MA3704

AIRCRAFT ELECTRICAL DEVICES

LECTURES NO 5 AND 6

Dr. Wang Yifan

Nanyang Assistant Professor
Office : N3.2-01-19
Tel : 67905515
Email : yifan.wang@ntu.edu.sg

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Concept of Rotor Slip
• The voltage induced in the rotor bar depends on the speed of the rotor
relative to the magnetic fields. Two terms are used to define the relative
motion of the rotor and the magnetic fields.

a) Slip speed :
rate of B-field overtaking shaft speed.

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 speed of B field - mech shaft.

Slip, s, is a
PERCENTAGE!

RPM of rotor = (1-s) RPM magnetic field

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The Electrical Frequency on the Rotor

• An induction motor works by inducing voltages and currents in the rotor of

the machine – sometimes called a rotating transformer.

• Unlike a transformer, the rotor (secondary) frequency is not the same as

the stator (primary) frequency.

Induction motor is a rotating transformer

whose rotor FREQUENCY CAN DIFFER
from stator.

Recall: nsync = 120 x fs / p

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Example.
A 208-V, 4-pole, 60 Hz, wye-connected induction motor has a slip of 5 percent
when delivering an output power of 7.46 kW. Each rotation: Pole switch twice
Determine: Hertz is in seconds. Hence x 2 x 60 = 120

a) The synchronous speed.

b) The rotor speed.
c) The frequency of the rotor induced voltage.
d) The shaft torque, i.e., the load torque.
rotor = mechanical shaft, hence use n_m for its speed in RPM

(d) Torque x omega = Power

Given power, divide omega to get torque.
If given torque, multiply omega to get output power.

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The equivalent circuit of an induction motor
• Because of the induction of voltages and currents in the rotor circuit of an
induction motor is essentially a transformer action, the equivalent circuit
of an induction motor is very similar to that of a transformer.

Per phase equivalent circuit of an induction motor, with rotor and stator
connected by an ideal transformer of turns ratio aeff
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The circuit parameters per phase:

R1: stator winding resistance

X1: stator leakage reactance
RR: rotor winding resistance
XR: rotor leakage reactance
aeff: effective turns ratio coupling E1 and ER
RC: resistance representing core loss
XM: magnetising reactance
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The rotor circuit model

• In an induction motor, when a voltage is applied to the stator

windings, a voltage is induced in the rotor windings.

• The induced voltage is 0 V when the rotor moves at synchronous

speed.

• When the rotor is stationary,

- i.e., locked-rotor or blocked-rotor conditions, the largest voltage
and rotor frequency are induced in rotor.

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 At any other speed, The rms value of the induced voltage generated in
the rotor as it is swept by the rotating flux is:
2pi / root 2 = 4.443

ROTOR IS A RESULT
of slippage from stator.

The reactance depends on the inductance and the frequency of the

voltage and current in the rotor.

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Example.

The frequency and induced voltage in the rotor of a certain six-pole

would rotor induction motor, whose shaft is blocked, are 60 Hz and
100V. Determine the corresponding values when the rotor is running at
1100 r/min. rotor = mech shaft.

8.3% difference

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The rotor circuit model of
an induction motor

The rotor circuit model

with all the frequency
(slip) effects concentrated
In resistor RR

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As synchronous speed is reached,
current needed in rotor falls.
(less flux change,
less need to induce current
to counter changes)

Rotor current as a function of rotor speed

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 The Final Equivalent Circuit of an Induction Motor

Stator side Rotor side

The per phase equivalent circuit of an induction motor referred to the stator.

The referred rotor parameters to the stator side are:

Effective a:
Ratio of
E at stator
to E at locked rotor.

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• The core losses (W) are usually lumped together with the
friction, windage and stray losses and called the rotational
losses, Prot . ALL LOSSES SUMMARIZED AS ROTATIONAL LOSSES, P_rot

• Hence, unless specified otherwise, RC will not appear in the

equivalent circuit subsequently.

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Losses and Power-Flow Diagram in Induction Motors

Prot
(Rotational
loss)

Power flow diagram of an induction motor

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 Key points on Induction Motors
• Induction motor basically is a rotating transformer.
• Input is 3-phase supply.
• Output is mechanical power.
• Air gap power is the power transferred to the rotor of the machine
across the air gap between the stator and the rotor.
• The converted power is the power converted from electrical to
mechanical form.
• The rotational losses include the core losses together with the
friction, windage and stray losses.

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Example.

