Speaking questions

1. Endangered species a type of animal or plant that

might stop existing because there are only a few of that type alive
2. We should concerned about endangered species because it is so
important for us, for our environment
When a species becomes endangered, it is a sign that the ecosystem is slowly
falling apart. Each species that is lost triggers the loss of other species within its
ecosystem. Humans depend on healthy ecosystems to purify our environment.
Without healthy forests, grasslands, rivers, oceans and other ecosystems, we
will not have clean air, water, or land. If we allow our environment to become
contaminated, we risk our own health.
Over 50% of the 150 most prescribed medicines were originally derived from a
plant or other natural product. Unfortunately, only about 5% of known plant
species have been tested for medicinal uses and there are thousands of plant
species that have yet to be identified. Tens of thousands of Americans die every
year from illnesses for which there is no known cure. The cures for these
diseases may eventually come from plants, therefore, we must protect all
species before they are lost forever from nature’s medicine cabinet.
The American tourism industry is dependent on plant and animal species and
their ecosystems for their multi-billion dollar, job-intensive industry. Every
year, millions of people visit natural areas in the US and participate in wildlife
related activities. From woodland hikes to beach going, outdoor activities are
the second most popular travel activity (Travel Industry Association of
America). The U.S. Park Service logs over 200 million visitors to our National
Parks every year. The local economies of these areas
benefit greatly from activities associated with these visits. The preservation of
our nation’s biological diversity is an immensely important facet to the survival
of the travel industry.
Agriculture also plays an important role in the protection of species, farmers are
often seen as the original conservationists. Many farmers set aside portions of
their land as wildlife habitat and also work in partnership with groups such as
Trout Unlimited to restore river and stream habitats for endangered and
threatened fish and reptiles. In addition, wild relatives of common crops contain
 important genetic material needed to maintain these crops. These relatives can
be used to ensure crops are disease-resistant while providing information for
developing new crops that can grow in less than adequate lands.
3. An endangered species is a type of organism that is threatened by extinction.
Species become endangered for two main reasons: loss of habitat and loss
of genetic variation.
Loss of Habitat

A loss of habitat can happen naturally. Dinosaurs, for instance, lost their

habitat about 65 million years ago. The hot, dry climate of the Cretaceous
period changed very quickly, most likely because of an asteroid striking the
Earth. The impact of the asteroid forced debris into the atmosphere, reducing
the amount of heat and light that reached Earth’s surface. The dinosaurs
were unable to adapt to this new, cooler habitat. Dinosaurs became
endangered, then extinct.
Loss of Genetic Variation

Genetic variation is the diversity found within a species. It’s why human
beings may have blond, red, brown, or black hair. Genetic variation allows
species to adapt to changes in the environment. Usually, the greater the
population of a species, the greater its genetic variation.
4. Gorillas, sea turtles, pandas, rhinos, saola, north Atlantic right whales, tooth
billed pigeon, gharial, kakapo, amur leopard, vapuita
Unfortunately, Amur leopards are one of the world’s most endangered big cats.
They are as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species,
and between 2014 and 2015, there were only around 92 Amur leopards left within
their natural range. That number is now estimated to be less than 70.

Like all species on our endangered list, humans are their biggest threat. Their
beautiful coats are popular with poachers as are their bones which they sell for use
in traditional Asian medicine. They are also at risk from habitat loss due primarily
to natural and human-made fires. Climate change is also changing Amur leopard
habitat and leading to a decrease in prey availability.

5.  simple search of the web will result in a plethora of models describing a

variety of design processes. Their main aim is to define steps in design
 processes that can be either linear or iterative. Some areas of focus of design
processes and their models are:

 product development
 software development
 web site development
 systems design
 project management phases
 instructional design
 User-centered design
 Interaction design, user experience and usability

6.
 The Earth is called "the water planet" because it has approximately 14,108
cubic kilometers of water. However, 97.5% of this water exists in the seas,
and nearly all of the remaining fresh water is locked up in the Antarctic or
Arctic ice caps or as groundwater. Therefore, we can freely access only the
water in lakes (0.007%) in rivers (0.002%). Of these, lakes are the best
"available freshwater source on the Earth's surface." Lakes are valued as
water sources and for fishing, water transport, recreation, and tourism.

