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Energy Procedia 105 (2017) 263 – 269
Abstract
As developing countries, Indonesia had their municipal solid waste (M SW) production increase due to population
growth and its production reached 190,000 metric ton/day in 2014. Selection of appropriate technology is necessary
to reduce the waste volume primarily and to utilize waste as the energy source because of the calorific value inside.
Three thermal based technologies are available for waste to energy (WtE) which are incineration, conventional air
gasification, and plasma gasification. Their feasibility was evaluated environmentally and economically. None of
them was environmentally feasible due to greater CO 2 emission than the CO 2 emission standard of Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA). However, two of which, conventional air gasification and plasma gasification, were
economically feasible.
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Selection and/or
Peer-review peer-reviewofunder
under responsibility responsibility
the scientific of of
committee ICAE
the 8th International Conference on Applied Energy.
Keywords: Municipal solid waste; incineration; gasification; capital investment; CO 2 emission; feasibility study
1. Introducti on
Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a term usually applied to a heterogeneous collection of wastes
produced in urban areas. Generally, urban wastes can be subdivided into two major co mponents: organic
and inorganic. The characteristics and quantity of the solid waste generated in a region is a function of the
standard of living in the city or country. Wastes generated in developing countries have a large proportion
of organic waste, while the wastes in developed countries are more diversified with relatively larger
shares of plastics and paper [1]. For instance, USA, as a developed country produce 24 % organic waste,
while EU and Japan, respectively, produces 34% and 40 % organic wastes. As developing country,
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 8th International Conference on Applied Energy.
doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.312
264 Hanifrahmawan Sudibyo et al. / Energy Procedia 105 (2017) 263 – 269
Indonesia produces 60-70 % o rganic waste [2]. However, the different composition of waste influences
the choice of technology and waste management infrastructure.
In order to contribute generously to global concerns like the depletion of fossil fuels, the greenhouse gas
effect and global warming, the need to innovate and employ unconventional energy sources using
available natural or non-natural resources has become crucial for the future [3,4]. Besides reducing
energy consumption by understanding of energy-saving [5], one of the concepts is waste utilization in
form of waste to energy (WtE) concept where generated energy is in the form o f heat or electricity fro m
waste [6]. There are t wo options generally to control the MSW number left for d isposal to landfill wh ich
are biological and thermal treat ments . Bio logical treat ment, however, is lower cost for similar waste, but
is more difficult to control the bacteria gro wth and needs mo re t ime. Thus, thermal t reatment becomes
alternative for the huge volume of wastes [6]. There are three options of thermal based WtE of MSW
management system, i.e., incineration, air gasification, and plasma gasification [7,8,9]. Basically,
incineration is chemical reaction of o xygen (oxidation) with a combustible material. During incinerat ion,
the flue gases produced represented the available fuel energy as heat [8]. Gasification, in part icular, is the
conversion of solid waste to fuel or syngas through gas forming reactions [10]. The result is not a hot flue
gas as in the conventional direct combustion of wastes but a hot fuel gas (syngas), containing large
amounts of not completely o xidized products that have a calorific value [11,12]. The organic content of
the waste is converted main ly to carbon mono xide, hydrogen, and lower amounts of methane [ 6,8]. On
the other hand, through plasma gasification p rocess, the organic fraction is converted into syngas and the
inorganic fraction is vitrified into a non-leachable glass-like slag that can be safely disposed of or even
reused as construction material after cooling [12,13]. Since the uniqueness of Indonesia’s MSW,
technological evaluation becomes crucial stage before establishing the real WtE plant.
On average, Indonesian generates 0.76 kg/day of solid waste. Thus, with total population of 253 million
in 2014, Indonesia would generate around 190,000 ton/day of MSW which is ad min istratively d istributed
into 34 provinces and more than 465 municipalities [1]. MSW management is responsibility by
municipality (local government). However, MSW management focuses largely on waste collection,
treatment (co mposting) and disposal. Thus, most local authorities prefer open dumping, creating a
despondent situation in the landfill site. Th is way is the easiest but has many d isadvantages for health,
safety, and environmental threats, such as spreading of disease & foul odors, causing slide down,
contaminate the ground water, etc [1]. Considering these facts, thermal based WtE of M SW manage ment
system should be considered by local government in Indonesia. In this study, we chose Piyungan landfill
(waste disposal facility) in Yogyakarta Province as a case study.
