SMART NOTES

MATHEMATICS & STATISTICS –

COMMERCE (PART - II)

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Std. XI Commerce

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD

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(As per the new textbook published by Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production
and Curriculum Research, Pune. w.e.f. Academic Year 2019-20)

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Salient Features:
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 Written as per the new textbook
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 Exhaustive coverage of entire syllabus
 Topic-wise distribution of textual questions and practice problems at the start of
every chapter.
 Precise theory for every topic
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 Covers answers to all exercises and miscellaneous exercises given in the textbook.
 All derivations and theorems covered
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 Includes additional problems for practice and MCQs

 Illustrative examples for selective problems
 Recap of important formulae at the end of the book
 Activity Based Questions covered in every chapter
 Smart Check to enable easy rechecking of solutions
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 PREFACE

PREFACE
“The only way to learn Mathematics is to do Mathematics” – Paul Halmos
“Mathematics & Statistics – Commerce (Part – II): Std. XI” forms a part of ‘Smart Notes’
prepared as per the New Textbook. It is a complete and thorough guide critically analysed and

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extensively drafted to boost the students’ confidence.
The book provides answers to all textbook questions included in exercises as well as

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miscellaneous exercises. Apart from these questions, we have provided ample questions for
additional practice to students based on every exercise of the textbook. Only the final answer
has been provided for such additional practice questions. At the start of the chapter, we have

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provided a table to birfucate the textbook questions and additional practice questions as per
the different type of problems/concepts in the chapter. This will help in systematic study of the
entire chapter.
Precise theory has been provided at the required places for better understanding of concepts.
Further, all derivations and theorems have been covered wherever required. A recap of all

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important formulae has been provided at the end of the book for quick revision. We have also
included activity based questions in every chapter. We all know that there are certain sums that
can be solved by multiple methods. Besides, there are also other ways to check your answer in
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Maths. ‘Smart Check’ has been included to help you understand how you can check the
correctness of your answer.
The journey to create a complete book is strewn with triumphs, failures and near misses. If you
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think we’ve nearly missed something or want to applaud us for our triumphs, we’d love to hear
from you. Pls write to us on: mail@targetpublications.org
A book affects eternity; one can never tell where its influence stops.
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Best of luck to all the aspirants!

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From,
Publisher
Edition: First
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Disclaimer
This reference book is transformative work based on textbook Mathematics & Statistics - Commerce (Part – II); First edition: 2019 published by the
Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune. We the publishers are making this reference book which
constitutes as fair use of textual contents which are transformed by adding and elaborating, with a view to simplify the same to enable the
students to understand, memorize and reproduce the same in examinations.
This work is purely inspired upon the course work as prescribed by the Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum
Research, Pune. Every care has been taken in the publication of this reference book by the Authors while creating the contents. The Authors
and the Publishers shall not be responsible for any loss or damages caused to any person on account of errors or omissions which might have
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© reserved with the Publisher for all the contents created by our Authors.
No copyright is claimed in the textual contents which are presented as part of fair dealing with a view to provide best supplementary study
material for the benefit of students.
 INDEX
Sr. No. Titles Page No.

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1 Partition Values 1

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2 Measures of Dispersion 61

3 Skewness 97

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4 Bivariate Frequency Distribution and Chi Square Statistic 114

5 Correlation 141

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6 Permutations and Combinations 164

Probability
7
O 203

8 Linear Inequations 238

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9 Commercial Mathematics 284

Important formulae 331

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Note: Solved examples from textbook are indicated by “+”.

Smart check is indicated by  symbol.
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 INDEX
Sr. No. Titles Page No.

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1 Partition Values 1

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2 Measures of Dispersion 61

3 Skewness 97

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4 Bivariate Frequency Distribution and Chi Square Statistic 114

5 Correlation 141

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6 Permutations and Combinations 164

Probability
7
O 203

8 Linear Inequations 238

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9 Commercial Mathematics 284

Important formulae 331

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Note: Solved examples from textbook are indicated by “+”.

Smart check is indicated by  symbol.
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 3 Skewness

Type of Problems Exercise Q. Nos.

3.1 Q. 1, 2, 6
Practice Problems
Q. 1, 2, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18
Karl Pearson’s Coefficient of (Based on Exercise 3.1)
Skewness Miscellaneous Exercise 3 Q. 1, 2, 6, 7, 9

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Practice Problems
Q. 1, 2, 6
(Based on Miscellaneous Exercise 3)

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3.1 Q. 3, 4, 5, 7, 8
Practice Problems
Q. 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16
(Based on Exercise 3.1)
Bowley’s coefficient of Skewness

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Miscellaneous Exercise 3 Q. 3, 4, 5, 8, 10
Practice Problems
Q. 3, 4, 5, 7
(Based on Miscellaneous Exercise 3)

Syllabus

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 Skewness  Measures of skewness

Introduction:
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Sometimes two different frequency distributions may have same mean and standard deviation, but their
frequency curves may differ in symmetry and/or peakedness. Hence, in order to have a better understanding of the
given frequency distribution, we need to study measures of asymmetry (skewness) and measures of peakedness
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(kurtosis) along with the measures of central tendency and measures of dispersion.