 Lakes as a Water Sources

 Water use in Japan is distributed for household use (18.4%), industrial use
(17.4%), and agricultural use (64.1%). Lakes are a vital source of water for
all of these uses. Kasumigaura Lake can provide 61.45 tons of water per
second. This water is divided among agricultural use (82.7%), industrial use
(13.3%), and public water supply (3.8%); domestic water is supplied to
Ibaraki, Chiba, and Tokyo Prefectures. Water from Biwa Lake meets the
drinking water needs of 14 million people in Shiga, Kyoto, Osaka, and
Hyogo prefectures. The history of Manno-ike Reservoir (Kagawa Pref.), as
an agricultural reservoir, dates back to the Taiho period (701 AD to 704
AD). Lake water is also invaluable as a source for hydroelectric power
generation. Hydroelectric power accounts for about ten percent of generated
power in Japan, nearly all the water for which comes from artificial and
natural lakes.
 Lakes for Fishing

 Brackish water lakes that connect to the sea have large fish harvests: Shinji
Lake with 9.971 tons (mainly corbicula shellfish and freshwater smelt),
Hachiro Reservoir with 8,419 tons, and Ogawara Lake with 6,241 tons.
Kasumigaura Lake cultivates 5,471 tons of carp. With 3,326 tons of fish,
Biwa Lake has the highest fish harvest among freshwater lakes. Lakes
support a number of fishing industry businesses: Biwa Lake has 1,045
businesses and Kasumigaura Lake (Kitaura included) has 759 businesses.
Moreover, freshwater smelt and crucian carp are released into numerous
lakes, e.g., the Sagami Reservoir, for tourist fishing.

 Lakes as Tourist and Recreation Locations

 People feel relaxed around water as symbolized by the expression "water

and greenery." People use lakeshores for talking walks and other recreation
and sports activities such as boating and fishing. The annual number of
tourists visiting lakes has risen: 37.5 million for Biwa Lake, 21.3 million for
Ashinoko Lake, 7.87 million for Toya Lake, 6.44 million for Kawaguchi
Lake (16 million to all the Mount Fuji lakes [Fuji-goko Lakes]), 4.66 million
for Chuzenji Lake, 3.9 million for Yamanaka Lake, 2.72 for O-numa Lake,
and 2.56 million to Shikotsu Lake. Many people also visit dam reservoirs
near major cities and tourist spots: 1.59 million for Gose Reservoir (Iwate
Pref.) and 1.44 million for Kamafusa Reservoir (Miyagi Pref.).

 Lakes as Biodiversity Conservation Areas

 In general, lagoon-type lakes accommodate a variety of fish species because

both brackish-water fish and coastal fish live in them. Shinji Lake is home to
59 species of fish (including both brackish-water and coastal fish) and Hi-
numa Lake is home to 52 species (including both brackish-water and coastal
fish). With four million years of history, Biwa Lake is inhabited by some 52
species of freshwater fish (12 indigenous species) and 46 species of shellfish
species (20 indigenous species). Lakes are not homes just for fish but also
for waterfowl and many other life forms. Notably in the case of migratory
birds, if one habitat deteriorates, the ecosystem in the destination country is
affected as well. Japan has signed the Ramsar Convention for the protection
of wetland and lake ecosystems, and nine locations in Japan, including the
Kushiro Wetlands and Biwa Lake, have been registered as internationally
important wetland or lake ecosystems.
 Lakes as Natural Balance Preserving Reservoirs

 According to calculations, Biwa Lake protects some 7.8 million people and
50 trillion yen (approx. US$50 billion) worth of assets from flooding by
acting as a flood control. Watarase Reservoir (Gunma Pref.) is presently
used as a flood control pond although it was originally built as a mine
pollution sedimentation pond for the Asio Copper Mine. The wetlands that
have spread out near Yanaka Reservoir have become a paradise for wildfowl
outside of the flooding season.
 Utilization of Lakes


Data provided by The Japanese Prefectures' Association on the Promotion of
Environmentally Sound Management of Lakes ("National Lake
Association")


