Written as per the latest textbook prescribed by
  the Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook
Production and Curriculum Research, Pune.

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PERFECT

MATHEMATICS - II

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Std. XI Sci. & Arts
 
 
 
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Salient Features
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 Written as per the new textbook
 Exhaustive coverage of entire syllabus
 Topic-wise distribution of textual questions and practice problems at the start of
every chapter.  
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 Precise theory for every topic


All derivations and theorems covered  
Covers answers to all exercises and miscellaneous exercises given in the textbook.
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 Includes additional problems for practice and MCQs
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Illustrative examples for selective problems
 
Recap of important formulae at the end of the book
 Activity Based Questions covered in every chapter
 
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 Smart Check to enable easy rechecking of solutions

 
 ‘Competitive Corner’ presents questions from prominent Competitive Examinations
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PREFACE 
   

“The only way to learn Mathematics is to do Mathematics” – Paul Halmos

“Mathematics – II : Std. XI” forms a part of ‘Target Perfect Notes’ prepared as per the New
Textbook. It is a complete and thorough guide critically analysed and extensively drafted to
boost the students’ confidence.
The book provides answers to all textbook questions included in exercises as well as

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miscellaneous exercises. Apart from these questions, we have provided ample questions for
additional practice to students based on each every exercise of the textbook. Only the final
answer has been provided for such additional practice questions. At the start of the chapter, we

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have provided a table to birfucate the textbook questions and additional practice questions
as per the different type of problems/concepts in the chapter. This will help in systematic study
of the entire chapter.

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Precise theory has been provided at the required places for better understanding of concepts.
Further, all derivations and theorems have been covered wherever required. A recap of all
important formulae has been provided at the end of the book for quick revision. We have also
included activity based questions in every chapter. We have newly introduced ‘competitive

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corner’ in this book wherein we have included questions from prominent competitive exams. It
will help students to get an idea about the type of questions that are asked in Competitive Exams.
We all know that there are certain sums that can be solved by multiple methods. Besides, there
are also other ways to check your answer in Maths. ‘Smart Check’ has been included to help
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you understand how you can check the correctness of your answer.
The journey to create a complete book is strewn with triumphs, failures and near misses. If you
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think we’ve nearly missed something or want to applaud us for our triumphs, we’d love to hear
from you. Pls write to us on: mail@targetpublications.org
A book affects eternity; one can never tell where its influence stops.
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Best of luck to all the aspirants!

From,
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Publisher
Edition: First
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Disclaimer

This reference book is transformative work based on textbook Mathematics - II; First edition: 2019 published by the Maharashtra State Bureau of
Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune. We the publishers are making this reference book which constitutes as fair use of textual
contents which are transformed by adding and elaborating, with a view to simplify the same to enable the students to understand, memorize and
reproduce the same in examinations.
This work is purely inspired upon the course work as prescribed by the Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune.
Every care has been taken in the publication of this reference book by the Authors while creating the contents. The Authors and the Publishers shall not be
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benefit of students.
  
 

CONTENTS

Chapter No. Chapter Name Page No.

1 Complex Numbers 1

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2 Sequences and Series 51

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3 Permutations and Combinations 96

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4 Method of Induction and Binomial Theorem 139

5 Sets and Relations 180

6 Functions 210

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7 Limits O 253

8 Continuity 307

9 Differentiation 343
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Important formulae 374
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 8 Continuity

Type of Problems Exercise Q. Nos.

