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Reservoir Engineering Notes
Piston
1 mD/cp = 6.33 x 10-3 ft2/psi-day Gravitational Constant = 9.806 m/s2 Molar Mass of Air = 28.966 g/mol Aqueous
IG Capillary Pressure creates
1000 kgΤm3 = 0.4335 psiΤft Natural logarithm base = 2.71828 VM = 379.3 scfΤlbmol @ 14.696 psia transition zone between phases
3 𝐵𝑜 (1 − 𝑅𝑠𝑖 𝑅𝑣 ) + 𝐵𝑔 (𝑅𝑠𝑖 − 𝑅𝑠 ൯
1 kgΤl = 8.347 lbm Τgal Gas Constant = 8.314 Pa ⋅ m Τmol K Univ. Gas = 10.732 psia ⋅ ft 3Τlbmol ⋅ R 𝐵𝑡𝑜 =
Component Concentrations 1 − 𝑅𝑠 𝑅𝑣
Diffusivity Equation Reservoir Pressure and Temperature 𝑆𝑜 𝑆𝑔 𝑆𝑊
Legend
2.1
Gas
2.1
Mass Balance leads to Pressure 𝐶𝑜 = + 𝑅 𝐶𝑤 = 1.1 – Free Gas 2 1 + 2 𝑅𝐵
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 + 𝛼𝑃 𝑧 𝐵𝑜 𝐵𝑔 𝑣 𝐵𝑊 1.2 – Volatilized Oil 𝐵𝑜 = 𝑅𝑠 = 𝐵𝑡𝑜 = [=]
Continuity Equation Normal 2.1 – Solution Gas Oil
2.2 2.2 2.2 1.2 + 2.2 𝑆𝑇𝐵
Pressure 𝑧 = depth 𝛼𝑃 = 𝜌𝑓 𝑔 𝑆𝑔 𝑆𝑜 𝑆𝑇𝐵 2.2 – Free Oil
𝜕(𝜌𝜙) Gradient 𝐶𝑔 = + 𝑅 𝐶𝑗 = 1 – Gaseous Phase (Gas + Volatilized Oil)
−𝛻(𝜌𝑢) = Gas 𝐵𝑔 𝐵𝑜 𝑠 𝑅𝐵 2 – Oleic Phase (Oil + Solution Gas) 𝐵𝑜 [=] 𝑅𝐵ൗ𝑆𝑇𝐵 𝑅𝑠 [=] 𝑠𝑐𝑓ൗ 𝐵𝑔 [=]
𝑟𝑐𝑓
ൗ𝑠𝑐𝑓 𝑅𝑣 [=] 𝑆𝑇𝐵ൗ𝑠𝑐𝑓
𝜕𝑡 Kick
𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑆𝑇𝐵
0.433 if fresh H2 O
𝑓𝑡
Depth
mT =[psi/log cycle] 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃1 𝑘𝑜
P1
Pressure
𝑠 = 1.151 − log + 3.23 𝐺𝑓𝑔𝑖 = Original free gas = 𝑠𝑐𝑓 𝑁𝑓𝑜𝑖 = Original free oil = 𝑆𝑇𝐵 W𝑒 [=]𝑅𝐵 𝐺𝑃 = Cumulative Gas Produced = 𝑠𝑐𝑓 𝐺𝐼 = Gas Injected = 𝑠𝑐𝑓