Skewness
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Skewness is the ‘lack of symmetry’. It is used to indicate whether a frequency distribution is symmetric or
asymmetric (skewed). Y
Symmetric Frequency Distribution:
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A frequency distribution is said to be symmetric, if the values

frequency

of the variable equidistant from their mean have equal frequencies.

The frequency curve for a symmetric distribution is a ‘bell shaped
curve’ equidistant from both sides of the distribution.
Note:
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For a symmetric distribution,

i. Skewness is zero. 0 X
variable
ii. Mean = Median = Mode
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iii. Quartiles Q1 and Q3 are equidistant from median Q2 Mean = Median = Mode
i.e., Q3  Q2 = Q2 – Q1 (Symmetric Distribution)

Asymmetric Frequency Distribution:

If a frequency distribution is not symmetric, it is said to be asymmetric or skewed. The skewness of an
asymmetric curve depends on the shape of the curve.

Types of Skewness

Skewness of an asymmetric distribution may be positive or negative depending on the part of the range of
variables in which the distribution has more density of observations.
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Std. XI : Commerce Maths - II

Positive Skewness:
An asymmetric frequency distribution is said to be positively skewed, if the density of observations in the
lower part of the range of variables is more and the frequency curve has a longer tail towards the higher values of
the variable (i.e., it is longer towards the right of the distribution). Y

Note:

frequency
i. Positive skewness occurs because of the presence of
some relatively high values that are not counterbalanced
by corresponding low values.

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ii. For positively skewed distribution,
a. Mean > Median > Mode.

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b. Quartile Q1 is nearer to Quartile Q2 than Q3 0 X
variable
i.e., (Q3  Q2) > (Q2  Q1)
Mode Mean
Median

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Positively Skewed Distribution
Negative Skewness:
An asymmetric frequency distribution is said to be negatively skewed, if density of observations in the upper
part of the range of variables is more and the frequency curve has a longer tail towards the lower values of the
variable (i.e., it is longer towards the left of the distribution). Y
Note:

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i. Negative skewness occurs because of the presence of

frequency
some relatively low values that are not counterbalanced
by corresponding high values.
ii.
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For negatively skewed distribution,
a. Mean < Median < Mode.
b. Quartile Q3 is nearer to Quartile Q2 than Q1
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i.e., (Q3  Q2) < (Q2  Q1) 0 variable X
Mean Mode
Median
Negatively Skewed Distribution
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Measures of Skewness

Instead of drawing a frequency curve to determine the extent and direction of skewness in a distribution,
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various measures of skewness can be used. Some of these measures are as given below:
1. Karl Pearson’s coefficient of skewness (Pearsonian coefficient of skewness):
Prof. Karl Pearson suggested a relative measure of skewness based on the difference (Mean  Mode). It is
Mean  Mode
known as Pearsonian coefficient of skewness (Skp) and is defined as: Skp =
S.D.
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(Here, S.D. stands for standard deviation)

Note:
i. If Skp = 0, the distribution is symmetric.
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> 0, the distribution is positively skewed

< 0, the distribution is negatively skewed.
ii. Generally, Skp lies between 3 and +3 but in most of the cases it is between 1 and +1.
iii. If mode of a frequency distribution cannot be found out, empirical formula between Mean, Median
and Mode can be used which is given by
Mean  Mode = 3(Mean  Median)
 Skp can be defined as,
3(Mean  Median)
Skp =
S.D.
iv. Skp, being a relative measure of skewness, does not depend upon the units in which the data are
recorded or the size of values in the distribution.
98
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Chapter 3: Skewness
2. Bowley’s coefficient of skewness:
Prof. Bowley suggested a relative measure of skewness based on the difference (Q3  Q2)  (Q2  Q1) which
is denoted by Skb and is defined as

Skb =
 Q3  Q2    Q2  Q1 
 Q3  Q2    Q 2  Q1 
Q3  Q1  2Q 2
=
Q3  Q1

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Where Q1, Q2 and Q3 denote 1st, 2nd and 3rd quartiles respectively.

Values of Skb depending on relative positioning of Q1, Q2 and Q3:

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Case I: When Q1, Q2 and Q3 are equidistant, Q3 – Q2 = Q2 – Q1.
It can be observed that the numerator will be zero and Skb will assume a value of zero.