Biwa Lake - A Source of Drinking Water for 14 Million People

Nakase-numa Lake in Ura-Bandai district is a popular tourist site


Lake habitat rich in biodiversity


Catching corbicula shellfish on Shinji Lake
7.
 A lake ecosystem or lacustrine
ecosystem includes biotic (living) plants, animals and micro-organisms, as
well as abiotic (non-living) physical and chemical interactions.[1] Lake
ecosystems are a prime example of lentic ecosystems (lentic refers to
stationary or relatively still freshwater, from the Latin lentus, which means
"sluggish"), which include ponds, lakes and wetlands, and much of this
article applies to lentic ecosystems in general. Lentic ecosystems can be
compared with lotic ecosystems, which involve flowing terrestrial waters
such as rivers and streams. Together, these two fields form the more general
study area of freshwater or aquatic ecology.
  Lentic systems are diverse, ranging from a small, temporary rainwater pool a
few inches deep to Lake Baikal, which has a maximum depth of 1642 m.
[2]
 The general distinction between pools/ponds and lakes is vague, but
Brown[1] states that ponds and pools have their entire bottom surfaces
exposed to light, while lakes do not. In addition, some lakes become
seasonally stratified (discussed in more detail below.) Ponds and pools have
two regions: the pelagic open water zone, and the benthic zone, which
comprises the bottom and shore regions. Since lakes have deep bottom
regions not exposed to light, these systems have an additional zone,
the profundal.[3] These three areas can have very different abiotic conditions
and, hence, host species that are specifically adapted to live there.[1]
Some factors affect lake is light, temperature, wind, chemistry, bacteria, primary
producer, fish and other veterbrates and inveterbrates
8.
 Use conservation practices on agricultural lands.
 Install a rain barrel and/or plant a rain garden.
 Plant native trees and vegetation along shorelines and river banks to help
hold soil in place and reduce erosion.
 Properly maintain your septic system, especially by pumping every few
years.
 Wash your car with non-phosphorus and biodegradable soap on your lawn
rather than on your driveway so that excess water and detergents can soak
into the grass.
 Test your lawn and garden soil before fertilizing. Laws in New York and
Vermont prohibit the use of phosphorus fertilizers. Learn more about P-free
fertilizers on the Lawn to Lake website.
 Do not rake your yard waste into nearby streams, lakes or stormwater
gutters. Leave grass clippings as mulch on your lawn.

9.

Most presentations are divided into 3 main parts (+ questions):

1 INTRODUCTION (Questions)
 2 BODY

3 CONCLUSION

  Questions

As a general rule in communication, repetition is valuable. In presentations, there

is a golden rule about repetition:

1. Say what you are going to say...

2. say it...
3. then say what you have just said.

In other words, use the three parts of your presentation to reinforce your message.
In the introduction, you tell your audience what your message is going to be. In the
body, you tell your audience your real message. In the conclusion, you summarize
what your message was.

We will now consider each of these parts in more detail.

Introduction

The introduction is a very important - perhaps the most important - part of your
presentation. This is the first impression that your audience have of you. You
should concentrate on getting your introduction right. You should use the
introduction to:

1. welcome your audience

2. introduce your subject
3. outline the structure of your presentation
4. give instructions about questions

The following table shows examples of language for each of these functions. You
may need to modify the language as appropriate.
 Function Possible language

1  Good morning, ladies and gentlemen

Welcoming  Good morning, gentlemen
your audience  Good afternoon, ladies and gentleman
 Good afternoon, everybody

2  I am going to talk today about...

Introducing
your subject  The purpose of my presentation is to introduce our
new range of...

3  To start with I'll describe the progress made this year.

Outlining your Then I'll mention some of the problems we've
structure encountered and how we overcame them. After that I'll
consider the possibilities for further growth next year.
Finally, I'll summarize my presentation (before
concluding with some recommendations).

4  Do feel free to interrupt me if you have any questions.

Giving
instructions  I'll try to answer all of your questions after the
about presentation.
questions  I plan to keep some time for questions after the
presentation.

Body

The body is the 'real' presentation. If the introduction was well prepared and
delivered, you will now be 'in control'. You will be relaxed and confident.

The body should be well structured, divided up logically, with plenty of carefully
spaced visuals.

Remember these key points while delivering the body of your presentation:
  do not hurry
 be enthusiastic
 give time on visuals
 maintain eye contact
 modulate your voice
 look friendly
 keep to your structure
 use your notes
 signpost throughout
 remain polite when dealing with difficult questions

Conclusion

Use the conclusion to:

1. Sum up
2. (Give recommendations if appropriate)
3. Thank your audience
4. Invite questions

The following table shows examples of language for each of these functions. You
may need to modify the language as appropriate.

Function Possible language

1  To conclude,...
Summing up  In conclusion,...
 Now, to sum up...
 So let me summarise/recap what I've said.
 Finally, may I remind you of some of the main
points we've considered.
 2  In conclusion, my recommendations are...
Giving
recommendations  I therefore suggest/propose/recommend the
following strategy.

3  Many thanks for your attention.

Thanking your
audience  May I thank you all for being such an attentive
audience.

4  Now I'll try to answer any questions you may

Inviting questions have.
 Can I answer any questions?
 Are there any questions?
 Do you have any questions?
 Are there any final questions?

Questions

Questions are a good opportunity for you to interact with your audience. It may be
helpful for you to try to predict what questions will be asked so that you can
prepare your response in advance. You may wish to accept questions at any time
during your presentation, or to keep a time for questions after your presentation.
Normally, it's your decision, and you should make it clear during the introduction.
Be polite with all questioners, even if they ask difficult questions. They are
showing interest in what you have to say and they deserve attention. Sometimes
you can reformulate a question. Or answer the question with another question. Or
even ask for comment from the rest of the audience.

10.

11.

I used to visited the West lake. Tay Ho District is known for housing Hanoi’s
largest freshwater lake, called West Lake. It’s a huge body of water – it has a
circumference of 17km – and there are plenty of historic places of interest, five-
star hotels, stylish restaurants, cafes, and nightlife venues that are worth exploring
along the shoreline.