|𝑚𝑇 | 𝜇𝑜 𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2𝜙 𝑁𝑝
𝑡𝑝 =
Well Storage 𝑘[=]𝑚𝑑 𝑞𝑠𝑐 [=]STB/day ℎ[=]𝑓𝑡 𝜇[=]𝑐𝑝 𝑞𝑠𝑐 𝑉𝑝𝑖 𝑆𝑤𝑖 𝑉𝑝𝑖 − 𝑉𝑝 1 𝜕𝜙 Aquifer Models
Transient Flow 𝛥𝑡 = 1
PSS Flow 𝑐𝑡 [=]𝑝𝑠𝑖 −1 𝑃[=]𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑟𝑤 [=]𝑓𝑡 𝑊= 𝐸𝑤 = 𝐵𝑤𝑖 𝑐𝑤 𝛥𝑃 𝐸𝑓 = ≈ 𝑐𝑓 𝛥𝑃 𝑐𝑓 ≈ 𝑐𝑝 = Pot Aquifer (Coats, 1970)
𝐵𝑤𝑖 𝑉𝑝𝑖 𝜙 𝜕𝑃 𝑇 - Assumes instantaneous response
1 10 100 1000 10000 1000 100 10 - No time dimension
time (hours) Horner time ൫𝑡𝑝 + 𝛥𝑡 )Τ𝛥 𝑡 Can combine free-water expansion and rock expansion into composite expansivity
𝑊e = 𝑊′(𝑐𝑓 + 𝑐𝑤 )𝛥𝑃
Linear Plot (A & 𝐶𝐴 ) 𝑞𝑠𝑐 𝐵𝑜 𝑞𝑠𝑐 𝐵𝑜 𝜇
𝐴= [=]consistent units 𝑘 = 162.6 𝐸𝑜𝑤𝑓 = 𝐸𝑜 + 𝐵𝑜𝑖 𝑐𝑇 𝛥𝑃 𝐸𝑔𝑤𝑓 = 𝐸𝑔 + 𝐵𝑔𝑖 𝑐𝑇 𝛥𝑃 𝐸𝑜𝑤𝑓 ≈ 𝐸𝑜 Fetkovitch (1971)
𝑐𝑡 ℎ𝜙𝑚𝑠𝑠 ℎ𝑚𝑏𝑢
- Assumes SSS relationship
4𝐴 𝑃0 − 𝑃𝑖 162.6𝐵|𝑞𝑠𝑐 |𝜇 𝑡𝑝 + 𝛥𝑡 𝐸𝑜 = 𝐵𝑡𝑜 − 𝐵𝑡𝑜𝑖 𝐸𝑔 = 𝐵𝑡𝑔 − 𝐵𝑡𝑔𝑖 𝐸𝑔𝑤𝑓 ≈ 𝐸𝑔 - Not applicable for transient response
Pressure
Created by James Riddle with guidance from Dr. Matthew T. Balhoff and contributions from Jenny Ryu and Matt Mlynski Contact balhoff@mail.utexas.edu with comments/suggestions
Reservoir Engineering – Improved Recovery
Petrophysics Review Multiphase Flow
Relative Permeability Darcy’s Law for Multiple Phases Mass Balance for Multiphase Fractional Flow Derivation
𝑘𝑗 = 𝑘𝑘𝑟𝑗 𝑘𝑟𝑗 if constant 𝜙, 𝜌𝑗 𝑢𝑜 + 𝑢𝑤 𝜕𝑃𝑐 𝜕𝑃𝑜 𝜕𝑃𝑤
𝑘෨ 𝛻𝑃𝑗 + 𝜌𝑗 𝑔𝛻ℎ 1D flow of oil and water =1
Relative Permeability
𝑜
𝑘𝑟𝑜𝑤 𝑢𝑗 = − 𝑗 = phase Introduce capillary pressure = −
