DC Motors

 Converts Electrical energy into Mechanical energy

 Construction : Same for Generator and motor
 Working principle : Whenever a current carrying conductor is
placed in the magnetic field , a force is set up on the conductor.
 lorentz force Equation F=BIL sinθ.
 To find the direction of rotation Fleming’s Left-Hand rule is
used.

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 Back emf
 The induced emf in the rotating armature conductors in a motor
called back emf .
ZN P
Eb   
60  A 

 It always acts in the opposite direction of the supply voltage .

 According to the Lenz’s law, the direction of the induced emf is
always so as to oppose the cause producing it .
 In a DC motor , the supply voltage is the cause and hence this
induced emf opposes the supply voltage.
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Classification of DC motors
DC motors are mainly classified into three
types as listed below:
1. Shunt motor
2. Series motor
3. Compound motor
a. Differential compound
b. Cumulative compound 3
Shunt motor

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Series Motor

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Compound Long-Shunt Motor

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Compound Short-Shunt Motor

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Torque Equation
 The turning or twisting force about an axis is called torque .

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 (1)

(2)

ZN P
Eb   
60  A 

2 N T   Z N  P 
   I a
60  60  A 

  Z  P 
T    I a N m
 2  A 

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DC Motor Characteristics:
Motors has to drive mechanical loads
Mechanical power is expressed in Horse Power (H.P.)
2 N T
Output (mechanical) of motor= H .P.  watts
60
H .P. N T

  Z  P 
T    I a N m T  Ia
 2  A 

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Shunt motor (cont.)

Mechanical C.C. :

 It is drawn by combining Speed and Torque curves.

 It is similar to Speed curve.

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The curve starts from infinite speed and reaches to zero as I a
tends to infinite.
It is an exponential decaying curve
Due to this reason the series motor should not be operated
without load 13
Series motor (cont.)

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Characteristics of DC compound motor

Speed Curves Torque Curves

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Applications:
Shunt Motor: (constant speed applications)
• Blowers and fans
• Centrifugal and reciprocating pumps
• Lathe machines
• Machine tools
• Milling machines
• Drilling machines
• Boring mills
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Applications:
Series Motor:
• Electric locomotives (Traction)
• Cranes
• Hoists , Elevators
• Trolleys
• Conveyors
• Air compressors
• Vacuum cleaners
• Hair dye machine
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Applications:
Cumulative compound Motor:
• Punches
• Shears (big size scissors)
• Heavy planers

Differential compound motors are rarely used

because of their poor torque characteristics.

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Speed control of DC motors

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