D.C.

Machine as a Motor
2.15 Principle of Operation of a

statement as 'when
motor can be stated in a single
The principle of operation of a d.c. mechanical
in a magnetic field; it experiences a
a current carrying conductor is placed

force'.
required magnetic field while
practical d.c. motor, field winding produces conductors and hence armature
a
In a
of a current carrying
armature conductors play a role
conductors experience a force.
in magnetic field as shown in the Fig. 2.23 (a).
Consider a single conductor placed a

Flux by
conductor

Main Current carrying

Conductor- conductor
flux

N Magnet
N
current carrying conductor
Conductor in magnetic field (b) Flux produced by
(a) a

Fig. 2.23

TECHNICAL
PUBLICATIONS- An up thrust for knowledge
 D. C. Machin
2- 22
Electrical and Electronics Engineering

so that it carries a current in

in a
Now this conductor is excited
separate supply
by a
from an Observer as shour
that it carries a current away wn
particular direction. Consider
in the Fig. 2.23 (b).
field around it, hence this
Any current carrying conductor produces its own magnetic
around. The direction
of this flux can ho
own flux,
conductor also produces its
current considered, the
direction
determined by right hand thumb rule. For direction of
of understanding, the main flux
of flux around a conductor is clockwise. For simplicity
the Fig. 2.23(6).
produced by the permanent magnet is not shown in
Now there are two fluxes present,
1. The flux produced by the permanent magnet called main tlux.

2. The flux produced by the current carrying conductor.

These are shown in the Fig. 2.24 (a).

From this, it is clear that on one side of the conductor, both the fluxes are in the
same direction. In this case, on the left of the conductor there is gathering of the flux
lines as two fluxes help each other.
As against this, on the right of the conductor, the two fluxes are in opposite direction
and hence try to cancel each other. Due to this, the density of the flux lines in this area
gets weakened. So on the left, there exists high flux density area while on the right of
the conductor there exists low flux density shown in the 2.24
area as
Fig. (b).
S

- Cancellation

Addition
Gathering /H Direction of force
f flux

N Weakening
N of flux

(a) Interaction of two fluxes

(b) Force experienced by the conductor
Fig. 2.24
This flux distribution around the conductor acts like a
stretched rubber band under
tension. This exerts a mechanical force on the conductor which
acts from high flux
density area towards low flux density area, i.e. from left to
right for the case considered
as shown in the Fig. 2.24 (b).

In the practical d.c. motor, the permanent magnet is replaced by a field winding
which produces the required flux called man flux and all the
armature conductors,
mounted on the periphery ot the armature drum, get subjected to the mechanical force.
 D. C. Machines
Flectrical and Eloctronics Engineeringg 2- 23

Due to this, overall armature experiences a twisting force called torque and armature

of the motor starts rotating.

2.16 Direction of Rotation of Motor

The magnitude of the force experienced by the conductor in a motor is given by,

F =
BI Newtons (N)
B =
Flux density due to the flux produced by
the field winding
I = Active length of the conductor.

I = Magnitude of the current passing through the conductor.

The direction of such force i.e. the direction of rotation of a motor can be determined
by Fleming's left hand rule. So Fleming's right hand rule is to determine direction of
induced e.m.f. i.e. for generating action while Fleming's left hand rule is to determine
direction of force experienced i.e. for motoring action.

2.16.1 Fleming's Left Hand Ryle

Direction of
The rule states that, 'Outstretch the three motion
fingers of the left hand namely the first finger,
middle finger and thumb such that they are

mutually perpendicular to each other. Now

point the first finger in the direction of

N S
field and the middle finger in the
magnetic Lines of
direction of the current then the thumb gives flux
the direction of the force experienced by the Left
hand
conductor. Direction of
Current
The left hand rule can be
Fleming's Fig. 2.25 Fleming's left hand rule
in the Fig. 2.25.
diagramatically shown as

Apply the rule to

crosscheck the
force experienced by a single
direction of
S N
JL N

F F F
conductor, placed in the
magnetic field, shown in the N N
Fig. 2.26 (a), (b), (c) and (d).
(a) (b) (c) (d)

