7.

1 Construction of AC Motor
7.2 Principle of Operation
7.3 Torque
7.4 Relationship Between Slip and Rotor I2R Loss
7.5 Torque/ slip characteristics
7.6 Speed control of Slip Ring motor
7.7 Synchronous Motors

CHAPTER 7 : ALTERNATING
CURRENT MOTORS
HEP 3013
ELECTRICAL
MACHINE
 INTRODUCTION
 An AC motors converts AC
electrical energy into
mechanical energy, producing
a mechanical rotary action that
performs some type of work.
 Because alternating current is
the standard power generated
and distributed, AC motors are
the most common type of
motor used in commercial and
industrial applications.
Advantages
 Rugged
 Simple construction
 Robust
 Reliable
 High efficiency
 Good power factor
 Require less maintenance
 Easy to start
 Rotates itself without external assistant
 Less expensive than direct current motor of equal power and speed
Disadvantages/weaknesses
 Low starting torque if compared to dc shunt motor.
 Speed will be reduced when load increased.
 Speed cant be changed without reducing efficiency.
 USES
Small single phase ac motors (in Large three phase induction motors
fractional horsepower rating) are used (in ten or hundreds of horsepower)
in many household appliances such as: are used in:
 Blenders  Pumps
 Lawn mowers  Cranes
 Juice mixers  Compressors
 Washing machines
 Paper mills
 Textile mills, and so forth.
 Refrigerators

 Air conditioners

 Ovens

 Fans

Two phase ac motors are used primarily

as servomotor in control system.
 CONSTRUCTION OF AC MOTOR
 An induction motor consists of two main parts:
 Stator
 Rotor.
 It has the same physical stator as a synchronous machine but
with different rotor construction.
 If a permanent magnet was used as the rotor, it would turn as the
magnetic field is rotated around the stator. Instead, they use
electromagnets.
 CONSTRUCTION OF AC MOTOR
 There are 2 methods of energizing the rotor so that it creates its own
magnetic field.
 Connect an electrical current to the rotor windings
(used for AC synchronous motor)
 The rotor is not connected to any electrical source. Instead, it
becomes an electromagnet through electromagnetic induction (used
for AC induction motors)

 There are two types of induction motor rotors that can be placed inside the
stator, i.e.
 Squirrel-cage rotor
 Wound rotor (Slip ring motor)
 TYPES OF ROTOR
Squirrel-Cage Rotor

Squirrel-cage rotor consists of a series of conducting bars laid into

slots carved in the face of the rotor and shorted at either end by large
shorting rings.
Squirrel cage rotor is better than
wound rotor because it is:

- Simpler
- More rugged
- More economical
- Require less maintenance

Small squirrel cage rotors use a slotted core of laminated steel into
which molten aluminums cast to form the conductor, end rings and
fan blades.
TYPES OF ROTOR
Wound Rotor

Wound rotor has a complete set of three-phase windings similar to

stator windings. Usually, it is Y- connected and the rotor coils are tied
to the slip rings.

This type is the more complicated of the two type but it has a higher
starting torque and is more controllable
STATOR
 The stator is made up of several thin laminations of aluminum or cast iron. They
are punched and clamped together to form a hollow cylinder (stator core) with
slots.
 Coils of insulated wires are inserted into these slots. Each grouping of coils, together
with the core it surrounds, forms an electromagnet (a pair of poles) on the
application of AC supply.

 The stator windings are connected directly to the power source. Internally they are
connected in such a way, that on applying AC supply, a rotating magnetic field is
created.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

 AC motor has two pole pieces with a

permanent magnet placed between them.
 The coil of wire that wraps around the
pole pieces forms electromagnets.
 The electromagnets are stationary and
are called the field poles or the stator.
 The permanent magnet is free to turn and
is called the rotor.

Simplified diagram of an
AC motor.
TORQUE
Basic formula → 60 P
T  (Nm)
2N

Where → N Speed in rev/min (rpm)

P Power (watt)

60 Pout
For output torque → To 
2N

60 Pm
For mechanical torque → Tmech @ Tm 
2N
SLIP AND ROTOR LOSS
Slip is defined as the difference between synchronous speed
(magnetic fields speed) and rotor speed:

Where → Ns  synchronous speed in rev/min.

Ns  Nr
s X 100% Nr  rotor speed in rev/min
Ns

The frequency of the rotor

s slip
f r  ns  nr  p
Where →
f  supply frequency.
 sf
The rotor therefore runs at a speed slightly less than the synchronous
speed the difference being called slip speed.