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8.1 Q.1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 12, 13
Practice Problems
Q.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 20

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Examine the Continuity of a Function at (Based on Exercise 8.1)
a given point Miscellaneous Exercise 8 Q.II, IV
Practice Problems
Q.1, 2, 8
(Based on Miscellaneous Exercise 8)

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8.1 Q.6, 7, 8, 9
Practice Problems
Types of Discontinuity (Removable Q.8, 9, 10, 11, 12
(Based on Exercise 8.1)
Discontinuity/ Irremovable
Miscellaneous Exercise 8 Q. III
Discontinuity)
Practice Problems
Q.3

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(Based on Miscellaneous Exercise 8)
8.1 Q.10
Practice Problems
Q.13, 14
Find the value of Function if it is
Continuous at given point
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Miscellaneous Exercise 8 Q. VII
Practice Problems
Q.4
(Based on Miscellaneous Exercise 8)
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8.1 Q.11, 14, 17
Practice Problems
Q. 15, 16, 17, 18, 19
Find the value of k/a/b if the Function is (Based on Exercise 8.1)
Continuous at a given point/points. Miscellaneous Exercise 8 Q. V, VI
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Practice Problems
Q.5, 6, 7
(Based on Miscellaneous Exercise 8)
Find the points of Discontinuity for the
8.1 Q.3
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given Functions
8.1 Q.15, 16
Intermediate value theorem
Miscellaneous Exercise 8 Q.VIII

Syllabus
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 Continuity of a function at a point.  Intermediate value theorem.

 Continuity of a functiuon over an interval.
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Let’s Study For example, the flow time in human life is

Continuous and Discontinuous Functions
Continuity is ‘the state of being continuous’ and
continuous means ‘without any interruption or
disturbance’.
An activity that takes place gradually, without
interruption or abrupt change is called a continuous
process
continuous, i.e., we are getting older continuously,
the flow of water in the river.
Note:
There are no jumps, breaks, gaps or holes in the
graph of the function.
Continuity of a function at a point:
Consider the functions indicated by following graphs
where y = f(x):

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Std. XI : Perfect Maths ‐ II
Y Y Continuity from the right and from the left:
f(x) i. There are some functions, which are defined in
f(x) two different ways on either side of a point. In
Oa X X such cases we have to consider the limits of
O a
function from left as well as right of that point.
ii. A function f(x) is said to be continuous from
the right at x = a if lim f (x) = f (a)
Fig. (i) Fig. (ii) x a

Y iii. A function f(x) is said to be continuous from

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the left at x = a if lim f (x) = f (a)
x a
f(x)
iv. If a function is continuous on the right and

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X
Oa also on the left of a then it is continuous at a
because
lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f (a)

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 
Fig. (iii) x a x a

Example:
i. The function in figure (i) has a hole at x = a.
Consider the function,
 f(x) is not defined at x = a. f(x) = 2x + 7, x  4
ii. The function in figure (ii) has a break at x = a. = 5x  5, x  4
iii. For the function in figure (iii), f(a) is not in the Since, f(x) has different expressions for the

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continuous line. value of x
Definition of Continuity :  left hand and right hand limits have to be found
1. A function f(x) is said to be continuous at a out.
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point x = a, if the three conditions are satisfied:  lim f(x) = lim (5x  5) = 5  4  5 = 15
x4 x 4

i. f is defined at every point on an open interval Also, f (4) = 5 (4)  5 = 15

containing a. and lim f(x) = lim (2x + 7) = 2  4 + 7 = 15
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ii. lim f (x) exists x4 x 4
x a
 lim f(x) = lim f(x) = f (4)
iii. lim f (x) = f (a). x  4 x  4
x a

Example:  f(x) is continuous at x = 4.

Consider f(x) = x2  4 and let us discuss the Examples of continuous functions:
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continuity of f at x = 3 1. Constant function: The constant function

Solution: f(x) = k (where k  R is a constant). The
function is continuous for all x belonging to its
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i. Here, f(x) is a polynomial function

 It is defined at every point on an open interval domain.
containing x = 3 Example:
f(x) = 10, f(x) = log10 100 , f(x) = e7
ii. lim f(x) = lim x2  4 = 32  4 = 5 2. Polynomial function: The function
x 3 x 3
f(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + …. + anxn, where
 lim f(x) exists.
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x 3 n  N, a0, a1 …. an R is continuous for all x

belonging to domain of x.
iii. f(x) = x2  4
Example:
 f(3) = 32  4 = 5 f(x) = x2 + 5x + 9, f(x) = x3  5x + 9,
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 lim f(x) = f(3) = 5 f(x) = x4  16,  x  R.