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Case II: When Q1 is nearer to Q2 as compared to Q3, (Q3 – Q2) > (Q2 – Q1).
It can be observed that the numerator will be positive. Since the denominator is always positive, Skb will be
positive i.e. Skb > 0.
This is the case for positively skewed distribution as shown in the figure below.
Y

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frequency

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X
C
0 Q1 Q2 Q3 variable
Positively Skewed Distribution

Case III: When Q3 is nearer to Q2 as compared to Q1, (Q3 – Q2) < (Q2 – Q1).
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It can be observed that the numerator will be negative. Since the denominator is always positive; SKb will be
negative i.e. SKb < 0
This is the case for negatively skewed distribution as shown in the figure below.
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Y
frequency
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0 variable Q1 Q2 Q3 X
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Negatively Skewed Distribution

Note:
i. It is not possible to compute mean and standard deviation of distributions with open-end classes at the
extremity i.e. Skp in such a case cannot be found out. However, for such distributions, Bowley’s
coefficient of skewness Skb can be computed.
i. If Skb = 0, the distribution is symmetric.
> 0, the distribution is positively skewed.
< 0, the distribution is negatively skewed.
ii. Skb lies between 1 and +1.
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Std. XI : Commerce Maths - II

Q3  Q1  2Q 2
Skb =
Exercise 3.1 Q3  Q1
70  30  2(30)
1. For a distribution, mean = 100, mode = 127 =
40
and S.D. = 60. Find the Pearson coefficient 70  30  60
of skewness Skp. =
40
Solution: 40
Given, Mean = 100, Mode = 127, S.D. = 60  Skb =
40

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Mean  Mode
Skp =  Skb = 1
S.D.
100  127

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= 4. For a data set with upper quartile equal to
60
55 and median equal to 42, if the
27
= distribution is symmetric, find the value of
60

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lower quartile.
=  0.45
Solution:
Upper quartile = Q3 = 55
2. The mean and variance of a distribution are
60 and 100 respectively. Find the mode and Median = Q2 = 42
the median of the distribution if Skp =  0.3. Since, the distribution is symmetric.


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Solution: Skb = 0
Given, Mean = 60, Variance = 100, Skp =  0.3 Q3  Q1  2Q 2
Skb =
 S.D. = Variance = 100 = 10
O Q3  Q1
Mean  Mode Q3  Q1  2Q 2
Skp =  0=
S.D. Q3  Q1
60  Mode  0 = Q3 + Q1  2Q2
  0.3 =
10  Q1 = 2Q2  Q3
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 3 = 60  Mode  Q1 = 2(42)  55
 Mode = 60 + 3 = 63  Q1 = 84  55
Mean  Mode = 3(Mean  Median)  Q1 = 29
 60  63 = 3(60  Median)
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 3 = 180  3 Median 5. Obtain coefficient of skewness by formula

 3 Median = 180 + 3 = 183 and comment on nature of the distribution.
183
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 Median =
3 Height in inches No. of Females
 Median = 61 Less than 60 10
60-64 20
3. For a data set, sum of upper and lower 64-68 40
quartiles is 100, difference between upper 68-72 10
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and lower quartiles is 40 and median is 30.

72-76 2
Find the coefficient of skewness.
Solution:
Solution:
Given, Q3 + Q1 = 100 …(i) We construct the less than cumulative
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frequency table as given below.

Q3  Q1 = 40 …(ii)
Median = Q2 = 30 Height in No. of Females Less than cumulative
Adding (i) and (ii), we get inches (f) frequency (c.f.)
2Q3 = 140 Less than 60 10 10
140
 Q3 = = 70 60-64 20 30  Q1
2
64-68 40 70  Q2, Q3
Substituting the value of Q3 in (i), we get
68-72 10 80
70 + Q1 = 100
 Q1 = 100 – 70 72-76 2 82
= 30 Total N = 82

100
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 

Std. XI : Commerce Maths - II

Positive Skewness:
An asymmetric frequency distribution is said to be positively skewed, if the density of observations in the
lower part of the range of variables is more and the frequency curve has a longer tail towards the higher values of
the variable (i.e., it is longer towards the right of the distribution). Y

Note:

frequency
i. Positive skewness occurs because of the presence of
some relatively high values that are not counterbalanced
by corresponding low values.

T
ii. For positively skewed distribution,
a. Mean > Median > Mode.

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b. Quartile Q1 is nearer to Quartile Q2 than Q3 0 X
variable
i.e., (Q3  Q2) > (Q2  Q1)
Mode Mean
Median

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Positively Skewed Distribution
Negative Skewness:
An asymmetric frequency distribution is said to be negatively skewed, if density of observations in the upper
part of the range of variables is more and the frequency curve has a longer tail towards the lower values of the
variable (i.e., it is longer towards the left of the distribution). Y
Note:

N
i. Negative skewness occurs because of the presence of

frequency
some relatively low values that are not counterbalanced
by corresponding high values.
ii.
O
For negatively skewed distribution,
a. Mean < Median < Mode.
b. Quartile Q3 is nearer to Quartile Q2 than Q1
C
i.e., (Q3  Q2) < (Q2  Q1) 0 variable X
Mean Mode
Median
Negatively Skewed Distribution
E

Measures of Skewness

Instead of drawing a frequency curve to determine the extent and direction of skewness in a distribution,
PL

various measures of skewness can be used. Some of these measures are as given below:
1. Karl Pearson’s coefficient of skewness (Pearsonian coefficient of skewness):
Prof. Karl Pearson suggested a relative measure of skewness based on the difference (Mean  Mode). It is
Mean  Mode
known as Pearsonian coefficient of skewness (Skp) and is defined as: Skp =
S.D.
M