Slip speed = Ns  Nr
Slip Characteristics
Speed
 The speed of rotating magnetic field in stator

120
ns   f
p

 The speed of rotor

nm  1  s  ns (rpm)  m  1  s   s (rad/s)

Frequency of rotor voltages and currents (fr)

f r  sf (Hz) Er  sE (V)
 Speed control of slip ring motor

 A slip ring motor is used primarily to start a high inertia load or a load that
requires a very high starting torque across the full speed range.

 Slip ring motors are best utilised (but not limited to) the folowing
application :
 Overhead cranes and hoists

 Crushers

 Mill applications

 Mixers
Speed control of slip ring motor

 The rotor comprises a set of coils that are

terminated in slip rings to which external
impedance can be connected.
 By changing the impedance connected to the
rotor circuit, the speed/current and
speed/torque curves can be altered.
 Motor torque is directly proportional to
external resistance.
 Motor starting current is inversely
proportional to external resistance
 The effective rotor resistance is increased by adding external resistance through the slip
ring.
 As the motor accelerates, the value of the resistance can be reduced, altering the motor
characteristic to suit the load requirement.
 Once the motor reaches the base speed, external resistors are removed from the rotor.
Starting of Squirrel Cage Motor

1. Use for small motor below 5kW

2. The starting current is high – 4 to 7 times the full load current, the
actual value depend on the motor spec.
3. High starting current causing large voltage drop in the cable and
effects
4. The electrical producer – TNB and consumer.

List are three starting methods squirrel cage motor

1. Star – Delta starter

2. Direct on line starter
3. Auto – transformer starter
Characteristic of non-salient pole
 Made of smooth solid steel
 The air gap is uniform
 Used in large generator with the number of poles two or four
 Normally runs at high speed (3600rpm or 1800rpm)
PER PHASE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

 Equivalent circuit of a 3-phase induction motor is similar

to a single phase equivalent circuit of a transformer.
 The only difference is that the secondary winding of an
induction motor is short circuited.
PER PHASE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

From the equivalent circuit;

I1  Stator phase current → I1  Io  I 2
= Stator line current (for stator Y-connection)
IL
 where I L  stator line current (for stator: Δ - connection)
3
I 2  Rotor current referred to stator winding
Io  No-load current → Io  Ic  Im
Ic  Core current

Im  Magnetizing current
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
Four conditions of motor synchronization.

1. The motor frequency is equal to the system frequency

2. The motor voltage is equal to the system voltage
3. The motor voltage is in phase with the system voltage
4. The phase sequence of the motor is the same as that of the
system
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF SYNCHRONOUS
MOTOR

 A synchronous motor is the same in all respects as a synchronous generator, except

that the direction of power flow is reversed, the direction of current flow is reverse
also.

Advantages of AC synchronous machine.

1. Operate at a leading power factor and thereby improve the power factor of an
industrial plant (close to unity).
2. It gives constant speed from no load to full load.
3. Electro-magnetic power varies linearly with voltage.
4. Constructed with wider air gaps than induction motors, which make then
better mechanically.
5. Operates at higher efficiency, especially in the low speed unity power factor
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF SYNCHRONOUS
MOTOR

E A @ Eg = Internal generated voltage If = Field current

IA = Armature current Rf = Field resistance

RA = Armature resistance VT @ V = Terminal voltage

Xs = Synchronous reactance
EMF EQUATION

 Because of the change in direction of I,Athe Kirchoff’s Voltage Law equation for the
equivalent circuit changes too.

 V is: V  E A  jX s I A  R A I A
Equation describing
 Finally, EMF equation → E A   VT 0  I A  R A  jX S 
 PHASOR DIAGRAM OF
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
Unity power factor (Resistive Load)

E A   VT 0  I A 0RA  jX S 

Lagging power factor (Inductive Load)

E A   VT 0  I A    RA  jX S 

Leading power factor (Capacitive Load)

E A   VT 0  I A    RA  jX S 
POWER FLOW DIAGRAM OF
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

P 
conv is also known as:

Pmpower = Mechanical

Pindpower = Induced

Pdevpower = Developed
VOLTAGE REGULATION OF
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

 The variation in the terminal voltage with load is called voltage regulation.
Mathematically, voltage regulation is defined as the fractional rise in the terminal
voltage when a given load is removed: in other word

Voltage regulation 
V NL  VFL   V
T  EA 
VFL EA
EFFICIENCY OF SYNCHRONOUS
MOTOR
Efficiency for any electrical machine is defined as:

Pout Pout
 
Pin Pout  total .losses