Accessible within a 15-minute drive from Hanoi Old Quarter, many locals and
tourists seeking respite from the busy city make their way to this high-end district
as it provides a sanctuary of great natural beauty with plenty of quiet spots in the
sizeable botanical gardens. Known locally as Tay Ho Lake, the actual history of
West Lake remains a mystery to this very day, though one legend claims that it
was formed when the Dragon King Lac Long Quan drowned a wicked fox spirit
with nine tails in his lair. Another folklore source claims that the lake was formed
when a large Chinese buffalo mistakenly confused a pagoda temple bell with its
mothers call and ran so fiercely into a small hollow that the lake was made.

West Lake is a beautiful place to while away an afternoon: there are boats for hire
and lunch on a floating restaurant makes a novel dining option. Notable points of
interest at West Lake include Tran Quoc Pagoda which was built in the 6th
century, making it Vietnam’s oldest temple. Tran Quoc Pagoda resides on a small
island built by King Ly Nam De as a cultural symbol of Vietnamese Buddhism.
The pagoda is particularly stunning when viewed early evening at sunset.

The other main attraction is Quan Thanh Temple, which is located at the West
Lake crossroads of Thanh Nien Street and Quan Thanh Street. One of Vietnam’s
ancient Four Sacred Temples built during the reign of King Ly Thai To from 1010
to 1028, the temple features detailed wood carvings of sacred animals, trees and
flowers in its structure. Quan Thanh Temple is open for all to enter with sightseers
encouraged to pray for health, luck and happiness during their visit.

12.Most children think of boring lectures and lists of important dates to

remember when they hear the words History class. This can be changed by a
number of improvements to the class. The best way to improve the history
class would be to get students involved. Students often dread the thought of
sitting for an hour listening to their teacher ramble on. This can be changed
by getting them interacting with one another and having them become an
active part of the lesson. For instance, it would be a good practice to assign
roles of some historical events to each student and allow them to recreate the
situations. Another good way to improve the history class is to teach outside
of the classroom. Students will therefore have an opportunity to leave the
confinement of their desks and get a change of scenery. To incorporate
history into a field trip, it is ideal to take the class to a historical village or
 even local buildings in the community such as a court house or library. This
will make history more entertaining for the students and they will get to see it
before their eyes. Also it can be helpful if a history teacher is a good story
teller. Although teaching the history class is not simply about storytelling,
students generally find the lecture more interesting and easier to understand if
their teacher tells better stories. By incorporating different elements into the
lecture such as power point or even movie clips, teachers can make
storytelling easier and more interactive. In conclusion, the history class does
not have to be tedious because there are many ways to make it a fun learning
experience for students.
1. History helps us develop a better understanding of the world.
You can’t build a framework on which to base your life without understanding
how things work in the world. History paints us a detailed picture of how
society, technology, and government worked way back when so that we can
better understand how it works now. It also helps us determine how to approach
the future, as it allows us to learn from our past mistakes (and triumphs) as a
society.
 
2. History helps us understand ourselves.
To understand who you are, you need to develop a sense of self. A large
part of that is learning where you fit into the story of your country or the
global community in the grand scheme of things. History tells you the story
of how your nation, city, or community came to be everything that it is. It
tells you where your ancestors came from and tells you who they were.
Most importantly of all, it gives you the ability to spot (and appreciate) the
legacies you may have inherited from them.
 
3. History helps us learn to understand other people.
History isn’t just an essential introduction to your own country, ethnic
heritage, and ancestry. It’s also a valuable tool when it comes to
understanding those who are different from us. Global, national, and
regional history books help us understand how other cultures affect our
own.
 
They encourage us to develop a greater appreciation for multicultural
influences within our own communities as well – exactly why everyone
should study African American history, immigrant history, and so forth,
regardless of their own cultural background.
 
4. History teaches a working understanding of change.
 

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It goes without saying that change can be a difficult concept to understand.
Each of us has a different experience with the rest of the world – an
experience shaped by societal norms, cultural differences, personal
experiences, and more. We know when we as individuals crave change and
why. History helps us better understand how, when, and why change occurs
(or should be sought) on a larger scale.
 
5. History gives us the tools we need to be decent citizens.
Good citizens are always informed citizens, and no one can consider
himself to be an informed citizen without a working knowledge of history.
This is the case whether we’re talking about our role in our community or
in regards to our nation on the whole. History helps us become better voters
and more effective members of any type of society. It helps put us in a
position to better inform others as well.
 
6. History makes us better decision makers.
 “Those that do not learn history are doomed to repeat it.” Those words were
first spoken by George Santayana, and they are still very relevant today
because of how true they are. History gives us the opportunity to learn from
past mistakes. It helps us understand the many reasons why people may
behave the way they do. As a result, it helps us become more
compassionate as people and more impartial as decision makers.
Our judicial system is a perfect example of this concept at work.
 