(Here, S.D. stands for standard deviation)

Note:
i. If Skp = 0, the distribution is symmetric.
SA

> 0, the distribution is positively skewed

< 0, the distribution is negatively skewed.
ii. Generally, Skp lies between 3 and +3 but in most of the cases it is between 1 and +1.
iii. If mode of a frequency distribution cannot be found out, empirical formula between Mean, Median
and Mode can be used which is given by
Mean  Mode = 3(Mean  Median)
 Skp can be defined as,
3(Mean  Median)
Skp =
S.D.
iv. Skp, being a relative measure of skewness, does not depend upon the units in which the data are
recorded or the size of values in the distribution.
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Std. XI : Commerce Maths - II

th
 n 1
Q2 = value of 2   observation
 4  Miscellaneous Exercise – 3
th
13  1 
= value of 2   observation 1. For a distribution, mean = 100, mode = 80
 4 
and S.D. = 20. Find Pearsonian coefficient
= value of (2  3.50)th observation of skewness Skp.
= value of 7th observation Solution:
 Q2 = 4.6 Given, Mean = 100, Mode = 80, S.D. = 20

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th Mean  Mode
 n 1 Skp =
Q3 = value of 3   observation S.D.
 4 
100  80 20

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th = = =1
13  1 
= value of 3 
20 20
 observation
 4   Skp = 1
= value of (3  3.50) observation th

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= value of (10.50)th observation 2. For a distribution, mean = 60, median = 75
and variance = 900. Find Pearsonian
= value of 10th observation + 0.50 (value of
coefficient of skewness Skp.
11th observation – value of 10th observation)
Solution:
= 4.8 + 0.50(5.1 – 4.8) Given, Mean = 60, Median = 75, Variance = 900

N
= 4.8 + 0.50(0.3)  S.D. = Variance  900  30
= 4.8 + 0.15 3(Mean  Median)
Skp =
 Q3 = 4.95 S.D.

Skb =
Q3  Q1  2Q 2
Q3  Q1
O =
3(60  75) 3( 15)  15
30
=
30
=
10
4.95  3.55  2(4.6)
 Skp = 1.5
=
C
4.95  3.55
3. For a distribution, Q1 = 25, Q2 = 35 and
8.5  9.2 Q3 = 50. Find Bowley’s coefficient of
=
1.4 skewness Skb.
 0.7 Solution:
=
E

1.4 Given, Q1 = 25, Q2 = 35, Q3 = 50

 Skb =  0.5 Q3  Q1  2Q 2
Skb =
Q3  Q1
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8. For a frequency distribution, Q3  Q2 = 90 50  25  2(35) 75  70 5 1

= = = =
and Q2  Q1 = 120. Find Skb. 50  25 25 25 5
Solution:  Skb = 0.2
Given, Q3  Q2 = 90, Q2  Q1 = 120
4. For a distribution Q3  Q2 = 40,
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Q3  Q1  2Q 2
Skb = Q2  Q1 = 60. Find Bowley’s coefficient of
Q3  Q1
skewness Skb.
Q3  Q 2  Q 2  Q1
= Solution:
Q3  Q 2  Q 2  Q1
SA

Given, Q3  Q2 = 40, Q2  Q1 = 60
=
 Q3  Q 2    Q2  Q1  Q3  Q1  2Q 2
 Q3  Q2    Q 2  Q1  Skb =
Q3  Q1
90  120 Q3  Q 2  Q 2  Q1
= =
90  120 Q3  Q 2  Q 2  Q1
30 (Q3  Q 2 )  (Q 2  Q1 )
= =
210 (Q3  Q 2 )  (Q 2  Q1 )
1 40  60 20 1
= = = = 
7 40  60 100 5
 Skb =  0.1429  Skb =  0.2
102
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Chapter 3: Skewness
5. For a distribution, Bowley’s coefficient of 6. For a frequency distribution, the mean is
skewness is 0.6. The sum of upper and 200, the coefficient of variation is 8% and
lower quartiles is 100 and median is 38. Karl Pearsonian’s coefficient of skewness is
Find the upper and lower quartiles. 0.3. Find the mode and median of the
Solution: distribution.
Given, Skb = 0.6, Q3 + Q1 = 100, Solution:
Median = Q2 = 38 Mean = x = 200, Coefficient of variation,
Q3  Q1  2Q 2 C.V. = 8%, Skp = 0.3
Skb =

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Q3  Q1 
C.V. =  100 , where  = standard deviation
100  2(38) x
 0.6 = 
Q3  Q1