x 3

Here, all the 3 conditions are satisfied. 3. Rational function: If f and g are two
 f(x) is continuous at a point x = 3 polynomial functions having same domain
then the rational function f is continuous in its
2. The condition in above fig. (iii) can be g
reformulated and the continuity of f(x) at x = a, domain at points where g(x)  0.
can be restated as follows: Example:
A function f(x) is said to be continuous at a x 2 5x  6
point x = a if it is defined in some nighborhood Consider the function,
x2 9
of ‘a’ and if lim f  a  h   f  a    0 .
h 0
Here, f(x) = x2 + 5x + 6 and g(x) = x2  9
308 
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Chapter 08: Continuity

Given function is continuous on its domain, Example:

where x2  9  0 i. Examine the continuity of the following
i.e., (x + 3) (x  3)  0 functions at the given point.
i.e., x + 3  0, x  3  0 (All functions are defined on R  R)
i.e., x  3, x  3 f(x) = x2 – x + 9, for x  3
 The function is continuous on its domain = 4x  3, for x > 3; at x = 3.
except at x = 3, 3. Solution:
2
4. Trigonometric function: sin (ax + b) and lim f(x) = lim (x  x + 9)

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x3  x 3
cos (ax + b), where a, b  R are continuous
= (3)2  3 + 9 = 15
functions for all x  R.
and lim f(x) = lim (4x + 3)
Example:

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
x3 x3

sin (5x + 2), cos (7x  11)  x  R. = 4(3)  3 = 9

Note: Tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant Here, lim f(x) and lim f(x) both exist.
x a x a

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functions are continuous on their respective But, lim f(x)  lim f(x)
domains. x3 x3

5. Exponential function: f(x) = ax , a > 0, a  1,  f(x) has jump discontinuity at x = 3.

x  R is an exponential function, which is
ii. Removable discontinuity:
continuous for all x  R.
A function f(x) has a discontinuity at x = a,
Example: and lim f(x) exists, but either f(a) is not

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x x a
1
f(x) = 3x , f(x) =   , f(x) = ex  x  R, defined or lim f(x) ≠ f(a). In such case we
2 x a

where a > 0, a  1. define or redefine f(a) as lim f(x). Then with

6.
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Logarithmic function: f(x) = loga x where
x a

new definition, the function f(x) becomes

a > 0, a  1 is a logarithmic function which is continuous at x = a. Such a discontinuity is
continuous for every positive real number i.e. called as Removable discontinuity.
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for all x  R+
Example: Example:
f(x) = loga 7x , f(x) = loga 9x2  x  R, where Consider the function,
f(x) = x  5 x  6 , x  2

a > 0, a  1.
x2
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Properties of Continuous Functions =2, x=2

2
Here, lim f(x) = lim x  5 x  6
If the functions f and g are continuous at x = a, then,
x 2 x2 x2
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1. their sum, that is (f + g) is continuous at x = a.  x  3 x  2 

= lim
2. their difference, that is (f  g) or (g  f) is x2  x  2
continuous at x = a = lim x  3
3. the constant multiple of f(x), that is k.f, for any x 2

k  R, is continuous at x = a. ...[ x  2,  x  2,
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4. their product, that is (f.g) is continuous at x = a.  x  2  0]

f =23
5. their quotient, that is , if g(a)  0, is = 1
g
 lim f(x) exists
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continuous at x = a. x 2

6. their composite function, f[g(x)] or g[f(x)], that Also, f (2) = 2 …(given)

is fog(x) or gof(x), is continuous at x = a.  lim f(x)  f (2)
x 2

Types of discontinuities  function f is discontinuous at x = 2,

This discontinuity can be removed by
i. Jump discontinuity: redefining f as follows:
A function f(x) has a Jump Discontinuity at x 2  5x  6
x = 0. If the left hand and right hand limits f(x) = ,x2
x2
both exist but are different, that is
= 1 ,x=2
lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)
x a x a  x = 2 is a point of removable discontinuity.
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Std. XI : Perfect Maths ‐ II
Extension of the original function: Y
6
If the original function is not defined at a and the new
5 B
definition of f makes it continuous at a, then the new
definition is called the extension of the original function. 4 f(x)
y0
3 D
Infinite discontinuity:
Consider the graph of xy = 1 2 A
1 1
i.e., y = f(x) =
x