Fig. 2.26 Direction of force experienced by conductor

 Electrical and Electronics Engineering 2- 24
D. C. Machines

It can be from the Fig. 2.26 that if the direction of the main field in
seen

current carrying conductor is

placed, is reversed, force experienced by the cond. which
reverses its direction. ductor
Similarly keeping main flux direction unchanged, the direction
current passing
through the conductor is reversed, the force experienced by of
Conductor reverses its direction. However if both the directions are the
direction of the force experienced remains the same.
reversed the

Key Point So in
practical motor, to reverse its direction of rotation, either direction
a

of main field produced by the field

winding is reversed or direction of the current
passing through the armature is reversed.
The direction of the main field
can be reversed
by changing the direction of current
passing through the field winding, which is
possible by
supply which is given to the field winding. In short, tointerchanging
the polarities of
have a motoring action two
fluxes must exist, the interaction of
which produces a
torqu1e.
2.17 Back E.M.F. in a D.C. Motor
It is in the
seen
generating action, that when conductor cuts the lines of flux, e.m.f.
a
gets induced in the conductor. In a d.c.
motor, after a motoring action, armature starts
rotating and armature conductors cut the main flux. So is
existing in a motor after motoring action. there a generating action

There is an induced e.m.f. in the

law of
rotating armature conductors according to Faraday's
electromagnetic induction. This induced e.m.f. in the armature
opposite direction to the supply voltage. This is always acts in the
states that the direction of the induced according to the Lenz's law which
e.m.f. is always so as to
producing it. oppose the cause
In a d.c. motor, electrical
input i.e. the supply voltage is the cause for the armature
current and the motoring action and hence
this induced e.m.f.
opposes the supply
voltage. This e.m.f. tries to set up a current
through the armature which is in the
opposite direction to that, which supply voltage is forcing through
the conductor.
As this e.m.f.
always opposes
the supply voltage, it is called
a
back e.m.f. and denoted as
E
Though it is denoted as Ep
basically it gets generated by
Ep
the
generating action which we have Supply
voltage
seen earlier in case of Ra
generators.
So its magnitude can be
determined by the e.m.f. equation
which is derived earlier. So, (b) Equivalent circuit
(a) Back e.m.f. in a d.c. motor

Fig. 2.27
 2-25 DCMachines

PNZ
60A
Tolts
here all svmbols ca he ame meaning as seen earier in case of generators
This emi is shown shematicallr in he Fig 2 (a. So t V is supply voltage in

sand R is the value ot he armature resistance. the equivalent electric circuit can be
hwn as in the Fig 2 b

2.17.1 Voltage Equation of D.c. Motor

d.c. be obtained as
From the equivalent circuut. he roltage equaion for a motor can

V E , R, Brush drop
The brush drop is practicallv negelected.
Hence the armature current 1, can be expressed as.

R
E.M.F.
2.17.2 Significance of Back
machine ie.
motor becomes a regulating
of back emi. the d.c. load
Due to the presene just enough
to satistv the
current
draw the armature

motor adjusts
itselt to

demand. N.
speed. E,
«
to
is proportional
that the back emi.
ot this fact is
The basic principle
motor i e s to slow
down. So speed of
on to motor,
the the
When load is suddenlv put dereases. So the net voltage across

h i c h back emi. aso

the motor niuces due
to current.
armature
draws more
and motor
and hence
àrmature (V -

E) increass

by the conductors

current.
force experienced sutticient to
armanure is just
De to the increasad Ihe nreae n the torque
increases

Re tonque on the armatre

Hence
ineraased load demand tries to increase.

ansty the speai or the motor

reduces the
decreasei
is which eventually
When laad on the motor
o
reduce
This causes ( -

E) inreasing
when the
armature

em.t. increases stops

C The motor speed load.
the new

ent drawn by the

armature.

rajuirai by
the less torque alters the
produce automaticaliv
to it
S Just enough and of the
armarure curent
t

signiticance
ngulates
the flow or I h i s i s the
practical
ke.m.t. requirement
maet
the load
curent to
L is also
zero.

back e.mt. back e.m.t.

hence the
motor is
zero

of the
the speedN evwey
Start
. 47 s
 Electrical and Electronics Engineering 2- 26 D. C. Machine.