N
 8=  100
200
 0.6(Q3  Q1) = 100  76 = 24
8  200
24  =  16
 Q3  Q1 = 100

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0.6
Mean  Mode
 Q3  Q1 = 40 ….(i) Now, Skp =
S.D.
Q3 + Q1 = 100 ….(ii) (given)
200  Mode
Adding (i) and (ii), we get  0.3 =
16
2Q3 = 140
 0.3  16 = 200  Mode
140
 Q3 = = 70  Mode = 200  4.8 = 195.2

N
2
Since, Mean  Mode = 3(Mean  Median)
Substituting the value of Q3 in (ii), we get  200  195.2 = 3(200  Median)
70 + Q1 = 100  4.8 = 600  3 Median


Q1 = 100  70 = 30
upper quartile = 70 and lower quartile = 30
O  3Median = 600  4.8 = 595.2
595.2
 Median = = 198.4
[Note: The question has been modified.] 3
C
7. Calculate Karl Pearsonian’s coefficient of skewness Skp from the following data:
Marks above 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
E

No. of students 120 115 108 98 85 60 18 5 0

Solution:
The given table is the cumulative frequency table of more than type. From this table, we have to prepare the
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frequency distribution table and then calculate the value of Skp.

Construct the following table:
No. of students ‘more than’ Frequency Mid value
Marks above Class-interval fixi fixi2
(c.f.) fi xi
0 120 0-10 5 5 25 125
M

10 115 10-20 7 15 105 1575

20 108 20-30 10 25 250 6250
30 98 30-40 13 35 455 15925
40 85 40-50 25 45 1125 50625
SA

50 60 50-60 42 55 2310 127050

60 18 60-70 13 65 845 54925
70 5 70-80 5 75 375 28125
80 0 80-90 0 85 0 0
Total 120  5490 284600
From the table, N = 120,  f x = 5490 and  f x
i i i i
2
= 284600

Mean = x = f x i i
=
5490
= 45.75
N 120
Maximum frequency 42 is of the class 5060.

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Std. XI : Commerce Maths - II

 Mode lies in the class 50–60.
 L = 50, f1 = 42, f0 = 25, f2 = 13, h = 10
f1  f 0
 Mode = L + h
2f1  f 0  f 2
42  25
= 50 +  10
2(42)  25 13
17
= 50 +  10
84  38

T
17
= 50 +  10
46

N
= 50 + 3.6957
= 53.6957

S. D. = f x  x 
i i
2
2

TE
N
284600
  45.75 
2
=
120
= 2371.6667  2093.0625
= 278.6042

N
= 16.6914
Pearsonian’s coefficient of skewness:
Mean  Mode
Skp =
S.D.
45.75  53.6957
O
=
16.6914
C
7.9457
=
16.6914
 Skp = – 0.4760
Alternate Method:
E

x  45
Let u =
10
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No. of students ‘more than’ Frequency Mid value

Marks above Class ui fiui fiui2
(c.f.) (fi) xi
0 120 0  10 5 5 –4 – 20 80
10 115 10  20 7 15 –3 – 21 63
20 108 20  30 10 25 –2 – 20 40
M

30 98 30  40 13 35 –1 – 13 13
40 85 40  50 25 45 0 0 0
50 60 50  60 42 55 1 42 42
60 18 60  70 13 65 2 26 52
SA

70 5 70  80 5 75 3 15 45
80 0 80 – 90 0 85 4 0 0
Total 120 9 335

u
f u i 9i

= 0.075
N 120
 x = 45 + 10  u 
= 45 + 10(0.075)
= 45 + 0.75
= 45.75
104
104
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Chapter 3: Skewness

Var(u) = u 2 = f u i i
2

 u
2

N
335
= – (0.075)2
120
= 2.7917 – 0.0056
= 2.7861
Var(X) = h2  Var(u) = 100  2.7861 = 278.61
S. D. = 278.61

T
= 16.6916
Maximum frequency 42 is of the class 5060.


N
Mode lies in the class 50–60.
 L = 50, f1 = 42, f0 = 25, f2 = 13, h = 10
f1  f 0
 Mode = L + h
2f1  f 0  f 2

TE
42  25
= 50 +  10
2(42)  25 13
17
= 50 +  10
84  38
17
= 50 +  10

N
46
= 50 + 3.6957
= 53.6957
 Skp =
Mean  Mode 45.75  53.6957
S.D.

16.6916
O
7.9457
=
16.6916
C
= 0.4760

8. Calculate Bowley’s coefficient of skewness Skb from the following data.

Marks above 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
E

No. of students 120 115 108 98 85 60 18 5 0

Solution:
PL

To calculate Bowley’s coefficient of skewness Skb, we construct the following table:

No. of students ‘more than’ Frequency Less than cumulative frequency
Marks above Marks
(c.f.) (fi) (c.f.)
0 120 0-10 5 5
10 115 10-20 7 12
M

20 108 20-30 10 22
30 98 30-40 13 35  Q1
40 85 40-50 25 60  Q2
50 60 50-60 42 102 Q3
SA

60 18 60-70 13 115
70 5 70-80 5 120
80 0 80-90 0 120
Total 120 –
Here, N = 120
th
N
Q1 class = class containing the   observation
4
N 120
  = 30
4 4
Cumulative frequency which is just greater than (or equal to) 30 is 35.
105
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Std. XI : Commerce Maths - II