2. Methods
There are three steps to be executed for thermal based WtE of MSW management system, which are:
1). characterizing the waste chemically, 2). setting the process flow diagram, and 3). studying the
feasibility of the process economically and environmentally. The data related to the composition such as
garden waste, food waste, etc. were supplied by the Office of Public Work, Housing and Energy-M ineral
Resources of Yogyakarta. Characterizing the waste chemically means the mixed organic and inorganic
waste were represented by one single chemical formu la to simp lify the calcula tion of mass balance and
energy balance. The moisture content and the weight percentage of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), o xygen
(O), nitrogen (N), sulphur (S), and ash was referred to the prev ious study [14,15]. The sum of specific
element mass of all kinds of waste was then converted into mole to gain the mole rat io among all
elements. The mole ratio would be the basis to define the index o f each element in a single chemical
formula of waste (CxHy OzNaSb ).
Hanifrahmawan Sudibyo et al. / Energy Procedia 105 (2017) 263 – 269 265
The process flow diagram to help calculate mass and heat balance is basically consisted of three units .
Those are the waste reduction thermally, the effluent gas cleaning system, and the electricity generation
unit. The necessary cleaning system is due to the presence of acid gas. The clean ing would choose th e use
of basic solution to absorb the acid gas. The electricity generation unit could have either both steam
turbine generator (STG) and gas turbine generator (GTG) existed together or only one of which.
Feasibility study to judge if the process was economically feasible began fro m calculat ing CAPEX,
OPEX and Working Capital by referring to Turton [16], net power p roduced, and the annual inco me fro m
the electricity sales. Afterwards, it was continued to the profit calcu lation before ended with the economic
parameter calculat ion. The calculation involved two currencies which are US Dollar and Indonesia n
Rupiah (IDR) actually, but will be presented only in the latter by assuming that 1 USD was similar to IDR
14,000.00. Meanwhile, the environmental feasibility study would measure the number of CO2 emission.
Table 1 shows chemical co mposition of MSW in Piyungan Landfill, Yogyakarta. Based on the
calculation of potential calorific value, it is clearly seen that the potential calorific value of the mixed
waste was 4,730 kkal/kg, and it is relatively similar to the sub-bituminuous coal. The weight of moisture
presented is almost on 1:1 rat io with the dry mas s of the waste. Based on the elemental analysis to the
waste, the chemical formula of mixed organic and inorganic waste is C502.91 H2038.48O878.78N20.37 S.
Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 show proposed process flow diagram of incineration unit, conventional air gasification
unit, and plasma gasification unit. The incineration process used moving grate incinerator (I -101) before
followed by the cooling of the flue gas through superheated steam generation in E-101. The cool flue gas
was cleaned in the packed scrubber column (C-101) (see Fig 1). The process flow diagram of air and
plasma gasificat ion are all the same (see Fig 2). What makes the m difference only on the type of gasifier
used and the syngas composition due to capability to handle high moisture content [8]. The conventional
gasifier would need the heat energy of syngas to maintain the operation temperature. The air entering
gasifier was also heated by the syngas before it was entering the gasifier. On the other hand, plasma
gasifier partially need the electricity produced to support plasma torch generating plasma.
The process unit feasibility was assessed based on its ability to gen erate electricity and its
environmental impact after electricity generation. Table 2 shows performance measurement and
266 Hanifrahmawan Sudibyo et al. / Energy Procedia 105 (2017) 263 – 269
environmental assessment of process unit for MSW treatment with the capacity of 480 metric ton/day.
Based on Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of Indonesia’s Regulation No. 19 Year 2013, the
electricity generated fro m bio mass or renewable resources using either gasificat ion or incineration were
priced at IDR 1,450.00 per kWh and it would be bought by National Electricity Co mpany (PT. PLN). The
side products of the power produced are CO2, NOx, and SOx emission. Based on the standard of EPA for
“Carbon Pollution Standard for New Power Plant”, the standard for CO 2 equivalent emission is 1,400
lbs/MWh (0.6364 kg/kWh). Therefore, none of three process units is environmentally feasible.
