Table of Contents xiii

Contents

1 What Engineers Do ................................................................. 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................... 1
2.0 ENGINEERING EDUCATION ............................................. 3
3.0 OBJECTIVE AND PROCEDURE ......................................... 6
4.0 GALILEO ............................................................................... 6

2 Rigid Body Mechanics .......................................................... 11

1.0 HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION ........................................ 11
2.0 STATICS .............................................................................. 13
3.0 TRUSSES .............................................................................. 16
4.0 FRICTION ............................................................................ 19
5.0 GALILEO REGARDING ROPE .......................................... 22
6.0 KINEMATICS ...................................................................... 24
6.1 Projectiles ..................................................................... 24
6.2 Crank Mechanism ......................................................... 26
6.3 Pulleys ........................................................................... 30
7.0 KINETICS............................................................................. 31
8.0 VIBRATION ......................................................................... 31
9.0 SUMMARY .......................................................................... 33
PROBLEMS ................................................................................. 33

xiii
xiv Engineering Problem Solving: A Classical Perspective

3 Dimensional Analysis ........................................................... 41

1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................. 41
2.0 DEFINITIONS ...................................................................... 42
3.0 FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES ....................................... 44
4.0 PROCEDURE ....................................................................... 44
5.0 CHANGE OF UNITS ........................................................... 47
6.0 GALILEO REGARDING MOTION OF A PROJECTILE .. 48
7.0 SIMPLE PENDULUM ......................................................... 50
PROBLEMS ................................................................................. 52

4 Deformable Body Mechanics ............................................... 59

1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................. 59
2.0 STRESS AND STRAIN ....................................................... 60
3.0 BEAM STRENGTH ............................................................. 64
4.0 GALILEO REGARDING BEAM STRENGTH .................. 68
5.0 STRENGTH-TO-WEIGHT RATIO ..................................... 73
6.0 BEAM DEFLECTION ......................................................... 76
7.0 COLUMNS ........................................................................... 78
8.0 IMPACT ................................................................................ 80
9.0 COMPOSITE BEAMS ......................................................... 82
10.0 VIBRATIONS ....................................................................... 83
PROBLEMS ................................................................................... 87

5 Fluid Mechanics .................................................................... 93

1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................. 93
2.0 FLUID PROPERTIES .......................................................... 93
3.0 FLUID STATICS .................................................................. 97
4.0 SURFACE TENSION ........................................................... 99
5.0 PIPE FLOW ........................................................................ 101
6.0 HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION ............................... 106
7.0 BERNOULLI EQUATION ................................................ 110
8.0 GALILEO ........................................................................... 112
9.0 CAPILLARY FLOW .......................................................... 114
PROBLEMS ............................................................................... 115
 Table of Contents xv

6 Aerodynamics: The Boundary Layer and

Flow Separation .................................................................. 125
1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................... 125
2.0 STAGNATION POINT ...................................................... 126
3.0 VISCOUS DRAG COMPONENT ..................................... 127
4.0 FLOW SEPARATION AND PRESSURE DRAG ............. 127
5.0 LAMINAR-TURBULENT TRANSITION IN THE
BOUNDARY LAYER ........................................................ 128
6.0 STREAMLINING ............................................................... 129
7.0 DRAG ON A SPHERE ....................................................... 130
8.0 PARADOXES ..................................................................... 132
9.0 AIRFOILS ........................................................................... 132
10.0 STALL ................................................................................ 133
11.0 STEADY AIRPLANE PERFORMANCE .......................... 135
12.0 MAGNUS EFFECT ............................................................ 135
13.0 PERIODIC VORTICES ...................................................... 137
14.0 CONCLUDING REMARKS .............................................. 139
PROBLEMS ................................................................................. 140

7 Similitude ............................................................................. 147

1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................... 147
2.0 EXAMPLE: HYDRODYNAMIC BEARING .................... 148
3.0 WIND TUNNEL ................................................................. 150
4.0 TOWING TANK ................................................................ 152
5.0 SOIL BIN ............................................................................ 153
6.0 HYDRAULIC MACHINERY ............................................ 155
7.0 STRUCTURAL MODELS ................................................. 158
8.0 SIMULATION .................................................................... 159
9.0 GALILEO REGARDING SIMULATION ......................... 159
10.0 GALILEO REGARDING MUSICAL STRINGS .............. 160
PROBLEMS ................................................................................. 164

8 Materials Science ................................................................ 177

1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................... 177
2.0 ATOMIC STRUCTURE .................................................... 177
3.0 BONDING FORCES .......................................................... 180
4.0 MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE ......................................... 182
xvi Engineering Problem Solving: A Classical Perspective

5.0 THEORETICAL STRENGTH OF METALS .................... 183

6.0 THE DISLOCATION ......................................................... 185
7.0 BEHAVIOR OF REAL MATERIALS ............................... 188
8.0 GALILEO ........................................................................... 189
9.0 WEAR ................................................................................. 189
10.0 SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS .................................................... 191
PROBLEMS ................................................................................. 193

9 Engineering Materials ........................................................ 197

1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................... 197
2.0 METALS ............................................................................. 197
2.1 Carbon Steels .............................................................. 198
2.2 Alloy Steels ................................................................. 198
2.3 Nonferrous Alloys ...................................................... 201
2.4 Hardening and Softening ............................................ 202
2.5 Titanium and its Alloys .............................................. 203
3.0 POLYMERS ....................................................................... 204
4.0 GLASSES AND CERAMICS ............................................ 207
5.0 ROCK AND CONCRETE .................................................. 209
6.0 COMPOSITES .................................................................... 210
7.0 MATERIALS PROCESSING ............................................ 212
7.1 Introduction ................................................................. 212
7.2 Casting ........................................................................ 212
7.3 Forming ....................................................................... 214
7.4 Stock Removal Operations ......................................... 217
7.5 Powder Metallurgy ..................................................... 219
7.6 Joining ......................................................................... 219
PROBLEMS ............................................................................... 220