 Q1 lies in the class 3040.
 L = 30, h = 10, f = 13, c.f. = 22
h N 
 Q1 = L +   c.f . 
f4 
10
= 30 + (30  22)
13
10
= 30 + (8)

T
13
= 30 + 6.1538
 Q1 = 36.1538

N
th
N
Q2 class = class containing the   observation
2
N 120

TE
  = 60
2 2
Cumulative frequency which is just greater than (or equal to) 60 is 60.
 Q2 lies in the class 40-50.
 L = 40, h = 10, f = 25, c.f. = 35
h N 


N
Q2 = L +   c.f . 
f2 
10
= 40 + (60 – 35)
25

= 40 +
10
(25)
O
25
 Q2 = 50
C
th
 3N 
Q3 class = class containing the   observation
 4 
3N 3  120
  = 90
4 4
E

Cumulative frequency which is just greater than (or equal to) 90 is 102.
 Q3 lies in the class 50 - 60
 L = 50, h = 10, f = 42, c.f. = 60
PL

h  3N 
 Q3 = L +   c.f . 
f  4 
10
= 50 + (90  60)
42
M

10
= 50 +  30 
42
= 50 + 7.1429
 Q3 = 57.1429
SA

Bowley’s coefficient of skewness:

Q3  Q1  2Q 2
Skb =
Q3  Q1
57.1429  36.1538  2(50)
=
57.1429  36.1538
93.2967  100
=
20.9891
6.7033
=
20.9891
 Skb =  0.3194
106
106
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Chapter 3: Skewness
9. Find Skp for the following set of observations:
18, 27, 10, 25, 31, 13, 28.
Solution:
The given data can be arranged in ascending order as follows:
10, 13, 18, 25, 27, 28, 31.
Here, n = 7
th
 n 1
 Median = value of   observation
 2 

T
th
 7 1
= value of   observation
 2 

N
= value of 4th observation
= 25
For finding standard deviation, we construct the following table:

TE
xi xi2
10 100
13 169
18 324
25 625

N
27 729
28 784
31 961
Total 152 3692
O
From the table, x i = 152, x
i
2
= 3692
C
Mean = x = x i
=
152
= 21.7143
n 7

 S.D. =  x  x 
i
2
2

n
E

3692
=  (21.7143) 2
7
PL

= 527.4286  471.5108
= 55.9178
= 7.4778
Coefficient of skewness,
3(Mean  Median)
Skp =
S.D.
M

3(21.7143  25)
=
7.4778
3(3.2857)
=
SA

7.4778
9.8571
=
7.4778
 Skp = –1.3182

10. Find Skb for the following set of observations:

18, 27, 10, 25, 31, 13, 28.
Solution:
The given data can be arranged in ascending order as follows:
10, 13, 18, 25, 27, 28, 31.
Here, n = 7
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Std. XI : Commerce Maths - II

th
 n 1
 Q1 = value of   observation
 4 
th
7 1
= value of   observation
 4 
= value of 2nd observation
 Q1 = 13
th
 n 1
Q2 = value of 2   observation

T
 4 
th
 7 1
= value of 2   observation

N
 4 
= value of (2  2)th observation
= value of 4th observation


TE
Q2 = 25
th
 n 1
Q3 = value of 3   observation
 4 
th
 7 1
= value of 3   observation
 4 
= value of (3  2)th observation

N
= value of 6th observation
 Q3 = 28
Coefficient of skewness,
Skb =
Q3  Q1  2Q 2
O
Q3  Q1
28  13  2(25)
C
=
28  13
41  50
=
15
9
=
E

15
 Skb =  0.6
PL

Activities for Practice

1. Collect marks in mathematics subject of 12 students in your class and arrange data in ascending order.
Complete the following table and write your comment?
M

Q1 = , Q2 = , Q3 = , Skb = (Textbook page no.44)

[Note: Student can attempt this activity on their own.]
SA

2. The mean and variance of a distribution are 50 and 400 respectively. Find the mode and median of the
distribution if Skp = 0.4. Complete the following activity.
Solution:
S.D. =
Mean  Mode
Skp =
S.D.
 Mode =
Mean  Mode = 3(  Median)
 Median =

108
108
 

Chapter 3: Skewness
3. The lower and upper quartiles of a distribution are 15 and 21 respectively and its median is 17. Find
Bowley’s coefficient of skewness Skb. Complete the following activity.
Solution:
Q3  Q1 
Skb =

36 
=

T
 Skb =

N
4. Calculate Skp for the following set of observations:
15, 16, 21, 15, 20, 16, 19, 16, 13, 14, 16.
Complete the following activity.