𝜇𝑗 𝜕𝑆𝑗 𝜕𝑢𝑗 𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
Water Wet Rock 𝜙 + =0
𝑘𝑟𝑤
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 Combine Darcy’s Law, definition of fractional flow, and capillary pressure
𝑜 < 𝑘𝑜
𝑘𝑟𝑤 𝑘𝑘𝑟𝑗 𝜕𝑃𝑗
𝑘𝑟𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑜 1D: 𝑢𝑗 = − + 𝜌𝑗 𝑔sin𝛼 𝜕𝑆𝑗 𝜕𝑓𝑗 𝑘𝑘 𝜕𝑃 𝑘𝑘𝑟𝑜 𝛥𝜌𝑔
𝜇𝑗 𝜕𝑥 𝜙 +𝑢 =0 1 + 𝑢𝜇𝑟𝑜 𝜕𝑥𝑐 − 𝛥𝜌𝑔sin𝛼 𝑁𝑔 =
𝑜
𝑘𝑟𝑤 𝑆𝑤 > 0.5 when 𝑘𝑟𝑤 curve 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑜 if 1 − 𝑁𝑔 sin𝛼 if 1 𝑢𝜇𝑜
intersects 𝑘𝑟𝑜 curve 𝑓𝑤 =
𝑞𝑗 𝑢𝑗 𝑘 𝜇 𝑃𝑐 = 0 𝑘 𝜇 𝛼=0 𝑘 /𝜇
𝑢𝑗 = 𝑢 = 𝑢𝑗 𝑓𝑗 = 𝑓𝑗 = 1 1 + 𝑘𝑟𝑜 𝜇𝑤 1 + 𝑘𝑟𝑜 𝜇𝑤 1 + 𝑘 𝑟𝑜 /𝜇𝑜 𝛼 = rsvr dip angle
*Oil-Wet Rock is inverse 𝐴 𝑢 𝑟𝑤 𝑜 𝑟𝑤 𝑜 𝑟𝑤 𝑤
Klinkenberg Effect
Reservoir Simulation
ln 𝑟𝑒 Τ𝑟𝑤 Radial
𝑘ത = (valid for gas flow at low pressure) Analytical (Continuous) Solution Numerical (Discrete) Solution Heterogeneities
ln 𝑟𝑖 Τ𝑟𝑖−1 Variation
𝑘𝐿 = liquid perm 𝑃, 𝛷, 𝑆𝑤 , 𝐵
𝑘𝑖 𝑏
𝑘𝑔 = 𝑘𝐿 1+ P P Pi n==grid
time step
𝐴, 𝑘, 𝜇
𝑃 𝑘𝑔 = gas perm P ( x, t ) block 𝒊 𝒊+𝟏 𝒊+𝟐 𝑖=1
Geometric
𝑘ത = 𝑘𝑖 𝑘𝑖+1 . . . 𝑘𝑛 1Τ𝑛 Mean 𝑘𝐿 [=]𝑘∞ b factor important when k < 10md
𝑘𝑟 (𝑆𝑤,𝑖 ൯ 𝑘𝑟 𝑘𝐴 𝑘𝐴 Variables
𝑇𝑖+1 = 𝑇= change from
Miscible Displacement x 𝑘𝑟 (𝑆𝑤,𝑖+1൯ 2 𝜇𝐵 1 𝛥𝑥 1 𝜇𝐵𝑤 𝛥𝑥 block to block
𝑖+2 𝑖+2
Mechanisms of Mixing Convection - Dispersion Finite Differences Approximation Upwinding Harmonic Mean
1. Molecular Diffusion 𝐷𝑚 𝜕𝐶𝐷 𝜕𝐶𝐷 1 𝜕 2 𝐶𝐷 1 ″ 1
𝐷𝑚 𝐷𝑚 𝑎 + − =0 Taylor Series: 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝛥𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝛥𝑥 + 𝑓 (𝑥)𝛥𝑥 2 + 𝑓"′(𝑥)𝛥𝑥 3 +. . . 𝑘𝑟 𝑆𝑤,𝑖+1