7. History helps us develop a new level of appreciation for just about
everything.
 

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History is more than just the living record of nations, leaders, and wars. It’s
also the story of us. It’s packed with tales of how someone stood up for what
they believed in, or died for love, or worked hard to make their dreams come
true. All of those things are concepts we can relate to; it’s enriching to know
that so could the likes of Abraham Lincoln, Thomas Jefferson, or Martin
Luther King.
 
Plus, history is just plain interesting. Everything you like about your
favorite movies, television shows, and fiction novels is yours to experience
 right here in reality when you study history. Explore the possibilities today
and step into a whole new world that will change who you are forever.
13.The Introduction The introduction is the most important part of your
presentation as it sets the tone for the entire presentation. Its primary purpose
is to capture the attention of the audience, usually within the first 15 seconds.
Make those first few words count! There are many styles you can use to get
the audience’s attention. Here are just a few: • Ask a question. (This is
probably the easiest but least creative choice.) • Share a fascinating fact or
startling statistic. • Quote someone. • Share a personal story. (This is often
good for speeches.) • Show a completed product. • Show an unusual object. •
State a problem. • Wear a mask or costume. • Sing, dance, or do a skit. (Be
sure it doesn’t last too long and don’t be silly.) • Enter in an unusual way
such as popping up from behind the table. • Demonstrate an action without
speaking. The best introductions are those that are creative and original, so
use your imagination! After this attention-getter, you need to introduce
yourself, usually just with your name, your club, and your year in 4-H. If you
are giving a team presentation, you may introduce each other or each of you
can each introduce yourself. Sometimes, it may even work for one person to
introduce both of you. 211-200C Parts of a Presentation 2 Finally, you need
to state what your presentation will be about including the major points you
will cover. In some cases you might want to include why you selected this
topic or what you hope the audience will learn. And it’s always nice if
something in your introduction relates to your title. It should be noted that
these guidelines are suggestions only. You may speak in situations where
someone else introduces you or your topic may lend itself to a different order.
In such cases, adapt your introduction to fit the circumstance. The
introduction has to accomplish a lot, but it needs to be brief so that there is
plenty of time for the main part of the presentation. An introduction over a
minute or two is probably too long. When your introduction is finished, you
need to make a smooth transition into the body of your talk. The Body The
body is the main part of your presentation. This is where you explain your
topic and where all your information is presented. The organization of the
body is critical because the audience needs to be able to follow what you are
saying and/or doing. A demonstration is the easiest to organize because you
can simply go through the steps in order. The audience must know what is
being done, how it’s being done, and why it’s being done. Illustrated talks or
speeches are usually organized by arranging major points and discussing
them. You should limit these major points to three to five. If you have more
than five, the audience can get lost or confused. If you have fewer than three,
you probably don’t have enough information or your topic is too simple or
narrow. Arrange your points in a logical order and then give information to
support each point. Examples of ways to organize points are to number them
(1, 2, 3....); put them in a time frame (past, present, future); use narration (tell
a story from beginning to end); or present them as a problem-effect-solution
(state a problem, describe its effect, then suggest ways to solve the problem).
No matter how you organize the body of your presentation, you must have
clear transitions from point to point or step to step. There are many ways you
can help the audience identify these transitions. Count on your fingers, step 1,
step 2, etc. Use transition words such as then, next, finally, or one reason,
another reason, or first, second, third. Pauses are a good 211-200C Parts of a
Presentation 3 way to emphasize transitions. Movement can also indicate a
transition. Try changing your position in front of the audience or switching
posters. All information you present in the body of your presentation must be
accurate and understandable. You need to offer enough information to cover
your topic thoroughly while eliminating any unnecessary information. The
Conclusion Your conclusion should be short and concise. It should
summarize or highlight the main points you made or emphasize what the
audience should have learned. Do not restate everything you said in the body
and never introduce new information at this time. A good conclusion ties
together all the parts of your presentation. Try to include some sort of link to
your introduction. Avoid false or multiple endings. End with a catchy phrase
and leave the audience with a good impression. After your conclusion, you
need to state your sources of information. These could include books,
magazine articles, or interviews with people. If you’ve used material from the
Internet, don’t state entire websites. Just give key search words. Last, you
need to ask for questions. Be sure that you repeat each question before you
give an answer. Not only does this ensure everyone hears the question, but it
gives you the chance to make sure you understood the question. If you get a
question you can’t answer, simply say you don’t know. Never make up an
answer or bluff. If possible, provide a resource where the answer could be
found. It isn’t practical to offer to look it up and get back to the person. When
there are no more questions, a simple “thank you” to finish is enough. Don’t
thank the judge for listening or various people for giving you help. If it’s
appropriate, you can invite the audience to sample or inspect your final
 product or items you used. You could also pass out copies of recipes, a list of
websites, or other handouts.