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Y 0 1 4 c5
2 3 6 7 X
4 Y
Geometrically, Theorem says that any horizontal

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3
line y = y0 crossing the Y-axis between the numbers
2 f(a) and f(b) will cross the curve y =f(x) at least once
1 over the interval [a, b].

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3 2 1
X
1 2 3 Textual Activity
1
2
1. Discuss the continuity of f(x) where
3
log x  log 5
f(x) = , for x ≠ 5

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4 x5
Here, f(x)   as x  0+ and 1
= for x = 5
f(x)    as x  0. 5


f(0) is not defined
function is discontinuous at x = 0.
O Solution:
(Textbook page no. 171)

A function f(x) is said to have an infinite

discontinutiy at x = a, 1
Given, f(5) = …(i)
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If lim f(x) =  or lim f(x) =  5
xa xa
 log x  log 5 
Then, from the figure, f(x) has an infinite  lim f(x) = lim  
x 5 x 5
 x5 
discontinutiy.
Put x  5 = t, x = 5 + t.
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Continuity over an interval As x  5, t  0

Let (a, b) be an open interval.
= lim 

 log 5  t  log 5 


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If for every x  (a, b) , f is continuous at x then f is t 0  t 

continuous on (a, b).  
i. Consider f defined on [a, b). If f is continuous   5 t   t 
 log  
on (a, b) and f is continuous to the right of a,   log 1  
  5 
 = lim   5  
lim f(x) = f(a) then f is continuos on [a, b) = lim   t 0 

x a
t 0 t t 
   
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ii. Consider f defined on (a, b]. If f is continuous   

on (a, b) and f is continuous to the left of b,
  t 
lim f(x) = f(b) then f is continuos on (a, b]  log  1  
5   1
= lim  
x a

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iii. Consider a function f continuous on the open t 0  t  5

interval (a, b). If lim f(x) and lim f(x) exists,  5 
x a x a

then we can extend the fuction to [a, b] so that 1   log 1  px   

=1 …  lim    1
it is continuous on [a, b]. 5  x 0
 px  
1
The intermediate value theorem for  lim f(x) = …(ii)
x 0 5
continuous function
 From (i) and (ii),
Theorem : If f is a continuous function on a closed
lim f(x) = f(5)
interval [a, b], and if y0 is any value between f(a) and x5

f(b) then y0 = f(c) for some c in [a, b]  The function f(x) is continuous at x = 5.

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Chapter 08: Continuity

 lim f(x) ≠ f(3)

Exercise 8.1 x 3

 f(x) is discontinuous at x = 3
1. Examine the continuity of
i. f(x) = x3 + 2x2  x  2 at x =  2.
2. Examine whether the function is continuous
π
ii. f(x) = sin x, for x ≤ at the points indicated against them.
4
π π i. f(x) = x3  2x + 1, if x ≤ 2
= cos x, for x > , at x = = 3x  2, if x > 2, at x = 2.
4 4

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x2  9 x 2  18 x  19
iii. f(x) = , for x≠ 3 ii. f(x) = , for x ≠ 1
x3 x1

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=8 for x = 3 = 20, for x = 1, at x = 1
Solution : x
iii. f(x) =  2, for x < 0
i. Given, f(x) = x3 + 2x2  x  2 tan 3 x
f(x) is a polynomial function and hence

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7
it is continuous for all x  R. = , for x ≥ 0 , at x = 0.
3
 f(x) is continuous at x =  2 Solution :
i. lim f(x) = lim (x3  2x + 1)
π x2  x2
ii. f(x) = sin x ; x≤
4 = (2)3  2(2) + 1