Example 2.8 A 220 V, de. motor has an armature resistance of 0.75 2. It is drawino
ing an
armature current of 30 A, driving a certain load. Calculate the induced e.m.f. in
e
motor under this conditionm
Solution V 200 V, - 30 A, R =0.75 Q are the given values.

For a motor, V
R
220 = E, 30 x 0.75

E= 197.5 volts
This is the induced e.m.f. called back
e.m.f. in a motor.

2.18 Power Equation of a D.C. Motor

The voltage equation of a d.c. motor is
given by,
V
= E, 1, Ra
+

Multiplying both sides of the above

equation by a we
get,
VI= E L +l Ra
This equation is called power
equation of a d.c. motor.
VI =
Net electrical power input to the armature measured
in watts.
IR =
Power loss due the resistance of the
to
armature called armature
So difference copper loss.
between VIa and
1áRa i.e. input losses gives the -

armature. output of the

So El called electrical
is
equivalent of gross mechanical power
armature. This is denoted as
P developed by the
Power input to the armature -

Armature copper loSS

=Gross mechanical power
developed in the armature.
2.19 Torque Equation of a D.C. Motor
March-06, Set-2, May-05, Set-1
The turning or
twisting force about an axis is called
Consider a wheel
torque.
of radius R meters acted
circumferential force F newtons upon by a Rotation
as shown in the Fig. 2.28.
The wheel is rotating at a
speed of N
r.p.m. then its angular speed
iS,
Fig. 2.28
 hoGltioal arnd Eloclioea Eginootin Marhuras

2nN
(1)
TAds

G0 workdone in one revolution i

W
Distane travelled in one revlution- F/27 K Jnujes
Workdone
Powerdeveloped
me
2n
Tnefor rev 2r()
()
(2N

N
P Tx » watts

Where T Torque in Nm and Angular speed in

rad/w
Let T, be the grOSs
torque developed by the armature of the motor. It is
als caled
armature torque.
The groSs mechanical power developed in the armature is E, a as e n fron the
power equation.
So if speed of the motor is N
r.p.m. then,
Power in armature = Armature torque » 2TN
i.C.

But E, in motor is PNZ

a
given by, 60 A

oPNZ 1 -T2TN
60 A a 600
T 7T
1 I, PZ PZ
A =0.159 d l a A
Nm

This is the torque equation of a d.c. motor.

2.19.1 Types of Torque in the Motor

The mechanical power developed in the armature is transmitted to the load through
the shaft of the motor.
It is impossible to transmit the entire power developed by the armature to the load.
his is because while transmitting the power through the shaft, there is a power loss
aue to the friction, windage and the iron loss.
The torque required to overcome these losses is called lost torque, denoted
asf These losses are also called stray losses.
e torque which is available at the shaft for doing the useful work is known as load
orque or shaft torque denoted as
h
ATIM A n turut for kiowlodg1g
 2-28 D C. Machines
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
**
ewwweewm vww

T T+ Tsh
Shaft
is always less than the
The shaft torque magnitude
armature torque, (Tsh< T). a LOAD
Lost
the Shaft
The speed of the motor
remains same all along torque torque
shaft say N r.p.m. Then the product of shaft torque Tsh
and the angular speed o rad/sec is called power available

at the shaft i.e. net output of the motor. The maximum

Fig. 2.29 Types of torque
power a motor can deliver to the load safely is called
output rating of a motor. Generally it is expressed in H.P. It is called H.P. rating of a
motor.