14.
1. Develop treatment methods
Animal experiments have contributed to the development of many therapeutic
and life-saving methods. The California Biomedical Research Association
states that nearly every medical breakthrough in the past 100 years has a direct
result from animal research. For example, the dog's pancreas removal
experiment found insulin - an important life-saving factor for diabetics.

Animal studies have also contributed to major advances in understanding and

treating conditions such as breast cancer, brain injury, leukemia in children,
cystic fibrosis, malaria, multiple sclerosis. , tuberculosis, and many more. At
the same time, this is also a method to help develop pacemakers, heart valve
replacement and anesthesia.

2. Test drug effects

There is currently no suitable alternative to vivo testing of a product. Living
systems like humans and animals are extremely complex. Studies of cell
culture in laboratory plates did not show that interrelated processes occur in
the central nervous system, endocrine system, and immune system.
Assessing the side effects of a drug requires a circulatory system to carry
the drug to different organs. What's more, even the most powerful
supercomputers cannot accurately simulate the functioning of complex
organs like the brain.

3. Animals have human-like texture

Animals are suitable subjects of study because they are quite similar to
humans in many ways. Chimpanzees are 99% similar to human DNA, and
mice are 98% genetically like humans. All mammals, including humans, are
descended from a common ancestor and all share the same body part (heart,
kidney, lung…). Since animals and humans are so biologically similar, they
are susceptible to many of the same diseases, including heart disease, cancer
and diabetes.

4. Consistent with scientific research

Animals often do better subjects than humans because of their shorter
lifespans. Laboratory mice, for example, only live two to three years, so
researchers can study the effects of genetic manipulation or treatments over
their entire lifespan or generations. This is not possible with human subjects.
For long-term cancer research, thanks to the short lifespan, mice are
particularly well suited to this type of study.
5. Ensure product safety
Some cosmetics and health care products must be tested on animals for
safety before use on humans. American women use an average of 12
personal care products per day, so product safety is very important. The US
 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves the use of animal testing to
ensure safety when using cosmetics.
1. Not meeting ethical standards
From a moral point of view, animal experiments are considered cruel and
inhumane. According to the Humane Society International, animals used in
experiments are often forced to eat, live in conditions of lack of food and water,
and are compromised to study the healing process.

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) reported in 2016 that up to

71,370 animals were injured but not given pain relief, including 1,272 primates,
5,771 rabbits, 24,566 guinea pigs, and 33,280 hamsters.

2. No absolute safety guarantee

Passing animal tests does not mean that it will be safe. The sleeping pill
thalidomide in the 1950s, left 10,000 infants with serious malformations, although
it was tested on animals before its release. Subsequent tests on mice, cats ... also
did not show results of birth defects unless the drug was used in extremely high
doses.

Similarly, animal experiments on the arthritis drug Vioxx showed heart protective
effects in rats, but the drug caused more than 27,000 heart attacks and sudden
cardiac death in humans before being withdrawn. out of the market.
3. Make the wrong decision Animal testing may cause researchers to ignore
potential therapies. Some chemicals are ineffective or harmful to animals,
providing therapeutic value in humans. For example, aspirin can be dangerous to
some animals, or intravenous vitamin C has been shown to be effective in treating
sepsis in humans, but it doesn't make a difference using mice. 4. Expenditure on
implementation budget Animal testing is often more expensive than other
alternatives and is a waste of government money. Humane Society International
has compared a variety of animal tests to in vitro (in vitro) tests, showing that
animal tests are more expensive. Biotech company Empiriko invented a synthetic
liver that can predict the liver's metabolic reactions to drugs in the process faster,
cheaper and more accurately than in animal testing. In one test the method was
able to provide information to a degree that previously required 1,000 mice and
100 dogs. 5. Animals can be mistreated About 95% of the animals used in the
experiments are not protected by the Animal Welfare Act (AWA). AWA does not
protect rats, fish and birds, making up about 95% of the animals used in the study.
Consequently, these animals were particularly susceptible to abuse and abuse
during the research process. Experimenting on animals has the benefit of scientific
research, but it requires control and purposeful use. The animals themselves also
have emotions and have the right to choose to live in a gifted way. Therefore, the
use of animals for research purposes should be checked, weighed and approved
before implementation.