A 480-V, 60 Hz, 50-hp, three-phase induction motor is drawing 60A at

0.85 pf lagging. The stator copper losses are 2kW, and the rotor
copper losses are 700W. The total rotational losses which includes the
friction, windage and core losses are 2400W. Determine

a) The air-gap power PAG

b) The converted power Pconv
c) The output power Pout
d) The efficiency of the motor η

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Tracking cumulative power remaining after
stator core --> air gap.

Amount actually converted to other side,

the rotor.

Output after subtracting rotational losses

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 Power and Torque in Induction Motors

PSCL

Pin PAG
𝑃!"# = 3𝐼!$ 𝑅! = 3𝐼$$ 𝑅$

PRCL

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Separating Rotor Cu Losses and the Power Converted

The per phase equivalent circuit

with rotor copper losses and
power converted separated

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Example.

A 460-V, 60 Hz, four-pole induction motor is wye-connected. The core losses are
lumped together with the friction and windage losses and the stray losses to give
the total rotational losses of 1100W and they are assumed to be constant. The
impedances per phase referred to the stator circuit are

For a rotor slip of 2.2% at the rated voltage and rated frequency, find the motor’s

(a) Speed (b) Input stator current (c) Input power factor
(d) Pconv and Pout (e) Tind and Tload (f) Efficiency

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Example.

A three-phase 230-V, 60-Hz, 6-pole induction motor delivered an output

power of 74.6 kW at an efficiency of 91 % and draws an input line current
of 248 A. The stator copper and rotor copper losses are 2803 W and 1549
W, respectively. Determine

(a) Power input (b) Total losses

(c) Air-gap power (d) Rotor speed
(e) Input power factor (f) Rotational losses

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74600

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 Induction Motor Torque-Speed Characteristics
It is possible to use the equivalent circuit of an induction motor and the
power flow diagram for the motor to derive a general expression for the
developed torque as a function of speed.

The per phase equivalent circuit of an

induction motor
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• We want to find an expression for the current I2

• The Thevenin equivalent approach shall be adopted here.

• Review of Thevenin Theorem :

Thevenin Theorem states that a linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced

by an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source VTH in series with an
impedance ZTH, where VTH is the open-circuit voltage at the terminals and
ZTH is the equivalent impedance at the terminals when the independent
sources are turn off.

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Thevenin Theorem

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The Thevenin equivalent to the left of the pts marked “x” in the motor
equivalent circuit is:

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The Thevenin
equivalent circuit of
an induction motor

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A typical induction motor torque-speed characteristics curve
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Plugging/braking
(𝑠 > 1)

Generating
(𝑠 < 0)
Motoring
(0 ≤ 𝑠 < 1)

Induction motor torque-speed characteristics curve showing

the extended operating regions 33
 Different Induction Motor Operation Regions

q Motoring region 0 <= s < 1

• The motor rotates in same direction but slower than the rotating
magnetic field.
• The induced torque is zero at synchronous speed.
• The starting torque is slightly higher than the full-load torque.
• There is a maximum possible developed torque – pullout torque

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q Generating region

• If the rotor of the induction motor is driven faster than synchronous

speed by an external prime mover, the direction of the induced
torque reverses and the machine becomes a generator.

• Induction generators in wind turbines are operated in this manner. As

the torque applied to its shaft increases, the amount of power
produced by the induction generator increases.

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qPlugging region

• If the motor is turning backwards relative to the direction of the

magnetic fields, the induced torque in the machine will stop the
machine very rapidly and will try to rotate it in the other direction.
• This is done by reversing the phase sequence of the 3-phase stator
voltage supply – switching any two stator phases.
• The act of switching two phases in order to stop the motor very rapidly
is called plugging.

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Maximum (Pullout) Torque in Induction Motor

• Max torque developed by the motor occurs when the

air-gap power is maximum.

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Real component

Over total impedance.

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q The slip at maximum torque can be varied by changing
the rotor resistance while the maximum torque
developed is independent of the rotor resistance.

q The maximum torque developed is proportional to the

square of the supply voltage and inversely related to the
size of the stator impedance and the rotor reactance.

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• The torque-speed characteristics
of a wound rotor induction motor
is as shown. For this type of
motor, external resistance can be
inserted to the rotor because the
rotor circuit is brought out
through slip rings.

• As rotor resistance increases, the

pullout speed decreases, but the
max torque remains constant.

Effect of varying rotor resistance on torque-speed

characteristics of a wound-rotor induction motor.
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Example.

A 460-V, 60 Hz, 4-pole induction motor is wye-connected. The impedances per

phase referred to the stator circuit are

a) What is the maximum torque developed by this motor? At what speed and
slip does it occur?

b) What is the starting torque of this motor?

c) When the rotor resistance is doubled, what is the speed at which the
maximum torque developed occurs? What is the new starting torque of the
motor?
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