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π =5
= cos x ; x>
4 lim f(x) = lim (3x  2)
lim f(x) = lim (sin x) x2  x2
π π
= 3(2)  2
x
4

= sin
x
4

π
O =4
4  lim f(x) ≠ lim f(x)
x2  x2
1
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=  f(x) is discontinuous at x = 2
2
lim f(x) = lim (cos x)
π+ π+
x x x 2  18 x  19
4 4 ii. lim f(x) = lim
π
x 1 x 1 x 1
= cos
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4 x 2  19 x  x  19
= lim
1 x 1 x 1
=
2 x  x + 19   1  x + 19 
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π π = lim
Also f   = sin x 1  x  1
4
  4
= lim
 x  1  x + 19 
1
= x 1  x  1
2
π
= lim (x + 19)
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lim f ( x) = lim f(x) = f  

x1

x
π
x
π+ 4 …[ x  1,  x ≠ 1,  x  1 ≠ 0]
4 4

 f(x) is continuous at x =
π = 1 + 19 = 20
4 Also, f(1) = 20
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 lim f(x) = f(1)

x1
iii. f(3) = 8 …(given)
x2  9  f(x) is continuous at x = 1
lim f(x) = lim
x 3 x 3 x3
 x  3  x  3 7
= lim iii. lim f(x) = …(given)
x 3 x3 x  0 3
= lim (x + 3)  x 
x 3 lim f(x) = lim   2
x 0  x  0  tan 3 x


…[ x  3, x ≠ 3  x  3 ≠ 0]
x
=3+3=6 = lim + lim 2
x 0 tan 3x x 0

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Std. XI : Perfect Maths ‐ II

= lim
1 Thus all the integer values of x in the interval
 lim 2
x 0 tan 3 x x  0 (3, 2) i.e. the points x = 2, x = 1, x = 0 and
x x = 1 are the required points of discontinuities.
 
 1  4. Discuss the continuity of the function
= lim    lim 2
tan 3 x 3
  3  x  0
x 0
f(x) = 2 x  3 , at x = .
 3x  2
lim 1 Solution :
x  0

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=  lim 2 3
 tan 3 x  x  0
f(x) = 2 x  3 , x =
3 lim   2
x 0 
 3x  3
2 x  3 = 2x + 3 ; x≥

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1 2
= 2
3 1 3
= – (2x + 3) ; x <
7 2
=

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3 lim f(x) = lim 2 x  3
3 3
x x
 lim f(x) = lim f(x) 2 2
x  0 x  0
= lim [ (2x + 3)]
 f(x) is continuous at x = 0. x
3
2

   3 
=  2    3
3. Find all the points of discontinuities of 2

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   
f(x) = x on the interval (3, 2). =0
Solution : lim f(x) = lim 2x  3
3 3
f(x) = x , x  (3, 2)
i.e. f(x) = 3, x  (3, 2)
O x
2
x
2

= lim (2x + 3)
= 2, x  [2, 1) x
3
2
= 1, x  [1, 0)   3
C
= 0, x  [0, 1) =2   +3
 2 
= 1, x  [1, 2) = 0.
Y   3   3
f   = 2 3
 2   2 
E

= 0
=0
2
PL

  3
1  lim f(x) = lim f(x) = f  
–3 –2 –1 x
3
x
3  2 
X 2 2
1 2 3
–1  f(x) is continuous at x = .
2
–2
5. Test the continuity of the following
M

–3
functions at the points or interval indicated
against them.
1

At x = 2, x  1  ( x  1) 3
SA

i. f(x) = , for x ≠ 2
lim f(x) = lim x x2

x 2 
x 2
1
= 3 = , for x = 2; at x = 2
5
lim f(x) = lim x x3  8
 
x 2 x 2 ii. f(x) = , for x ≠ 2
= 2 x  2  3x  2
 lim f(x) ≠ lim f(x) =  24 for x = 2 at x = 2

x 2 
x 2
8
iii. f(x) = 4x + 1, for x ≤
 f(x) is discontinuous at x = 2 3
similarly f(x) is discontinuous at the point 59  9 x 8 8
= , for x > , at x = .
x = 1, x = 0, x = 1. 3 3 3