Net output of motor = Pout = Tsh X 0

2.19.2 No Load Condition of a Motor

On no
load, the load
requirement is absent. So Tsh= .
This does not
mean that motor is at halt. The motor can rotate at
r.p.m. On no load. The motor draws an
a
speed say No
armature current of la0
a0 E
Ra
where Epo is back e.m.f. on no load, proportional to speed No
Now armature
torque Ta for a motor is,
Ta a
As flux is present and armature current is present, hence Ta0 i.e. armature torque
exists on no load.
Now Ta = Tr + Tsh but on no load, Tsh = 0

Ta0Tr
and
So on no load, motor produces a torque Tao which satisfies the friction, windage
iron losses of the motor.
Power developed (Ebo x Ia0)= Friction, windage and, iron losses.

Back e.m.f. on no load.

where Eb0
no load.
Armature current drawn on
assumed to be constant thoug
losses i.e. Enolan is practically
This component of stray
full capacity of the motor.
is changed from z e r o to the
he n d o n the motor
nURUCATIONS"- An up thrust for knowledge
Electic and ctronics Engineering 2 29 D. C Machines

le 2.9 Determine the value of torque in kgm developed

Examp by the armature of a 6 pole,
he z00Und motor havimg 492 conductors, 30 m Wb flux
per pole when the total armature
current is 40 A.
JNTU : March-06, 5t2, May05,Set-1
Solution
P = 6, A =2 as wave, Z = 492, = 30 mWb, I 40 A

T = , PZ Nm

T x 30x 1 0 x40x 6x 492 281.8952 Nm

27T 2
281.8952
T =

9.81
kgm = 28.7355 kgm 1 kg
.1N= 9.81

2.20 Types of D.C. Motors Nov.-04, Set-1, 2, Nov-05, Set-4

Similar to the d.c. generators, the d.c. motors are classified depending upon the way
of connecting the field winding with the armature winding.
D.C. motor

D.C. shunt motor D.C. series motor D.C. compound motor

L
Long shunt Short shunt

Fig. 2.30 Types of d.c. motors

2.20.1 D.C. Shunt Motor

n this type, the field winding is connected

combination lsh
across the armature winding and the
the supply, as shown in the
sConnected across

Fig. 2.31
Let Rsh be the resistance of shunt field winding
M
RaRsh Supply
voltage
a Ra be the resistance of armature winding
ne value of R, is very small while Rh is quite LOAD
large. Hence shunt field winding has more
Fig. 2.31 D.C. shunt motor
arca.
nber of turns with less cross-sectional

Voltage and current relationship

to the supply voltage V.
and field winding
is same equal
C
Voltage across armature

aATIO", An un thrust for knowledge

 Electrical and Electronics Engineering 2- 30 D. C. Machines

The total current drawn from the supply is denoted as line current ,

V
and
IshRsh
V E t+
Ra +
Vbrush
Now flux produced by the field winding is proportional to the current
passing
through it i.e. Ih

oc sh
As long as supply voltage is constant, which is generally so in practice, the flux
produced is constant. Hence d.c. shunt motor is called constant flux motor.

2.20.2 D.c. Series Motor

Ise
In this type of motor, the series field winding is
connected in series with the armature and the
Rse
supply, a
as shown in the Fig. 2.32. Supply
Let M voltage
be the resistance of the series field
Re
then the value of Rse is very small and it is made of
winding Ra
Small number of turns having large cross-section area.
LOAD
Voltage and current relationship Fig. 2.32 D.C. series motor
Let I be the total current drawn from the supply.
So se h and
V = E + I R +Ise Rse + Vbrush

V = E, + (Ba + R)+ Vbrush

Supply voltage has to overcome the drop acroSs series field winding in addition to E
and drop across armature winding.
In series motor, entire armature current is passing through the series field winding.
So flux produced is proportional to the armature current.