TE
Solution:
x i  ,x  i
2

Mean = x=
x  i

n 11
Mode = observation that occurs most frequently in the data

N
=
S.D. = 2.3883
Mean  Mode
Skp =
S.D.
O
=
C
5. The following are the data related to the distance travelled by 520 villagers to buy their weekly
requirements. Compute Skp for the data. Complete the following activity.
Miles travelled 0-4 4-8 8-12 12-16 16-20
E

No. of villagers 142 218 90 52 18

Solution:
Construct the following table:
PL

No. of villagers Class mark

Miles travelled fixi fixi2
fi xi
0-4 142 2 284 568
4-8 218 6 1308 7848
M

8-12 90 10 900 9000

12-16 52 14 728 10192
16-20 18 18 324 5832
Total 520 – 3544 33440
SA

Mean x = f x i i
=
N
Maximum frequency 218 is of the class 4-8.
 Mode lies in the class interval 4-8.
 L = 4, h = 4, f1 = 218, f0 = 142, f2 = 90
 Mode = L + h

 Mode =
S.D. = 4.2259
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Std. XI : Commerce Maths - II

Coefficient of skewness,
Mean  Mode
Skp =
S.D.
 Skp =

6. Plot the points and draw free hand curve using given data

x 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

T
f 3 9 16 14 13 10 8 5 5 2
Write your comment about skewness and write relation between mean and mode.

N
(Textbook page no. 44)
Solution:
Y

TE
16

14

N
12

10
O
f

8
C
6

4
E

2
PL

X
O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 X
Y x

Here, frequencies of values of the variable lower than mean (i.e. 48.35) have high frequencies compared to
M

the frequencies associated with the values of variables higher than the mean.
Hence, the distribution is positively skewed.
In such cases, mean > median > mode.
SA

Answers

2. i. 20 ii. 58 iii. Mean iv. 52.6667

3. i. 2Q2 ii. Q3 – Q1 iii. 34 iv. 6

v. 0.3333
4. i. 181 ii. 3041 iii. 181 iv. 16.4545
v. 16 vi. 0.1903
f1  f 0
5. i. 6.8154 ii. iii. 5.4902 iv. 0.3136
2f1  f 0  f 2

110
110
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Chapter 3: Skewness
+12. Mode is greater than the mean by 7 and the
Additional Problems for Practice variance is 100. Compute the coefficient of
skewness. Is the data positively or negatively
Based on Exercise 3.1 skewed?

1. For a distribution, mean = 160, mode = 157 +13. If Arithmetic mean = 214, Mode = 210,
and S.D. = 50. Find Pearsonian coefficient of Variance = 196, discuss the nature of the
skewness Skp. distribution.

T
2. The mean and variance of a distribution are 40 +14. Obtain the relation between Mean and Mode
and 625 respectively. Find the mode and so that Distribution is negatively skewed.
median of the distribution if Skp =  0.2.

N
+15. Obtain the relation between upper quartile,
lower quartile and median quartile so that
3. For a data set, sum of upper and lower
distribution is symmetric.
quartiles is 200, difference between upper and

TE
lower quartiles is 20 and median is 100. Find +16. Q1, Q2, Q3 are in A.P., then discuss the nature
the coefficient of skewness. of skewness.
4. Given that the upper quartile is 110 and the +17. Discuss the nature of distribution of
median is 61. If the distribution is symmetric, Mean >Mode.
find the value of the lower quartile. +18. Following is the data for distribution of profits

N
+5. For a frequency distribution, the lower quartile (in lakhs of rupees) of firms. Find Skp.
is 35 and median is 40. If the distribution is Profit No. of firms
symmetric, find the upper quartile. 10 – 20 12
+6.
O
Calculate Bowley’s coefficient of skewness 20 – 30 18
for the following distribution of weekly wages 30 – 40 25
of workers. 40 – 50 10
C
50 – 60 7
Wages No. of Workers
Below 300 5 (Given 138.19 = 11.7554)
300 - 400 8
Based on Miscellaneous Exercise - 3
400 - 500 18
E

500 - 600 35 1. For a distribution, mean = 500, mode = 100

600 - 700 27 and S.D. = 50. Find Pearson’s coefficient of
PL

Above 700 7 skewness Skp.

7. Calculate Skp for the following set of 2. For a distribution, mean = 80, median = 100
observations: and variance = 400. Find Pearson’s coefficient
10, 8, 11, 12, 15, 12, 20, 21, 25. of skewness Skp.
3. For a distribution, Q1 = 30, Q2 = 45 and
8. Calculate Skb for the following observations
M

Q3 = 66. Find Bowley’s coefficient of

on yield of paddy (in kg) from 13
skewness.
experimental plots:
4.4, 3.4, 4.5, 4.8, 5.1, 5.5, 4.6, 4.7, 3.6, 3.5, 4. For a distribution, Q3 – Q2 = 35 and
SA

4.8, 4.2, 3.4. Q2 – Q1 = 75. Find Bowley’s coefficient of

9. For a frequency distribution, Q3  Q2 = 100
and Q2  Q1 = 120. Find Skb.
+10. If Q1 = 80, Q2 = 100, Q3 = 120, find Bowley’s
coefficient of skewness.
+11. For a skewed distribution,
Mean = 100, median = 98.5 and S.D. = 9. Find
the mode and the Pearsonian coefficient of
skewness (Skp) of the distribution.
skewness Skb.
5. For a frequency distribution, Bowley’s
coefficient of skewness is 0.4. The sum of
upper and lower quartiles is 70 and the median
is 31. Find the upper and lower quartiles.
6. For a frequency distribution, the mean is 150,
the coefficient of variation is 12% and Karl
Pearson’s coefficient of skewness (Skp) is 0.5.
Find the mode and median of the distribution.