312 
312 
 

Chapter 08: Continuity

 x  2  x2  2x  4  x  2  
1
 27  2 x  3  3 , 3x  2
iv. f(x) = for x ≠ 0 = lim
1 x2  2  x  2
9  3  243  5 x  5
=2 for x = 0, at x = 0
= lim
x 2
 2x  4  x  2  3x  2 
x  8 x  20
2 x2 2
v. f(x) = , for 0 < x < 3; x ≠ 2
2 x 2  9 x  10  x  2, x  2 
… 
= 12, for x = 2  x  2  0 
2  2x  x2

T
1
=
x4
for 3 ≤ x < 4 at x = 2 = lim  x 2  2 x  4  x  2  3 x  2
2 x2
 
Solution : 1
= lim  x 2  2 x  4  lim x  2  3x  2  

N
1 2 x2 x2
i. f(2) = …(given)
5
x  1   x  1 3
1 =
1
2 

  22  2  2   4   2  2  3  2   2 
lim f(x) = lim

TE
1
x 2 x 2 x2 =  12   2  2 
2
Put x  1 = y
=  24
 x=1+y
 lim f(x) = f(2)
As x  2, y  1 x 2
1
 f(x) is continuous at x = 2
y y 3

N
 lim f(x) = lim
x 2 y1 1 y  2
iii. lim f(x) = lim (4x + 1)
 1   1  8 8
x x
 y 2  1   y 3  1 3 3

= lim 
y 1
 
y 1

O  3
8
=4  +1
1
 12  35
 y 1 y3  1 =
= lim   3
C
y 1
 y 1 y  1 
  59  9 x
1 1 1 1 lim f(x) = lim
8 8 3
y 1
2 2
y 13 3 x x
= lim  lim 3 3
y 1 y 1 y 1 y 1 8
59  9  
E

1 1
1 2 3
= 1 2  1 3 =
2 3 3
 xn  a n  59  24
…  lim  n.a n-1  =
PL

 x a xa  3
1 1 35
=  =
2 3 3
1 f (x) = 4x + 1
=
6 8 8 35
 f  = 4   + 1 =
M

 lim f(x) ≠ f(2) 3 3 3

x 2

 f(x) is discontinuous at x = 2 8

 lim f(x) = lim f(x) = f  
x
8
x
8 3
3 3
ii. f(2) =  24 …(given)
SA

8
x3  8
f (x) is continuous at x = .
lim f(x) = lim 3
x 2 x2 x  2  3x  2
x3  8 x  2  3x  2 iv. f(0) = 2 …(given)
= lim  1
x2 x  2  3x  2 x  2  3x  2  27  2 x  3 3
lim f(x) = lim
= lim
 x  8
3
 x  2  3x  2  x 0 x 0
9  3  243  5 x  5
1

x2  x  2    3x  2  1
 27  2 x  3  3
x 3
2 3
 x  2  3x  2  = lim
x 0  1

= lim  3  243  5 x  5  3
x2  2x  4  

313
 

Std. XI : Perfect Maths ‐ II
1 1
6. Identify discontinuities for the following
=
1
lim
 27  2 x  3   27  3
1 1 functions as either a jump or a removable
3 x 0
 243  5 x  5   243 5 discontinuity.
1 1
x 2  10 x  21
 27  2 x  3  27 3   27  2 x   27 
i. f(x) =
x7
=
1
lim
 27  2 x   27
3 x 0 1 1
ii. f(x) = x2 + 3x  2 , for x ≤ 4
 243  5 x  5   243 5   243  5 x   243
 243  5 x   243 = 5x + 3 , for x > 4.
iii. f(x) = x  3x  2 ,
2 for x <  3

