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Introduction To Beams: The Collapse Mechanism
Introduction To Beams: The Collapse Mechanism
LRFD Method
CHAPTER
INTRODUCTION TO
BEAMS
• A. J. Clark School of Engineering •Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
By
8c
FALL 2002 Dr . Ibrahim. Assakkaf
1
CHAPTER 8c. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS Slide No. 2
(a)
Plastic hinge
(b)
2
CHAPTER 8c. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS Slide No. 4
(a)
Plastic hinge
(b)
3
CHAPTER 8c. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS Slide No. 6
4
CHAPTER 8c. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS Slide No. 8
(a)
Plastic hinge
(b)
5
CHAPTER 8c. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS Slide No. 10
Q The Mechanism
– The load may be further increased until the
moment at some point (here it will be at the
concentrated load) reaches the plastic
moment.
– Additional load will cause the beam to
collapse.
– Therefore, the Mechanism is defined as the
arrangement of plastic hinges and perhaps real
hinges which permit the collapse in a structure
as shown in part (b) of Figs. 1, 2, and 3.
6
CHAPTER 8c. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS Slide No. 12
7
CHAPTER 8c. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS Slide No. 14
Q Example 1
Determine the plastic limit (or nominal)
distributed load wn in terms of the plastic
(or nominal) moment Mn developed at the
hinges.
wn (k/ft)
L = 18 ft
Q Example 1 (cont’d)
The collapse mechanism for the beam is
sketched. wn (k/ft)
L = 18 ft
wn L
A
θ θ C
δ
Collapse Mechanism B 2θ
L L
2 2
8
CHAPTER 8c. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS Slide No. 16
Q Example 1 (cont’d)
– Because of the symmetry, the rotations θ
at the end plastic hinges are equal.
– The work done by the external load (wnL) is
equal wnL times the average deflection δavg
of the mechanism at the center of the
beam.
– The deflection δ is calculated as follows:
δ
tan θ ≈ θ = (small angle theory)
L/2
θL
∴δ =
2
Q Example 1 (cont’d)
– The internal work absorbed by the hinges
is equal the sum of plastic moments Mn at
each plastic hinge times the angle through
which it works.
– The average deflection δavg throughout the
length of the beam is equals one-half the
deflection δ at the center of the beam, that
is
1 1 θL θL
δ avg = δ = =
2 2 2 4
9
CHAPTER 8c. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS Slide No. 18
Q Example 1 (cont’d)
– Applying Eq. 1 (conservation of energy),
yield a relationship between wn and Mn as
follows:
External work = Internal work
Wext. = Wint.
(wn L )δ avg = (M n )θ + (M n )2θ + (M n )θ
Left Middle Right
A B C
θL
wn L = 4θM n
4
Q Example 1 (cont’d)
– Therefore,
L
wn L = 4M n
4
16M n
wn =
L2
– For 18-ft span, the plastic limit distributed
load is computed as
16 M n 16 M n Mn
wn = = =
L2 (18)2 20.25
10
CHAPTER 8c. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS Slide No. 20
Q Example 2
For the propped beam shown, determine
the plastic limit (or nominal) load Pn in
terms of the plastic (or nominal) moment
Mn developed at the hinges.
Pn
10 ft
L = 20 ft
Q Example 2 (cont’d)
The collapse mechanism for the beam is sketched.
Pn
10 ft
L = 20 ft
wn L
A
θ θ C
δ
Collapse Mechanism B 2θ
L L
2 2
11
CHAPTER 8c. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS Slide No. 22
Q Example 2 (cont’d)
– Because of the symmetry, the rotations θ
at the end plastic hinges are equal.
– The work done by the external load (Pn) is
equal Pn times the deflection δ of the
mechanism at the center of the beam.
– The deflection δ is calculated as follows:
δ
tan θ ≈ θ = (small angle theory)
L/2
θL
∴δ =
2
Q Example 2 (cont’d)
– The internal work absorbed by the hinges
is equal the sum of plastic moments Mn at
each plastic hinge times the angle through
which it works.
– Note that in example, we have only two
plastic hinges at points A and B of the
mechanism. Point C is a real hinge, and no
moment occurs at that point.
– Also note that the external work is
calculated using δ and not δavg. because of
the concentrated load Pn in that location.
12
CHAPTER 8c. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS Slide No. 24
Q Example 2 (cont’d)
– Applying Eq. 1 (conservation of energy),
yield a relationship between Pn and Mn as
follows:
External work = Internal work
Wext. = Wint.