for series motor

2.20.3 D.C. Compound Motor

and
The compound motor consists of part of the field winding connected in series
It is further classified as
part of the field winding connected in parallel with armature.
short shunt compound and long shunt compound motor.
 trical
and Electronics Engineering 2-31 DC Machines

shunt compound motor

Long
1.
this type, the shunt ficld winding 1S
In

nected
across thne combination of armature and Ree
series
field winding as shown in the Fig. 2.33.
the
Rsh
current relationship M
Voltage and
Let Re be the resistance of series field and Rsh
of shunt field winding.
he the resistance LOAD
The total current drawn from supply is I. shunt
Fig. 2.33 Long
compound motor
L = Ise + Ish

V
se a i.e. IL= Ia + Ish and sh Rsh
But Ise
V Ep + I, Ra + Ise Rse + Vprush but as I s e a
and
V E p + I (Ra + R_e) + Vbrush

motor:
2. Short shunt compound
is connected
shunt field
In this type, the
armature and the series Rse
purely in parallel with
with this
field is connecteed in series ay sh
Supply
combination shown in the Fig. 2.33 (a). voltage
M
current is passing through V
The entire line
the series field winding.
se and L + sh LOAD
field 2.33 (a) Short shunt compound
across the shunt Fig.
Now the drop motor

from the voltage

Winding is to be calculated
equation.
+ LR, + Vbrush
V =E + Ie Rse
but se
+ a Ra + Vpbrush
V = E, + I1, Rse + Vbrush
tRa
winding
=
V - I1, RseE
Drop across shunt field
=V-ILRse
EbtI, R, + Vhrush
R sh
sh R sh
or
differential type. Similarly
cumulative
be of
motor can type.
A long shunt
shunt compound
or differential
short 8sh
cumulative

motor can
be
c o m p o u n d

"An un thrust for knowledge

 Electrical and Electronics Engineering 2- 32 D. C. Machines

Example 2.10 A 250 V shunt motor takes a total current of 20 A. The shunt ficld
and
armature resistances are 200 2 and 0.3 2 respectively. Determine: a) The back em.f.
b) Gross mechanical power developed. JNTU: Nov.-04, Set-1, Nov-05, Set-4
Solution V == 250 V, R, = 0.3 2, I = 20 A, Rsh = 200 2

N
Ish 2501.25 A Shunt motor
Rsh 200

a I 1 - Ish = 20 - 1.25 18.75 A

a) Eb V-IRa = 250 18.75 x 0.3 = 244.375v

b) Pm = EIa = 244.375 x 18.75 = 4582.0312 W

Example 2.11 A 20 kW, 250 V d.c. shunt generator has armature and field resistance of
0.1 2 and 125 Q
respectively. Calculate the total armature power developed when
running
i) As a
generator delivering 20 kW output i) As a motor
taking 20 kW input.
JNTU: Nov.-04, Set-2, May-05, Set-3
Solution : i) As a
generator
Pout 2 0 kW, V; = 250 V
a
sh
20x 103
250 Ra
0.1 2
G

125
Rsh 250 V Load
= 80 A

250
Ish Rsh 1252 A Fig. 2.34 (a)

. Ia = IL + Ish = 80+2 82 A

Eg Vi + I,R, = 250 +82 x 0.1 = 258.2

Pg=Eg xIa =
258.2x 82 = 21.172 kW Armature power
.

developed
ii) As a motor

Pin 20 kW, V = 250 V

Pan 20x 103 = 80 A

sh
V 250
V 250 V Rsh M Ra
sh Rsh
2502
125
A 125 2 0.1 2

Ia= I-Ish = 80 - 2 78 A
Fig. 2.34 (b)
 ctrical andElectronics Engineering 2- 33 D. C. Machines

Eh=V-IaRa = 250 - 78 x 0.1 = 242.2 VN

Pa E,la = 242.2 x 78 = 18.8916 kw
Armature power developed

221 Torque and Speed Equations

Bofore analyzing the various characteristics of motors, let us revise the torque and
speed equations as applied to various types of motors.
spee
T« a ...From torque equation.

PZ
his is because, 0.159 is a constant for a given motor.
A
Now is the flux produced by the field winding and is proportional to the current
passing through the field winding.

field
is constant long supply voltage is constant. Hence
For a d.c. hunt motor, Ish as as

ilux is also constant.