T
 As x  0,  2 x  0 and 5x  0 
  = 3 + 8x , for x >  3.
…  27  2 x   27  0 and  243  5 x   243  0
iv. f(x) = 4 + sin x , for x < 
 

N
 27  2 x   27  0 and  243  5 x   243  0  = 3  cos x for x > 
1
1
Solution :
lim
 27  2 x  3  27 3    2x 
x  0  27  2 x   27
x 2  10 x  21
1 i. Given, f(x) =

TE
= 1 1 x7
3
lim
 243  5 x  5   243 5  5x  It is rational function and is discontinuous if
x 0  243  5 x   243 x  7 = 0 i.e., x = 7
1
1
 f(x) is continuous for all x  R, except at
lim
 27  2 x  3  27 3
x  0  27  2 x   27
x = 7.
1  2
=

N
  1 1  f(7) is not defined.
3 5
lim
 243  5 x  5   243 5 x 2  10 x  21
x 0  243  5 x   243 Now, lim f(x) = lim
x 7 x 7 x 7

1 2
…[ x  0, x ≠ 0]
O = lim
x 7
 x  7   x  3
x7
2  27  3
 xn  a n 
=  3 …  lim  n a n 1  = lim  x  3 … 
 x  7 , x  7 
15 1 243 54 x a x  a 
C
    x 7
 x  7  0 
5
2 =73
2 5 3  3
3

=   =4
4
15 3 Thus lim f(x) exist but f(7) is not defined
 35  5 x 7
E

2  3
2
2  f(x) has a removable discontinuity.
=   3
2
= 
9  3 4
9
ii. f(x) = x2 + 3x  2, x ≤ 4
PL

=2
 lim f(x) = f(0) = 5x + 3, x>4
x 0
f(x) is a polynomial function for both the
 f(x) is continuous at x = 0 intervals.
 f(x) is continuous for both the open intervals
v. f(2) = 12 …(given) (, 4) and (4, ).
M

x 2  8 x  20 Let us test the continuity at x = 4

lim f(x) = lim
x 2 x2 2 x 2  9 x  10
lim f(x) = lim (x2 + 3x  2)
= lim
 x  10   x  2  x4 
x4

 2 x  5  x  2  = (4)2 + 3(4)  2
SA

x2

x  10  x  2 , x  2 
= 26.
= lim …  lim f(x) = lim (5x + 3)
x2 2x  5 x  2  0  x4 x4

lim  x  10  2  10 = 5(4) + 3
= x2
= = 23.
lim  2 x  5  2 2  5
x2
 lim f(x) ≠ lim f(x)
12 x4 
x4
= =  12
1  lim f(x) does not exist.
x 4
 lim f(x) ≠ f(2)
x 2  f(x) is discontinuous at x = 4
 f(x) is discontinuous at x = 2.  f(x) has a jump discontinuity at x = 4

314 
314 
 

Chapter 08: Continuity

iii. f(x) = x2 – 3x  2, x <  3 Solution :

= 3 + 8x, x>3 1  cos 2 x
i. f(x) = , for x ≠ 0
f(x) is a polynomial function for both the sin x
intervals. Here, f(0) is not defined.
 f(x) is continuous for both the given intervals. Consider,
Let us test the continuity at x =  3 1  cos 2 x
lim f(x) = lim
lim f(x) = lim (x2  3x  2) x 0 x 0 sin x

x  3 
x  3
2 sin 2 x
= ( 3)2  3( 3)  2

T
= lim
=9+92
x 0 sin x
= 16  x  0,  x  0 
= 2 lim (sin x) … 

N
lim f(x) = lim (3 + 8x) x 0
 sin x  0 

x  3 
x  3
= 2(sin 0) = 2  0
= 3 + 8( 3)
= 0.
=  21

TE
 lim f(x) exists.
 lim f(x) ≠ lim f(x) x 0

x  3 
x  3
But f(0) is not been defined.
 lim f(x) does not exist.
x 3  f(x) has a removable discontinuity at x = 0.
 f(x) is discontinuous at x =  3  The extension of the original function is
 f(x) has a jump discontinuity at x =  3. 1  cos 2 x
f(x) = ; for x ≠ 0