𝐷𝑒 = = 𝐹= 𝑚 𝜕𝑡𝑑 𝜕𝑥𝑑 𝑁𝑃𝑒 𝜕𝑥𝑑2 2! 3! if 𝛷𝑖+1 > 𝛷𝑖
𝑘𝑟 𝜇 𝑃𝑖+1 𝐵 𝑃𝑖+1 𝑘𝐴 2𝑘𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝑘𝑖+1 𝐴𝑖+1
𝜏 𝐹𝜙 𝜙 = =
𝜏 = tortuosity 1 𝑥𝑑 − 𝑡𝑑 Type Deriv. FD Approximation Error 𝜇𝐵 𝑖+1 𝑘𝑟 𝑆𝑤,𝑖 𝛥𝑥 1
𝑖+2
𝑘𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝛥𝑥𝑖+1 + 𝑘𝑖+1 𝐴𝑖+1𝛥𝑥𝑖
𝐶𝐷 (𝑥𝑑, 𝑡𝑑 ) = 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐 2 if 𝛷𝑖 > 𝛷𝑖+1
Diffusion and Dispersion 2 2 𝑡𝑑 Τ𝑁𝑝𝑒 𝜕𝑃 𝑃(𝑡 + 𝛥𝑡) − 𝑃(𝑡) 𝜇 𝑃𝑖 𝐵 𝑃𝑖
Forward 𝑂(𝛥𝑡)
Dispersion 𝑢 𝜕𝑡 𝛥𝑡
Diffusion controls 𝑣= 𝑒 𝑥𝑑𝑁𝑃𝑒 𝑥𝑑 + 𝑡𝑑 2nd term Radial Solution
𝐾𝐿 controls 𝜙 + 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐
2 2 𝑡𝑑 Τ𝑁𝑃𝑒 negligible 𝜕𝑃 𝑃(𝑡) − 𝑃(𝑡 − 𝛥𝑡) 𝑞𝑤 𝜇𝐵𝑤 𝛥𝑥 req 𝛥𝑥
𝐾 = dispersion Backward 𝑂(𝛥𝑡) 𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑙 − 𝑙𝑛 𝑞𝑤 = −𝐽𝑙𝑤 (𝑃𝑙 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 ൯
coefficient 𝜕𝑡 𝛥𝑡 2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑞
𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐(𝑛) = 1 − 𝑒𝑟𝑓(𝑛)
ln(𝑣)
𝜕𝑃 rw q2 𝛥𝑥
𝑃(𝑡 + 𝛥𝑡) − 𝑃(𝑡 − 𝛥𝑡)
2. Convective Mixing (Dispersion) 𝑐 − 𝑐𝑖 𝐶𝑒 = 𝐶𝐷 |𝑋𝑑 =1 Centered 𝑂(𝛥𝑡 2 )
𝜕𝑡 2𝛥𝑡
Longitudinal 𝐾𝐿 = 𝐷𝑒 + 𝛼𝐿 𝑣 𝛽𝐿 𝐶𝐷 = 𝜋 2𝜋ℎ 𝑘𝑥 𝑘𝑦
𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑗 − 𝑐𝑖 𝐶𝐷 = 0.5 when 𝑡𝑑 = 1 𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝛥𝑥𝑒 −2 ≈ 0.2𝛥𝑥 𝐽𝑙𝑤 = P2
𝜕2 𝑃 𝑃(𝑥 + 𝛥𝑥) − 2𝑃(𝑥) + 𝑃(𝑥 − 𝛥𝑥) 𝜇𝐵𝑤 ln 𝑟𝑒𝑞 Τ𝑟𝑤 + 𝑠