15.In my opinion, I absolutely agree with the author opinion

The lack of origin leaves a void in the heart of a person
For example, a child who has no parents but is adopted will be different from
a child without a caregiver. that will leave an incomplete void in the heart of
every child, without the upbringing of the child's parents will be stigmatized
because of this difference, devoid of the upbringing of the Parents, it will not
be able to self-discern what is right and what is wrong, what needs to be
overcome and what needs to work, it is very easy to go on a bad path for
itself and that will lead to to tragedy that should not have suffered from that
angel's little soul.
16.
Over the past 50 years, the average global temperature has increased at the fastest
rate in recorded history. And experts see the trend is accelerating: All but one of
the 16 hottest years in NASA’s 134-year record have occurred since 2000.

Climate change deniers have argued that there has been a “pause” or a “slowdown”
in rising global temperatures, but several recent studies, including a 2015
paper published in the journal Science, have disproved this claim. And scientists
say that unless we curb global-warming emissions, average U.S. temperatures
could increase by up to 10 degrees Fahrenheit over the next century.

Global warming occurs when carbon dioxide (CO2) and other air pollutants and
greenhouse gases collect in the atmosphere and absorb sunlight and solar radiation
that have bounced off the earth’s surface. Normally, this radiation would escape
into space—but these pollutants, which can last for years to centuries in the
atmosphere, trap the heat and cause the planet to get hotter. That's what's known
as the greenhouse effect.

In the United States, the burning of fossil fuels to make electricity is the largest
source of heat-trapping pollution, producing about two billion tons of CO2 every
year. Coal-burning power plants are by far the biggest polluters. The country’s
second-largest source of carbon pollution is the transportation sector, which
generates about 1.7 billion tons of CO2 emissions a year.

Curbing dangerous climate change requires very deep cuts in emissions, as well as

the use of alternatives to fossil fuels worldwide. The good news is that we’ve
started a turnaround: CO2 emissions in the United States actually decreased from
2005 to 2014, thanks in part to new, energy-efficient technology and the use of
cleaner fuels. And scientists continue to develop new ways to modernize power
plants, generate cleaner electricity, and burn less gasoline while we drive. The
challenge is to be sure these solutions are put to use and widely adopted.

 Each year, scientists learn more about the consequences of global warming, and
many agree that environmental, economic, and health consequences are likely to
occur if current trends continue. Here’s just a smattering of what we can look
forward to:

 Melting glaciers, early snowmelt, and severe droughts will cause more
dramatic water shortages and increase the risk of wildfires in the
American West.

 Rising sea levels will lead to coastal flooding on the Eastern Seaboard,
especially in Florida, and in other areas such as the Gulf of Mexico.

 Forests, farms, and cities will face troublesome new pests, heat waves,
heavy downpours, and increased flooding. All those factors will
damage or destroy agriculture and fisheries.

 Disruption of habitats such as coral reefs and Alpine meadows could

drive many plant and animal species to extinction.

 Allergies, asthma, and infectious disease outbreaks will become more

common due to increased growth of pollen-producing ragweed, higher
levels of air pollution, and the spread of conditions favorable to
pathogens and mosquitoes.
 We’ve started. But in order to avoid the worst effects of climate change, we
need to do a lot more—together with other countries—to reduce our
dependence on fossil fuels and start using clean energy instead.
 In 2015, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency pledged to reduce
carbon pollution from our power plants by nearly a third by 2030, relative to
2005 levels, through its Clean Power Plan. But fast-forward to 2017, and
under the Trump Administration, the EPA proposed repealing this critical
tool for curbing climate change. Likewise, while under the Obama
administration, the U.S. Department of Transportation proposed carbon
pollution and fuel economy standards intended to cut emissions through the
2020s, under Trump administration, the DOT is working to roll back those
clean vehicle safeguards that protect the climate and our health.  
 Fortunately, state leaders—including in car country itself—recognize that
clean transportation must remain a priority if we are to address the costly
risks of climate change and protect public health. And regional efforts
around the country are helping to boost the electric car market, which saw an
increase in sales for 2017 over 2016. Our clean energy economy is
growing too, despite federal efforts to derail it. In 2016, wind employment
grew by 32 percent and solar jobs increased by 25 percent.
 Globally, at the United Nations Conference on Climate Change in Paris, 195
countries—including the United States, at the time—agreed to pollution-
cutting provisions with a goal of preventing the average global temperature
from rising more than 1.5 degrees Celsius above preindustrial times.
(Scientists say we must stay below a two-degree increase to avoid
catastrophic climate impacts.)
 To help make the deal happen, the Obama administration pledged $3 billion
to the Green Climate Fund, an international organization dedicated to
helping poor countries adopt cleaner energy technologies. Under the terms
of the Paris agreement, participating nations will meet every five years,
starting in 2020, to revise their plans for cutting CO2 emissions. Beginning
in 2023, they will also have to publicly report their progress.
  While in 2017, President Trump announced the country’s withdrawal from
the Paris climate agreement and to eliminate “harmful and unnecessary
policies such as the Climate Action Plan,” Americans are forging ahead
without him. Through initiatives like the United States Climate Alliance, the
Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, We Are Still In, and Climate Mayors,
state, business, and local leaders have pledged to honor and uphold the goals
of the Paris Agreement. More than 25 cities in 17 states, with populations
totaling more than 5 million have adopted resolutions that will enable them
to get 100 percent of their electricity from renewable sources like wind and
solar.
 Even better, a new initiative by former New York City mayor Michael
Bloomberg gives the urban layer of this movement a boost. He’s asked
mayors from the 100 most populous cities in the country to share their plans
for making their buildings and transportation systems run cleaner and more
efficiently. The 20 that show the greatest potential for cutting the dangerous
carbon pollution that’s driving climate change will share a total of $70
million in technical assistance funding provided by Bloomberg
Philanthropies and partners.