6
21
275 12
8 1
L-101
1.1 100
8 Utility
30
1 13 14
30 1
3 1
Ca(OH)2
150 150
1 G-102
P-102 A/B
Stack
1000 S-103
1
1
15
30
1
MSW
S-101 150
I-101 E-101
Dust Collector
10
7 9 9
1
2 S-102 1 1 1
C-101 50
IPAL
1 300 50 50
MSW
5 6 10 15
S-101 1 1 1 1
1
11
4 30 G-101
1 S-103
1 14
S-102 300
30 1
8 E-101 E-103
150
1
30 12 13
P-101 A/B 1 1 7
BFW 30 150 1
192
Air
To waste
16 treatment
17 200 24
1 1
30 275
To stack
NaOH sol.
20 22
P-103 A/B
1 1
L-102
L-101
E-102
To utility
27
18 1
1 19 100
To waste
60 1 treatment
21 60
23
1
1
30
P-104 A/B
Air
30
BFW
P-102 A/B
Fig. 2. Process flow diagram of both conventional air and plasma gasifications process unit
Hanifrahmawan Sudibyo et al. / Energy Procedia 105 (2017) 263 – 269 267
Table 3 shows economic analysis paramaters for the proposed MSW treatment. Fro m this table, we
may see that only two out of three process units are feasible which are both gasification processes.
Incineration is considerably not feasible because of the loss if it operates. Th at’s why the economic
parameters don’t need to be calculated further. For both gasification processes, all parameters stand in a
good value. When we look at IRR (internal rate of return), it is interesting because it is above the MARR
(Minimu m Attractive Rate of Return) wh ich is usually between 13 – 18% [16]. Afterward, Weighted
Objectives (WO) method was used to select suitable technology (Table 4).
T able 2. Performance measurement and environmental assessment of process unit for MSW treatment capacity 480 metric ton/day
T able 3. Feasibility study of the economic aspect for MSW treatment capacity 480 metric ton/day
T able 4. Weighted Objectives Method to select compatible technology for MSW treatment at Piyungan Landfill
Score (0-10)
Parameter Weighting Factor
Incineration Air Gasification Plasma Gasification
Volume reduction 0.15 5 6 6
Net Power Produced 0.05 4 7 7
Initial Investment 0.20 7 6 4
Environmental Impact 0.20 3 6 6
Economic Feasibility 0.15 2 7 7
T echnology Maturity 0.10 8 4 2
Social Involvement 0.15 6 6 4
Total Score 1 4.95 6.00 5.10
268 Hanifrahmawan Sudibyo et al. / Energy Procedia 105 (2017) 263 – 269
This WO method used weighting factor to show the importance of each parameter. Net power produced
has the lowest weighting factor because the primary goal is how to reduce the MSW volu me so that
Piyungan Landfill doesn’t need area expansion. Social involvement is a non -technical parameter to
accommodate the waste pickers who had lived for several years from picking and reselling useful MSW.
The scoring referred to the latest condition in Indonesia. Interpretation of the scoring is the closer the total
score to 10, the better the performance of the technology for related parameter. We can see that air
gasification is the most feasible to be applied recently although plasma gasificat ion has similar score in
case of net power produced, economic feasibility, and environmental feasibility.
Abbreviation
CAPEX Capital Expenditure
OPEX Operational Expenditure
NPV Net Present Value
IRR Internal Rate of Return
POT Pay Out Time
ROI Return on Investment
MARR Minimum Attractive Rate of Return
WO Weighted Objectives
4. Conclusions
The planning of using thermal-based process in waste management system in Indonesia could promise
good economic feasibility. Air and plasma gasification would be able to consume MSW for then
producing electricity to get profit. As the benefit, the waste disposal facilities don't need area expansion.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to expres the highest appreciation to Ms. Rani Sjams inarsi, M.Sc., Mr. Edy
Indrajaya, M.Sc., and Ir. Kuspramono fro m Office o f Public Work, Housing and Energy-M ineral
Resources of Yogyakarta, Indonesia for the support in this study.
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Biography
Arief Budiman is the Professor and Vice Chairman of Center for Energy Studies, Gadjah
M ada University, Indonesia. His specialization is on renewable energy, biomass waste for
energy, biodiesel production, and exergy analysis. His h-index at Scopus is 5 recently.