T a ...For shunt motors

Hence flux ¢ is proportional to the armature

For a d.c. series motor, Ise is s a m e as la
current Ia
...For series motors
T «I o lá wwww*

PNZ w e can write the speed equation as,

Similarly as E =
60 A
,

E N 1.e. N Ep
...Neglecting brush drop
E = V- I, Ra

S0 for shunt motor as flux is constant.

N V - I Ra

to
Ue for series motor, flux o is proportional la

- R a -la Rge
N
Ta
of
ww.w.em **********************

******m*a **************** ***

the various characteristics
in understanding
These important role
e relations play an

differe types of motors.

dao
 Electrical and Electronics Eng1neening 2-34
D. C. Machines

2.22 D.c. Motor Characteristics

The
performance of a
d.c. motor under various conditions can
be judged h the
following characteristics.
i) Torque Armature current characteristics (T Vs I¡)
The graph showing the relationship between the torque and the armature
current
called is
a
torque armature current characteristics or
torque-load characteristics. These
also called electrical characteristics. are

ii) Speed Armature current

characteristics (N Vs Ia)
The graph showing the relationship between the speed and armature current
characteristics or
speed-load characteristics.
i) Speed Torque characteristics
(N Vs T)
The
graph showing the relationship between the
called speed and the torque of the motor is
speed torque characteristics of the motor. These are also
called mechanical
characteristics.

2.23 Characteristics of D.C. Shunt Motor

i) Torque - Armature current characteristics:
For a constant values of Rsh and supply
voltage V, Ish is also constant and hence flux is
also constant.
Tsh
TIa
The equation represents a straight line,
passing through the origin, as shown in the
Ta0 . Loss
Fig. 2.35. ftorque
Torque increases linearly with armature
current. So as load increases, armature current a0 la
increases, increasing the torque developed
linearly. Fig. 2.35 T Vs la for shunt motor
On load Tsh
no 0 but armature
=

torque is present which is just enough to overcome

stray losses shown as Tal: The current required is lon no load to
hence Tsh graph has an intercept of produce Tao and
on the current axis. a0
 ctrical
and Electror Engineeringg 2- 35 DCMachines LE
Speed Armature current characteristics
i)
From the speed equation we get, NA
Constant speed line
N V-I Ra as i s constant.
No
load increases, the armature
SO as
rrent increases and hence drop I,R,
curre

also increases.

Hence for constant supply voltage,

V - I Ra decreases and hence speed
reduces. a
But as Ra is very small, for change in

from no load to full load, drop IRa is Fig. 2.36 N Vs I, for shunt motor
Trery small and hence drop in speed is
also not significant from no load to full load.

But for all practical purposes these type of motors are considered to be a constant
speed motors.

i) Speed Torque characteristics N

Constant speed line
These characteristics can be derived
from the above two characteristics.
This graph is similar to speed-armature
current characteristics as torque is
proportional to the armature current.
This curve shows that the speed almost
Temains constant though torque changes
rom no load to full load conditions. This
is shown in the Fig. 2.37. Fig. 2.37N Vs T for shunt motor

2.24 Characteristics of D.C. Series Motoor

i) Torqu Armature current characteristics
For the series motor the series field winding is carrying the entire armature current

hence,

Ta c

Thus Orque
torqu« in case of series motor is proportional to the square ot the
amature
rrent.
hi This relati< is parabolic in nature as shown in the Fig. 2.38.
s relation
 2 36
Electrical and Electronics Engnoeng D.C. Machines
As load 11nCreases, armature Currenl
To
increascs and torque produced increascs a

proportional to the square of the armature

current upto a certain limit.

As the entire 1, passes through the series 2

ficld there property of an Tola Point of
T
saturation
clectronmagnet called saturation, may occur.
Saturation means though the current
through the winding increases, the flux a0
produced remains constant. Hence af'er
saturation the characteristics take the
shape
of straight line as flux becomes Fig. 2.38 T Vs Ia for series motor
constant, asS
shown.