(Pn )δ = (M n )θ + (M n )2θ
Left Middle
A B
θL
Pn = 3θM n
2
Q Example 2 (cont’d)
– Therefore,
L
Pn = 3M n
2
6M n
Pn =
L
– For 20-ft span, the plastic limit load Pn is
computed as
6 M n 6 M n 3M n
Pn = = = = 0.3M n
L 20 10
13
CHAPTER 8c. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS Slide No. 26
Q Example 3
For the fixed-end beam shown, determine
the plastic limit (or nominal) load Pn in
terms of the plastic (or nominal) moment
Mn developed at the hinges.
Pn
L 2L
= 10 ft = 20 ft
3 3
L = 30 ft
Q Example 3 (cont’d)
The collapse mechanism for the beam is sketched.
Pn
L 2L
= 10 ft = 20 ft
3 3
L = 30 ft
Pn
A E
θ2 θ1 C
δ
B (θ1 + θ 2 )
Collapse Mechanism
L 2L
3 3
14
CHAPTER 8c. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS Slide No. 28
Q Example 3 (cont’d)
– Because of the unsymmetry, the rotations
θ1 and θ2 at the end plastic hinges are not
equal.
– We need to find all rotations in terms, say
θ1
– The work done by the external load (Pn) is
equal Pn times the deflection δ of the
mechanism at the center of the beam.
Q Example 3 (cont’d)
From triangles ABE and BCE:
Pn
δ 2L
ABE : tan θ1 ≈ θ1 = ⇒δ = θ1 (2) A E
2L / 3 3 θ2 θ1 C
δ L δ
BCE : tan θ 2 ≈ θ 2 = ⇒ δ = θ2 (3)
L/3 3 B (θ 1 + θ 2 )
Thus, from Eqs. 2 and 3 : L 2L
2L L 3 3
θ1 = θ 2 or θ 2 = 2θ1
3 3
Therefore,
At C : θ C = θ1
At A : θ A = θ 2 = 2θ1
At B : θ B = θ1 + θ 2 = θ1 + 2θ1 = 3θ1
15
CHAPTER 8c. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS Slide No. 30
Q Example 3 (cont’d)
– The internal work absorbed by the hinges
is equal the sum of plastic moments Mn at
each plastic hinge times the angle through
which it works.
– Note that in example, we have three plastic
hinges at points A, B, and C of the
mechanism. Also there is no real hinge.
– Also note that the external work is
calculated using δ and not δavg. because of
the concentrated load Pn in that location.
Q Example 3 (cont’d)
– Applying Eq. 1 (conservation of energy),
yield a relationship between Pn and Mn as
follows:
External work = Internal work
Wext. = Wint.
(Pn )δ = (M n )2θ1 + (M n )3θ1 + (M n )θ1
2L Left Middle Right
δ= θ1 from Eq. 2 A B
3 C
2L
Pn θ1 = 6θ1M n
3
16
CHAPTER 8c. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS Slide No. 32
Q Example 3 (cont’d)
– Therefore,
2L
Pn = 6M n
3
9M n
Pn =
L
– For 30-ft span, the plastic limit load Pn is
computed as
9M n 9M n
Pn = = = 0.3M n
L 30
Q Complex Structures
– If a structure (beam) has more than one
distributed or concentrated loads, there
would be different ways in which this
structure will collapse.
– To illustrate this, consider the propped
beam of Fig. 4.
– The virtual-work method can be applied to
this beam with various collapse
mechanisms.
17
CHAPTER 8c. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS Slide No. 34
0.6 Pn Pn
10 ft 10 ft 10 ft
L = 30 ft
Figure 4
18
CHAPTER 8c. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS Slide No. 36
L = 30 ft
Real hinge
2θ θ
10θ
20θ
M n (5θ ) = 0.6 Pn (20θ ) + Pn (10θ )
3θ
M n = 4.4 Pn
Pn = 0.227 M n
L = 30 ft
Real hinge
θ 2θ
10θ
20θ
19
CHAPTER 8c. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS Slide No. 38
L = 30 ft
Real hinge
θ θ
10θ
M n (3θ ) = Pn (10θ )
2θ
M n = 3.33Pn
Pn = 0.3M n
L = 30 ft
Real hinge
θ θ
10θ 10θ
20
CHAPTER 8c. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS Slide No. 40
21