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Std. XI : Commerce Maths - II

7. The following are the data related to the 8. Karl Pearson’s coefficient of skewness is
distance travelled by 520 villagers to buy their given by
weekly requirements. Compute Skb for the Mean  Median
(A) Skp =
data. Variance
Miles Mode  Median
0-4 4-8 8-12 12-16 16-20 (B) Skp =
travelled Standard deviation
No. of Mean  Mode
142 218 90 52 18 (C) Skp =

T
villagers Variance
Mean  Mode
(D) Skp =
Standard deviation

N
Multiple Choice Questions
9. The maximum and minimum values of Karl
1. If a distribution is symmetrical, it has Pearson’s coefficient of skewness are

TE
(A) Zero skewness (A) 1 and 2 (B) 2 and 2
(B) Positive skewness (C) 3 and 3 (D) 4 and 4
(C) Negative skewness
10. Which of the following is CORRECT?
(D) None of the above
(A) Mean  Median = 3(Mean  Mode)
2. For a symmetric distribution, (B) Mean  Mode = 3(Median  Mean)

N
(A) Mean = Median = Mode (C) Mean  Mode = 3(Mean  Median)
(B) Mean > Median > Mode (D) Mode  Median = 3(Mean  Median)
(C) Mode > Median > Mean
(D) Both (B) and (C)
O 11. In Bowley’s coefficient of skewness, if
distribution is positively skewed,
3. The right tail of a distribution is longer than
(A) (Q3  Q2) < (Q2  Q1)
the left tail. Such a distribution is having
C
(B) (Q3  Q1) > (Q3  Q2)
(A) Zero skewness
(B) Positive skewness (C) (Q3  Q1) < (Q3  Q2)
(C) Negative skewness (D) (Q3  Q2) > (Q2  Q1)
(D) None of the above
E

12. Bowley’s coefficient of skewness lies between

4. If Mean > Median > Mode, the distribution is (A) –1 and 1 (B) –2 and 2
(A) Symmetrical (C) –3 and 3 (D) –4 and 4
PL

(B) Positively skewed

13. If mean = 150, mode = 130 and S.D. = 40,
(C) Negatively skewed then what is the value of Pearson’s coefficient
(D) None of the above of skewness?
5. If Q3 = 2M – Q1, then skewness of the (A) 0.5 (B) 0.25
distribution is (C) 0.15 (D) 0.05
M

(A) symmetric (B) moderate

14. Bowley’s coefficient of skewness (Skb) for the
(C) positive (D) negative
following data 5, 6, 7, 1, 4, 3, 9 is
6. Salaries of employees are often examples of
SA

(A) 0 (B) 1
(A) Positive skewness (C) –1 (D) 0.1
(B) Negative skewness
(C) Zero skewness 15. If mean = 30, mode = 26.8 and S.D. = 8, then
Skp =
(D) None of these
(A) 0.4 (B) 0.5
7. In a negatively skewed distribution, (C) – 0.4 (D) – 0.5
(A) Mean > Median > Mode
(B) Mean = Median = Mode 16. If Q3 – Q2 = 240, Q2 – Q1 = 280, then Skb =
(C) Median > Mean > Mode (A) –0.0769 (B) –0.6357
(D) Mode > Median > Mean (C) –0.7351 (D) –0.0679
112
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Chapter 3: Skewness

Answers to Additional Practice Problems

Based on Exercise 3.1

1. 0.06
2. Mode = 45, Median = 41.6667
3. 0

T
4. 12
5. 45

N
6.  0.05
7. 0.5285
8.  0.52

TE
9. – 0.0909
10. 0
11. Mode = 95.5, Skp = 0.5
12.  0.7; Negatively skewed
13. Positively skewed

N
14. Mean < Mode
15. Q1, Q2, Q3 are in A.P.
16.
17.
The distribution is symmetric.
Positively skewed
O
18.  0.0578
C
Based on Miscellaneous Exercise - 3

1. 8
2. –3
E

3. 0.1667
4. –0.3636
PL

5. upper quartile = 45 and lower quartile = 25

6. Mode = 141, Median = 147
7. 0.1173

Answers to Multiple Choice Questions

M

1. (A) 2. (A) 3. (B) 4. (B)

5. (A) 6. (A) 7. (D) 8. (D)
9. (C) 10. (C) 11. (D) 12. (A)
SA

13. (A) 14. (A) 15. (A) 16. (A)

113