The difference between

T a
and Tsh is loss torque Tf which is also shown in the
Fig. 2.38.

ii) Speed Armature current characteristics

From the speed equation we get,
NA
N Ep V-I, Ra -I, Rse
la
aso i n case of series motor

The values of R, and Rse are so small

that the effect of change in la on
speed
overrides the effect of change in
V- I Ra- I, Re on the speed
Hence in the speed equation, E, = V and
can be assumed constant.
Fig. 2.39 N Vs la for series motor
So speed equation reduces to,

So speed - armature current characteristics is rectangular hyperbola type as shown in

the Fig. 2.39.

iin) Speed Torque characteristics

In case of series motors,

1
T and N oc
 ical and Electronics Engineering
2- 37
IE
Electice

D.C. Machines
we can write,
Hence

Noc
T
Thus as torque increases when load NA
increases,
the speed decreases.
On no load, torque is very
less and
hence speed increases to dangerously high

ralue.

Thus the nature of the speed - torque

characteristics is similar to the nature of
the speed armature current characteristics.
The speed torque characteristics of
-

a
series motor is shown in the Fig. 2.40
Fig. 2.40 N Vs T for series motor

2.24.1 Why Series Motor is never Started on No Load ?

It is earlier that motor armature current is decided
seen
by the load.
On light load or no load, the armature current drawn
by the motor is very small.
In case of a d.c. series motor, c a and on no load as Ia is small hence flux
produced is also very small.

According to speed equation, N o« as E, is almost constant.

So very light load or no load as flux is very small, the motor tries
on
to run at
dangerously high speed which may damage the motor mechanically.
This can be seen from the speed armature
and the speed-torque
current
Cnaracteristics that on low armature current and low torque condition motor shows a
Tendency to rotate with dangerously high speed.
This is the reason why series motor should never be started on light loads or no load
conditions.
2.25 Characteristics of D.C. Compound Motor
Compound motor characteristics basically depends on the fact whether the motor is
mulatively compound or differential compound.
motor are the combination ot the shunt and
the characteristics of the compound
Series characteristic.
Electrical and Electronics Engineenng 2- 38 . C.
Machines
Cumulative compound motor is capable of developing large amount of torque at low
speeds just like series motor. However it is not having a disadvantage of series motor
or
even at light or no load.
The shunt field winding produces the definite flux and series flux helps the shunt
field flun to increase the total flux level
Socumulative compound motor can run at a reasonable speed and will not run with
dangerouslv high speed like series motor, on light or no load condition.
Inditterential compound motor, as two fluxes oppose each other, the resultant flux
decreases as load increases, thus the machine runs at a higher speed with increase in the
load.
Ihis property is dangerous as on full load, the motor may to run with
dangerously high speed. So differential compound motor is generally not used in
practice.
The various characteristics of both the types of compound motors cumulative and the
differential are shown in the Fig. 2.41 (a), (b) and (c).

Differential Differential
Series
Cumulative
Constant
Shunt Shunt
Differential| Cumulative Shunt
Cumulative
Serjes Series
(a) T Vs (b) N Vs I, (c) N Vs T

Fig. 2.41 Characteristics of compound motor

2.26 Applications of D.C. Motors
Types of motor Characteristics Applications
Shunt Speed is fairly constant and 1) Blowers and fans
medium starting torque. 2) Centrifugal and reciprocating
pumps
3) Lathe machines
4) Machine tools
5) Milling machines
6) Drilling machines
Series High starting torque. No 1) Cranes
load condition is dangerous. 2) Hoists, Elevators
Variable speed. 3) Trolleys
4) Conveyors
5) Electris locomgtiyes
Flectricel and Electronics Engineering 2- 39 D. C. Machines

Cumulative 1) Rolling mills

High starting torque. No
compound load condition is allowed. 2) Punches
3) Shears
4) Heavy planers
5) Elevators
Differential compound Speed increases as load Not suitable for any practical
application.
increases.

Table 2.1 Applications of d.c. motors