This Study Resource Was: Pengenalan

PENGENALAN
Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder in which people interpret reality

abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and
extremely disordered thinking and behavior that impairs daily functioning, and can be
disabling. People with schizophrenia require lifelong treatment. Early treatment may help get
symptoms under control before serious complications develop and may help improve the
long-term outlook.
The symptoms of schizophrenia consist of delusion, hallucinations, disorganized
thinking(speech), extremely disorganized or abnormal motor behavior and lastly negative
symptoms. Symptoms can vary in type and severity over time, with periods of worsening and
remission of symptoms. Some symptoms may always be present. In men, schizophrenia
symptoms typically start in the early to mid-20s. In women, symptoms typically begin in the
late 20s. It's uncommon for children to be diagnosed with schizophrenia and rare for those
older than age 45. Delusions, these are false beliefs that are not based in reality. For example,
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you think that you're being harmed or harassed. Hallucinations, these usually involve seeing
or hearing things that don't exist. Disorganized thinking is inferred from disorganized speech.
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Effective communication can be impaired, and answers to questions may be partially or
completely unrelated. Extremely disorganized or abnormal motor behavior, this may show in
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a number of ways, from childlike silliness to unpredictable agitation. Negative symptoms,
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this refers to reduced or lack of ability to function normally.
The causes of schizophrenia are complex and are not fully understood, so current
treatments focus on managing symptoms and solving problems related to day to day
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functioning. The factors that contribute to the disease are genetic, environment and brain
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structure and function. Genetic means if someone in the family had history with
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schizophrenia. Environment means environmental factors that may be involved include living
in poverty, stressful surroundings, and exposure to viruses or nutritional problems before
birth and lastly brain structure and function. The differences in brain structure, function, and
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interactions among chemical messengers (called neurotransmitters) may contribute to the

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development of schizophrenia
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RUJUKAN
1. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/index.shtml
2. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/schizophrenia/symptoms-causes/syc-
20354443#:~:text=Schizophrenia%20is%20a%20serious%20mental,functioning%2C
%20and%20can%20be%20disabling.
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia
4. https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/schizophrenia/what-is-schizophrenia
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PENYATAAN MASALAH
A male patient of age 25 years old came to the hospital permai with family. The
patient’s family complain that patient always speak alone and seeing things that aren’t real.
They also told that patient also keep hearing things eventhough the patients is alone at home.
The symptoms that since the last 3 weeks and the patient’s family also claim that patient had
history with drugs.
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PENCARIAN LITERATURE
The history of schizophrenia is complex and does not lend itself easily to a linear
narrative. Accounts of a schizophrenia-like syndrome are rare in records before the 19th
century. The earliest cases detailed were reported in 1797, and 1809. Dementia praecox,
meaning premature dementia was used by German psychiatrist Heinrich Schüle in 1886, and
then in 1891 by Arnold Pick in a case report of hebephrenia. In 1893 Emil Kraepelin used the
term in making a distinction, known as the Kraepelinian dichotomy, between the two
psychoses – dementia praecox, and manic depression (now called bipolar disorder).
Kraepelin believed that dementia praecox was probably caused by a systemic disease that
affected many organs and nerves, affecting the brain after puberty in a final decisive cascade.
It was thought to be an early form of dementia, a degenerative disease. When it became
evident that the disorder was not degenerative it was renamed schizophrenia by Eugen
Bleuler in 1908.
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The term schizophrenia used to be associated with split personality by the general
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population but that usage went into decline when split personality became known as a
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separate disorder, first as multiple identity disorder, and later as dissociative identity disorder.
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In the early 20th century, the psychiatrist Kurt Schneider listed the psychotic symptoms of
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schizophrenia into two groups of hallucinations, and delusions. The hallucinations were listed
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as specific to auditory, and the delusional included thought disorders. These were seen as the
symptoms of first-rank importance and were termed first-rank symptoms. Whilst these were
also sometimes seen to be relevant to the psychosis in manic-depression, they were highly
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suggestive of schizophrenia and typically referred to as first-rank symptoms of schizophrenia.

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The most common first-rank symptom was found to belong to thought disorder. In 2013 the
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first-rank symptoms were excluded from the DSM-5 criteria. First-rank symptoms are seen to
be of limited use in detecting schizophrenia but may be of help in differential diagnosis.
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The earliest attempts to treat schizophrenia were psychosurgical, involving either

