be
formatted into iPaper including Word docs, PowerPoint presentations, PDFs, OpenDocument
documents, OpenOffice.org XML documents, and PostScript files.

All iPaper documents are hosted on Scribd. Scribd allows published documents to either be
private or open to the larger Scribd community. The iPaper document viewer is also
embeddable in any website or blog, making it simple to embed documents in their original
layout regardless of file format. Scribd iPaper required Flash cookies to be enabled, which is the
default setting in Flash.[55]

On May 5, 2010, Scribd announced that they would be converting the entire site to HTML5 at
the Web 2.0 Conference in San Francisco.[56] TechCrunch reported that Scribd is migrating
away from Flash to HTML5. "Scribd co-founder and chief technology officer Jared Friedman
tells me: 'We are scrapping three years of Flash development and betting the company on
HTML5 because we believe HTML5 is a dramatically better reading experience than Flash. Now
any document can become a Web page.'"[57][58]
Scribd has its own API to integrate external/third-party applications,[59] but is no longer
offering new API accounts.[60]

Since 2010, Scribd has been available on mobile phones and e-readers, in addition to personal
computers. As of December 2013, Scribd became available on app stores and various mobile
devices.

Reception

Accusations of copyright infringement

Scribd has been accused of copyright infringement. In 2007, one year after its inception, Scribd
was served with 25 Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) takedown notices.[61] In March
2009, The Guardian writes, "Harry Potter author [J.K. Rowling] is among writers shocked to
discover their books available as free downloads. Neil Blair, Rowling’s lawyer, said the Harry
Potter downloads were 'unauthorised and unlawful'...Rowling's novels aren't the only ones to be
available from Scribd. A quick search throws up novels from Salman Rushdie, Ian McEwan,
Jeffrey Archer, Ken Follett, Philippa Gregory, and J.R.R. Tolkien."[62] In September 2009,
American author Elaine Scott alleged that Scribd "shamelessly profits from the stolen
copyrighted works of innumerable authors".[63] Her attorneys sought class action status in their
efforts to win damages from Scribd for allegedly "egregious copyright infringement" and
accused it of calculated copyright infringement for profit.[64][65][66] The suit was dropped in
July 2010.[67][68]

Controversies
In March 2009, the passwords of several Comcast customers were leaked on Scribd. The
passwords were later removed when the news was published by The New York Times.[69][70][71]

In July 2010, Gigaom reported that the script of The Social Network (2010) movie was
uploaded and leaked on Scribd; it was promptly taken down per Sony's DMCA request.[72]

Following a decision of the Istanbul 12th Criminal Court of Peace, dated 8 March 2013, access
to Scribd is blocked for Internet users in Turkey.[73]

In July 2014, Scribd was sued by Disability Rights Advocates (represented by Haben Girma), on
behalf of the National Federation of the Blind and a blind Vermont resident, for allegedly failing
to provide access to blind readers, in violation of the Americans with Disability Act.[74] Scribd
moved to dismiss, arguing that the ADA only applied to physical locations. In March 2015, the
U.S. District Court of Vermont ruled that the ADA covered online businesses as well. A
settlement agreement was reached, with Scribd agreeing to provide content accessible to blind
readers by the end of 2017.[75]

BookID
To counteract the uploading of unauthorized content, Scribd created BookID, an automated
copyright protection system that helps authors and publishers identify unauthorized use of their
works on Scribd.[76] This technology works by analyzing documents for semantic data,
metadata, images, and other elements and creates an encoded "fingerprint" of the copyrighted
work.[77]

Supported file formats

Supported formats include:[78]

Microsoft Excel (.xls, .xlsx)

Microsoft PowerPoint (.ppt, .pps, .pptx, .ppsx)
Microsoft Word (.doc, .docx)
OpenDocument (.odt, .odp, .ods, .odf, .odg)
OpenOffice.org XML (.sxw, .sxi, .sxc, .sxd)
Plain text (.txt)
Portable Document Format (.pdf)
PostScript (.ps)
Rich text format (.rtf)
Tagged image file format (.tif, .tiff)

See also
Slideshare
Amazon Lending Library and Kindle Unlimited
Document collaboration
Oyster (company)
Wayback Machine
Webcite

References
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External links
Official website (https://www.scribd.com/)

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