10 Electrical Engineering ........................................................ 225

1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................... 225
2.0 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ........................................ 226
3.0 ELECTRICAL CHARGE, CURRENT, AND
POTENTIAL ....................................................................... 228
4.0 SOURCES OF EMF ........................................................... 230
5.0 DIRECT CURRENT ........................................................... 232
6.0 DIRECT CURRENT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS ..................... 235
 Table of Contents xvii

7.0 MAGNETISM .................................................................... 237

8.0 MOTORS AND GENERATORS ....................................... 238
9.0 ALTERNATING CURRENT CIRCUITS .......................... 241
10.0 TRANSFORMERS ............................................................. 245
11.0 INSTRUMENTS AND MEASUREMENTS ..................... 247
12.0 ELECTRONICS .................................................................. 250
13.0 MEASUREMENT OF TIME ............................................. 255
14.0 ELECTRONIC SENSORS ................................................. 256
15.0 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES ...................................... 256
16.0 GALILEO ........................................................................... 259
PROBLEMS ................................................................................. 261

11 Thermal Engineering ......................................................... 269

1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................... 269
2.0 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ........................................ 270
3.0 HEAT, WORK, AND TEMPERATURE ........................... 271
4.0 THERMODYNAMICS ...................................................... 274
5.0 SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS ..................... 276
6.0 THE CARNOT CYCLE ..................................................... 276
7.0 THE PERFECT GAS LAW ................................................ 277
8.0 THERMAL TRANSFORMATION SYSTEMS ................ 278
8.1 Steam Power Plants .................................................... 278
8.2 Internal Combustion Engines ..................................... 280
8.3 Dimensional Analysis ................................................. 284
9.0 HEAT TRANSFER............................................................. 286
9.1 Radiation Heat Transfer ............................................. 286
9.2 Conductive Heat Transfer—Steady State ................... 288
9.3 Convective Heat Transfer ........................................... 289
9.4 Nonsteady State Conduction ...................................... 291
9.5 Moving Heat Source ................................................... 296
PROBLEMS .............................................................................. 299

12 Engineering Design ............................................................. 305

1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................... 305
2.0 CREATIVITY ..................................................................... 309
2.1 Introduction ................................................................. 309
2.2 Falling Paper ............................................................... 311
2.3 Micro-Explosive Action ............................................. 318
xviii Engineering Problem Solving: A Classical Perspective

3.0 DESIGN EXAMPLES ........................................................ 321

3.1 Wind Power Generation ............................................. 321
3.2 The Mechanical Fuse .................................................. 325
3.3 Highway Crash Barrier ............................................... 331
3.4 High Speed Grinding Wheel Designs ......................... 335
3.5 The Speed Wand ......................................................... 340
4.0 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING ............................................ 342
4.1 Introduction ................................................................. 342
4.2 Mechanical Activation ................................................ 343
4.3 Static Mixer ................................................................ 347
PROBLEMS ............................................................................... 349

13 Engineering Economics ...................................................... 357

1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................... 357
2.0 INTEREST .......................................................................... 359
3.0 CAPITAL ............................................................................ 361
4.0 INFLATION ....................................................................... 362
5.0 DEPRECIATION ................................................................ 362
6.0 SIMPLE COMPARISONS ................................................. 363
7.0 KELVIN'S LAW ................................................................. 364
8.0 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS ............................................ 367
PROBLEMS ............................................................................... 369

14 Engineering Statistics ......................................................... 375

1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................... 375
2.0 STATISTICAL DISTRIBUTIONS .................................... 376
3.0 THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION ...................................... 378
4.0 PROBABILITY .................................................................. 381
5.0 PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS .................... 385
6.0 NORMAL PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION ................... 386
7.0 BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION ............................................ 389
8.0 CONTROL CHARTS ......................................................... 392
9.0 OTHER DISTRIBUTIONS ................................................ 396
10.0 CURVE FITTING ............................................................... 397
11.0 FACTORIAL DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS .................... 398
PROBLEMS ................................................................................. 403
 Table of Contents xix

15 Computers In Engineering ................................................ 409

1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................... 409
2.0 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ........................................ 410
3.0 THE BIRTH OF NUMERICAL CONTROL (NC) ............ 415
3.1 Japanese Contributions ............................................... 418
4.0 CALCULATORS ................................................................ 419
5.0 THE BIRTH OF COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN .............. 423
6.0 THE PERSONAL COMPUTER (PC) ................................ 423
7.0 MICROELECTRONICS ..................................................... 427
8.0 COMPUTER SCIENCE ..................................................... 430
9.0 THE INTERNET ................................................................ 430
10.0 ELECTRONIC MAIL ......................................................... 432
11.0 ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS .................................... 433
12.0 THE BAR CODE STORY .................................................. 437

Epilogue ...................................................................................... 439

Appendix A: A Historical Introduction to Calculus .............. 441

1.0 DERIVATIVE CALCULUS .............................................. 442
2.0 INTEGRAL CALCULUS ................................................... 446
3.0 EXAMPLES INVOLVING INTEGRATION .................... 447

Appendix B: Conversion Factors .............................................. 449

Appendix C: Abbreviations ....................................................... 451

Answers to Problems ................................................................. 453

Index ........................................................................................... 467