13. Introduction

A biology investigation usually starts with an observation—that is, something that

catches the biologist’s attention. For instance, a cancer biologist might notice that a
certain kind of cancer can't be treated with chemotherapy and wonder why this is
the case. A marine ecologist, seeing that the coral reefs of her field sites are
bleaching—turning white—might set out to understand why.

How do biologists follow up on these observations? How can you follow up on

your own observations of the natural world? In this article, we’ll walk through
the scientific method, a logical problem-solving approach used by biologists and
many other scientists.

The scientific method

At the core of biology and other sciences lies a problem-solving approach called
the scientific method. The scientific method has five basic steps, plus one feedback
step:

1. Make an observation.
2. Ask a question.
3. Form a hypothesis, or testable explanation.
4. Make a prediction based on the hypothesis.
5. Test the prediction.
6. Iterate: use the results to make new hypotheses or predictions.
The scientific method is used in all sciences—including chemistry, physics,
geology, and psychology. The scientists in these fields ask different questions and
perform different tests. However, they use the same core approach to find answers
that are logical and supported by evidence.

Scientific method example: Failure to toast

Let's build some intuition for the scientific method by applying its steps to a
practical problem from everyday life.

1. Make an observation.

Let's suppose that you get two slices of bread, put them into the toaster, and press
the button. However, your bread does not toast.
 1. Observation: the toaster won't toast.

2. Ask a question.

Why didn't my bread get toasted?

2. Question: Why won't my toaster toast?

3. Propose a hypothesis.

A hypothesis is a potential answer to the question, one that can somehow be tested.
For example, our hypothesis in this case could be that the toast didn't toast because
the electrical outlet is broken.
 3. Hypothesis: Maybe the outlet is broken.
This hypothesis is not necessarily the right explanation. Instead, it's a possible
explanation that we can test to see if it is likely correct, or if we need to make a
new hypothesis.
[Can any explanation count as a hypothesis?]
[Is a hypothesis a theory?]

4. Make predictions.

A prediction is an outcome we'd expect to see if the hypothesis is correct. In this

case, we might predict that if the electrical outlet is broken, then plugging the
toaster into a different outlet should fix the problem.

4. Prediction: If I plug the toaster into a different outlet, then it will toast the
bread.

5. Test the predictions.

To test the hypothesis, we need to make an observation or perform an experiment

associated with the prediction. For instance, in this case, we would plug the toaster
into a different outlet and see if it toasts.
 5. Test of prediction: Plug the toaster into a different outlet and try again.
 If the toaster does toast, then the hypothesis is supported—likely correct.
 If the toaster doesn't toast, then the hypothesis is not supported—likely
wrong.
The results of a test may either support or contradict—oppose—a hypothesis.
Results that support a hypothesis can't conclusively prove that it's correct, but they
do mean it's likely to be correct. On the other hand, if results contradict a
hypothesis, that hypothesis is probably not correct. Unless there was a flaw in the
test—a possibility we should always consider—a contradictory result means that
we can discard the hypothesis and look for a new one.
[More about hypotheses, proof, and disproof]

6. Iterate.

The last step of the scientific method is to reflect on our results and use them to
guide our next steps.
 And the result is:

Left panel: My bread toasts! Hypothesis is supported. Right panel: My bread still
won't toast. Hypothesis is not supported.

6. Iteration time!
Left panel (in case of hypothesis being supported): But what is actually wrong with
the outlet? Right panel (in case of hypothesis not being supported): Hmm...maybe
there is a broken wire in the toaster.

 If the hypothesis was supported, we might do additional tests to confirm it,

or revise it to be more specific. For instance, we might investigate why the
outlet is broken.
 If the hypothesis was not supported, we would come up with a new
hypothesis. For instance, the next hypothesis might be that there's a broken
wire in the toaster.
In most cases, the scientific method is an iterative process. In other words, it's a
cycle rather than a straight line. The result of one go-round becomes feedback that
improves the next round of question asking.
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