the removal of brain tissue from different regions or the severing of pathways. These were
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notably frontal lobotomies and cingulotomies which were carried out from the 1930s. In the
1930s a number of shock therapies were introduced which induced seizures (convulsions) or
comas. Insulin shock therapy involved the injecting of large doses of insulin in order to
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induce comas, which in turn produced hypoglycemia and convulsions. The use of electricity
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to induce seizures was developed, and in use as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) by 1938.
Stereotactic surgeries were developed in the 1940s. Treatment was revolutionized in the mid-
1950s with the development and introduction of the first typical antipsychotic,
chlorpromazine. In the 1970s the first atypical antipsychotic clozapine, was introduced
followed by the introduction of others. Before 2013, the subtypes of schizophrenia were
classified as paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated, and residual type. The
subtypes of schizophrenia were eliminated because of a lack of clear distinction among the
subtypes and low validity of classification.
In 2017, the Global Burden of Disease Study estimated there were 1.1 million
new cases, and in 2019 WHO reported a total of 20 million cases globally. Schizophrenia
affects around 0.3–0.7% of people at some point in their life. It occurs 1.4 times more
frequently in males than females and typically appears earlier in men – the peak ages of onset
are 25 years for males and 27 years for females. Onset in childhood, before the age of 13 can
sometimes occur. A later onset can occur between the ages of 40 and 60, known as late onset,
and also after 60 known as very late onset. Worldwide, schizophrenia is the most common
psychotic disorder. The frequency of schizophrenia varies across the world, within
countries,and at the local and neighborhood level. This variation has been estimated to be
fivefold. It causes approximately one percent of worldwide disability adjusted life years and
resulted in 17,000 deaths in 2015.In 2000, the World Health Organization found the
percentage of people affected and the number of new cases that develop each year is roughly
similar around the world, with age-standardized prevalence per 100,000 ranging from 343 in
Africa to 544 in Japan and Oceania for men, and from 378 in Africa to 527 in Southeastern
Europe for women. About 1.1% of adults have schizophrenia in the United States. However,
in areas of conflict this figure can rise to between 4.0 and 6.5%.
Schizophrenia is a major cause of disability. In 2016 it was classed as the 12th most
disabling condition. Approximately 75% of people with schizophrenia have ongoing
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disability with relapses and 16.7 million people globally are deemed to have moderate or
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severe disability from the condition. Some people do recover completely and others function
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well in society. Most people with schizophrenia live independently with community support.
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About 85% are unemployed.
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PERBINCANGAN
Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder in which people interpret reality
abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and
extremely disordered thinking and behavior that impairs daily functioning, and can be
disabling. People with schizophrenia require lifelong treatment. Early treatment may help get
symptoms under control before serious complications develop and may help improve the
long-term outlook.
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About 0.3% to 0.7% of people are affected by schizophrenia during their
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lifetime. In 2017, there were an estimated 1.1 million new cases and in 2019 a total of 20
million cases globally. Males are more often affected and on average have an earlier onset.
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The causes of schizophrenia include genetic and environmental factors. Genetic factors
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include a variety of common and rare genetic variants. Possible environmental factors include
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being raised in a city, cannabis use during adolescence, infections, the ages of a person's
mother or father, and poor nutrition during pregnancy. About half of those diagnosed with
schizophrenia will have a significant improvement over the long term with no further
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relapses, and a small proportion of these will recover completely. The other half will have a
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lifelong impairment, and severe cases may be repeatedly admitted to hospital. Social
problems such as long-term unemployment, poverty, homelessness, exploitation, and
victimization are common consequences of schizophrenia.
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The factors that contribute to the disease are genetic, environment and brain
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structure and function. Genetic means if someone in the family had history with
schizophrenia. Environment means environmental factors that may be involved include living
in poverty, stressful surroundings, and exposure to viruses or nutritional problems before
birth and lastly brain structure and function. The differences in brain structure, function, and
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interactions among chemical messengers (called neurotransmitters) may contribute to the

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development of schizophrenia. Prevention of schizophrenia is difficult as there are no reliable

markers for the later development of the disorder.
RAWATAN
Treatments for schizophrenia are medications, psychosocial treatment and electro
compulsive treatment (ECT).
Medications such as antipsychotic medications can help reduce the intensity and
frequency of psychotic symptoms. They are usually taken daily in pill or liquid forms. Some
antipsychotic medications are given as injections once or twice a month. Antipsychotic
medications have side effects such as weight gain, dry mouth, restlessness, and drowsiness
when they start taking these medications. Some of these side effects subside over time, but
others may persist, which may cause some people to consider stopping their antipsychotic
medication. Suddenly stopping medication can be dangerous and it can make schizophrenia
symptoms worse. Second-generation medications are generally preferred because they pose a
lower risk of serious side effects than do first-generation antipsychotics such as olanzapine,
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paliperidone and clozapine. The first-generation medication have frequent and potentially
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significant neurological side effects, including the possibility of developing a movement
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disorder. The medication of first generation consist of chlorpromazine and haloperidol.
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Psychosocial treatment consists of:
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1. individual therapy. Psychotherapy may help to normalize thought patterns. Also,
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learning to cope with stress and identify early warning signs of relapse can help
people with schizophrenia manage their illness.
2. Social skills training. This focuses on improving communication and social
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interactions and improving the ability to participate in daily activities.

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3. Family therapy. This provides support and education to families dealing with
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schizophrenia.
4. Vocational rehabilitation and supported employment. This focuses on helping people
with schizophrenia prepare for, find and keep jobs.
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For adults with schizophrenia who do not respond to drug therapy, electroconvulsive
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therapy (ECT) may be considered. ECT may be helpful for someone who also has depression.
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RUMUSAN
Schizophrenia not only cause problem for the individual himself but also to their
family and their country. The causes of this disease are still unknown and there is no way to
prevent it. Schizophrenia can cause the person that had it to have hallucination and delusion.
This can cause patient to hearing things that others can’t. this can also lead to problem if the
things that the patient heard command him to self-harm or worse make him do suicide or kill
others people that near or close to him such as the patient’ family.
The patient that have schizophrenia must take medication that being prescribed by
the doctor in order to ease the symptoms. If drugs doesn’t works then other treatment such as
ect can be use. Patient need to continue to take medication and avoid stopping the medication
without the doctor permission in order to avoid the symptom become worse or the medication
stop working.
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PENGENALAN

Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder in which people interpret reality

interactions among chemical messengers (called neurotransmitters) may contribute to the

suggestive of schizophrenia and typically referred to as first-rank symptoms of schizophrenia.

The earliest attempts to treat schizophrenia were psychosurgical, involving either

interactions among chemical messengers (called neurotransmitters) may contribute to the

development of schizophrenia. Prevention of schizophrenia is difficult as there are no reliable

interactions and improving the ability to participate in daily activities.

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