Transverse 𝐾𝑇 = 𝐷𝑒 + 𝛼 𝑇 𝑣 𝛽𝑇 Centered 𝑂(𝛥𝑥 2 ) Pl
Pulse/Slug Injection (from time 0 to 𝑡𝑠 ) 𝜕𝑥 2 𝛥𝑥 2
𝛼 = dispersivity 𝐾𝐿 >> 𝐾𝑇 Pwf
1 𝑥 − 𝑣(𝑡 − 𝑡𝑠 ) 𝑥 − 𝑣𝑡 1ൗ
𝐷𝑒 = effective diffusivity 𝛽𝑇 ≅ 1.2 1ൗ 1ൗ 2
𝐶𝐷 = 𝑒𝑟𝑓 − 𝑒𝑟𝑓 𝑛+1 𝑛 𝑛
Explicit: ֊ =֊
𝑷 + 𝛥𝑡𝑩−1 ֊
𝑸 − 𝑻֊
2 2
2 𝑷 𝑷 Boundary Condition 𝑘𝑦 Τ𝑘𝑥 𝛥𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 Τ𝑘𝑦 𝛥𝑦 2 rw req 𝛥𝑥
3. Small Scale Permeability Variations
4𝐾𝐿 (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑠 ) 4𝐾𝐿 𝑡
r𝑒𝑞 = 0.28 1ൗ 1ൗ
−1 Dirichlet 𝑃(0, 𝑡) = 𝑃𝐵1 𝑘𝑦 Τ𝑘𝑥 4
+ 𝑘𝑥 Τ𝑘𝑦 4
Effect of Peclet Number 𝑢𝐿 𝐿 ֊𝑛+1 1 1 ֊𝑛 ֊
𝑁𝑃𝑒 = ≡ Implicit: 𝑷 = 𝑻+ 𝑩 𝑩𝑷 +𝑸 𝑃0 + 𝑃1
𝑁𝑃𝑒 = 10 𝜙𝛫𝐿 𝛼𝐿 𝛥𝑡 𝛥𝑡 0 1 𝑃𝐵 = ; 𝑃0 = 2𝑃𝐵 − 𝑃1 IMPES (Implicit Pressure and Explicit Saturation)
2
Concentration 𝐶𝐷
𝑁𝑃𝑒 = 100 𝑥 𝑢𝑡
𝐶𝐷 = 0.9
𝑁𝑃𝑒 = 1000 𝑥𝑑 = 𝑡𝑑 = Crank-Nicholson 𝜃 = 0.5 Pressure (solve implicitly) Saturation (solve explicitly)
𝐿 𝜙𝐿 Neumann 𝜕𝑃Τ𝜕𝑥 = 0
1 𝑛+1 1 𝑛 𝐁 𝑛+1 𝐁
𝑩 ֊ 𝑩 − 𝜃𝑻 ֊
𝑷 +֊
𝑡𝑑 = 0.5 𝑃𝑁 − 𝑃𝑁+1 𝐓+𝐉+ 𝐏 = 𝐏𝑛 + 𝐐 𝑛+1 = 𝐒𝑛 + 𝐝−1 −𝐓 𝐏𝑛+1 + 𝐐
𝐒𝑤 𝑤 − 𝐂𝑡𝑤 𝐏
𝑛+1 − 𝐏𝑛
𝑥𝑑 |𝐶𝐷=0.1 − 𝑥𝑑 |𝐶𝐷=0.9 = 𝛥𝑥𝑑
1−𝜃 𝑻+ 𝑷 = 𝑸 N N+1 = 0; 𝑃𝑁 = 𝑃𝑁+1 𝛥𝑡 𝛥𝑡 𝑤 12 𝑤
𝛥𝑡 𝛥𝑡 𝛥𝑥
𝛥𝑥𝑑 = width of mixing zone 𝐵𝑜 𝐵𝑜 𝐵𝑜 𝑉𝑖 𝜙𝑖 𝑐𝑡,𝑖
𝐶𝐷 = 0.1 Stability 𝐓 = 𝐓𝑤 + 𝐓 𝐉 = 𝐉𝑤 + 𝐉 𝐐 = 𝐐𝑤 + 𝐐 𝐁𝑖 =
Explicit Method CFL Condition 𝐵𝑤 𝑜 𝐵𝑤 𝑜 𝐵𝑤 𝑜 𝐵𝑤
𝑡𝑑
𝛥𝑥𝑑 = 3.625 𝛼𝛥𝑡 𝑢𝛥𝑡 **Necessary for 𝑛 𝑉𝑖 𝜙𝑖
𝑁𝑃𝑒 𝜂≡ ≤ 0.5 (1D) <1 𝐂𝑡𝑤,𝑖 = 𝑆𝑤,𝑖 𝑐𝑤,𝑖 + 𝑐𝑟,𝑖 𝑐𝑡 = 𝑐𝑤 𝑆𝑤 + 𝑐𝑜 𝑆𝑜 + 𝑐𝑅 𝒅12,𝑖 =
Dimensionless Distance 𝑥𝑑 𝛥𝑥 2 𝛥𝑥 stability of IMPES 𝐵𝑤,𝑖 𝛥𝑡