NCM 111

LESSON 1: Foundation of Nursing Research Theory

- Nursing research definition

- History of nursing research 1900 to 2000’s
- Florence nightingale

History of Nursing Research

- Began 19th century started with Florence Nightingale

- Clinical research agenda for research
- Florence nightingale’s research is environmental
- A good environment imposes on ventilation, clean water, good food and clean environment
- 1853 to 1856 3 yrs of Crimean war
- American Journal of Nursing a monthly peer-reviewed nursing journal 
- 1920 and 1930 case studies started
- 1920 graduate programs started
- 1950 AMA started
- 1952 nursing research in school’s curricula
- Nursing research is backup by evidence- based practice

LESSON 2: Nursing Research

- Significance of nursing research

- Evidence based practice
- Description, explanation, prediction, control of phenomena
- Roles of nurses in research
- Beginning nurse researcher
- Ways to acquire knowledge and info
- Types of nursing research: Basic and Applied

Significance of Nursing Research:

- develops empirical knowledge

- establish credibility in the nursing profession
- to observe accountability in nursing practice
- promote cost-effectiveness through documentation of nursing care
- duties of a nurse

Purpose of Research in implementing EBP

- description
 - explanation
- prediction
- control the phenomena

LESSON 3: Basic and Applied Research

Basic Research

- Basic research primarily focused on the advancement of knowledge rather than solving problem
- Only gather information in order to improve one's understanding
- Purpose improve or expand knowledge through theoretic and scope is universal and general
- Exploratory, descriptive or explanatory
- E.g an investigation into the symptoms of Coronavirus

Basic Research Method

- Interview one one-on one interaction

Structured -set or planned interview
Unstructured- spontaneous with follow up questions
Semi-structured
- Observation paying close to a phenomenon for a specific time (e.g behaviors)
- Experiment hypothetical and test the theories
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
- Questionnaire

Characteristics of Basic Research

- Basic research is analytical in nature. 

- It aims at theorizing concepts and not solving specific problems.
- Primarily concerned with the expansion of knowledge
- Basic research is explanatory in nature. 
- Basic research is carried out without any primary focus on possible practical ends. 
- It improves the general knowledge and understanding of different fields of study. 
Applied Research

- seeks to solve a specific problem or provide innovative solutions to issues affecting an individual,
group or society
- it involves the practical application of scientific methods to everyday problems
- develops a research hypothesis and test these hypotheses via an experiment
- Is a practical application of science in order to solve practical problems or test these theories in
order to solve a problem
- limited scope, specific but action-oriented
- E.g Investigating treatment and management options for anxiety and panic attacks.

Types of Applied Research

- Evaluation research analyses existing information about a research to arrive to an outcome

- Research and Development gathers information and finding ways to improve/create
- Action research is set on providing practical solutions to specific problem

Applied Research Methods

Qualitative 

- Interview
- Focus Group

Quantitative

- Survey/Questionnaire
Rating scale questionnaire
Open-ended questions
- Data Reporting
Not-for-profit report
Newspapers
Website articles
Hospital records
- Observation
NCM 112

LESSON 1: Oncology

Epidemiology

- 65-74 age most common

- 66 median
- ↑gender male
- ↑race white
- ↑ mortality lung cancer
- Breast cancer in female
- Prostate cancer in male

Etiology

- Age
- Gender
- Race
- Viruses and Bacteria
- Physical Agents
- Chemical agents
- Genetic and Familial Factors
- Dietary Factors
- Hormonal Agents

Virus and Bacteria

- Epstein-barr virus
Hodgkin’s disease
Non-hodgkin’s lymphoma
Burkitt’s lymphoma
Nasopharyngeal cancers
- Human t-cell lymphotropic virus
Lymphocytic leukemias
Lymphomas
- Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Kaposi’s sarcoma
- Bacterium helicobacter pylori
Gastric malignancy
- Herpes simplex virus type ii, cytomegalovirus, and human papillomavirus types 16,18,31,&33
Dysplasia
Cervical cancer
Physical and Chemical Agents

- Sunlight
- Radiation
- Chemical
- Tobacco ↑
- Chronic irritation or inflammation

Dietary

- Fats
- Calories ↑
- Alcohol
- Salt-cured or smoked meats
- Nitrates and nitrites

Hormonal

- Oral contraceptives
- Prolonged estrogen replacement
↑ Hepatocellular
↑ Endometrial
↑Breast cancer
↓ ovarian cancer
↓endometrial cancer
Cancer

- uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body

Carcinogenesis

- Initiation
Altered DNA
- Promotion
Constant exposure to carcinogens
Cancer suppressor gene p53 malfunctions
- Progression
Metastasis occur

Warning signs of Cancer

- change bowel or bladder habits

- sore that does not heal
- unusual bleeding or discharge
- lump in the breast or elsewhere
- indigestion
- difficulty to swallow
- change in wart/mole
- hoarseness cough
- unexplained anemia
- sudden weight loss
Metastatic Mechanism

- lymphatic
- hematogenous
- angiogenesis (capillaries)

Prevention of Cancer

Primary

- fresh vegetable
- fiber
- vitamin A
- vitamin C
- weight control
- reduce fat intake
- stop smoking
- reduce alcohol
- avoid too much sun exposure
- reduce salt-cured, smoke and nitrate food

Secondary

TEST AGE FREQUENCY

Mammogram
Breast Self Exam 20-39 Monthly
Clinical Breast Self Exam 20-39 3 years
>40 1 year
Screening Mammogram
Diagnostic Mammogram
Pap Smear 21-29 3 years
HPV 30-65 5 years

Before:
- check for pregnancy
- schedule 1-2 weeks after mens

During:
- not apply any substances near the breast area
- Breast Imaging Reporting and Database System (BI-RADS)

2 Pap Smear