N
sin x
iv. f(x) = 4 + sin x, x <  =0 ; for x = 0
= 3  cos x, x >   f(x) is continuous at x = 0
sin x and cos x are continuous for all x  R.
4 and 3 are constant functions.
O 3sin 2 x  2cos x 1  cos 2 x 
 4 + sin x and 3  cos x are continuous for all ii. f(x) = ;x≠0
2 1  cos 2 x 
x  R.
C
 f(x) is continuous for both the given intervals. Here f(0) is not defined.
Let us test the continuity at x = . Consider,
 lim f(x) = lim (4 + sin x) 3sin 2 x  2cos x 1  cos 2 x 
xπ  
xπ lim f(x) = lim
= 4 + sin 
x 0 x 0 2 1  cos 2 x 
E

=4+0 3sin 2 x  2cos x   2sin 2 x 

=4 = lim
x 0 2sin 2 x
lim f(x) = lim (3  cos x)
PL

x π+ +
x π sin 2 x  3  4 cos x 
= lim
= 3  cos  x 0 2sin 2 x
= 3  ( 1) 3  4cos x
= lim
=4 x 0 2
 lim f(x) = lim f(x) …[ x  0, x ≠ 0,
xπ +
x π
M

 lim f(x) = 4  sin x ≠ 0,  sin2 x ≠ 0]

x π
1 1
But f() is not defined. = lim (3 + 4cos x) = (3 + 4 cos 0)
2 x 0 3
 f(x) has a removable discontinuity at x = .
1 7
SA

= (3 + 4) =
2 2
7. Show that following functions have
lim f(x) exists but f(0) is not defined.
continuous extension to the point where f(x) x 0

is not defined. Also find the extension  f(x) has a removable discontinuity at x = 0
1  cos 2 x  The extension of the original function is
i. f(x) = , for x ≠ 0.
sin x 3sin 2 x  2cos x 1  cos 2 x 
3sin 2 x  2cos x  1  cos 2 x  f(x) = ;x≠0
ii. f(x) = , for x ≠ 0. 2 1  cos 2 x 

2 1  cos x
2
 7
x 1
2 = ;x=0
iii. f(x) = 3 , for x ≠  1. 2
x 1  f(x) is continuous at x = 0

315
 

Std. XI : Perfect Maths ‐ II
Y Y Continuity from the right and from the left:
f(x) i. There are some functions, which are defined in
f(x) two different ways on either side of a point. In
Oa X X such cases we have to consider the limits of
O a
function from left as well as right of that point.
ii. A function f(x) is said to be continuous from
the right at x = a if lim f (x) = f (a)
Fig. (i) Fig. (ii) x a

Y iii. A function f(x) is said to be continuous from

T
the left at x = a if lim f (x) = f (a)
x a
f(x)
iv. If a function is continuous on the right and

N
X
Oa also on the left of a then it is continuous at a
because
lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f (a)

TE
 
Fig. (iii) x a x a

Example:
i. The function in figure (i) has a hole at x = a.
Consider the function,
 f(x) is not defined at x = a. f(x) = 2x + 7, x  4
ii. The function in figure (ii) has a break at x = a. = 5x  5, x  4
iii. For the function in figure (iii), f(a) is not in the Since, f(x) has different expressions for the

N
continuous line. value of x
Definition of Continuity :  left hand and right hand limits have to be found
1. A function f(x) is said to be continuous at a out.
O
point x = a, if the three conditions are satisfied:  lim f(x) = lim (5x  5) = 5  4  5 = 15
x4 x 4

i. f is defined at every point on an open interval Also, f (4) = 5 (4)  5 = 15

containing a. and lim f(x) = lim (2x + 7) = 2  4 + 7 = 15
C
ii. lim f (x) exists x4 x 4
x a
 lim f(x) = lim f(x) = f (4)
iii. lim f (x) = f (a). x  4 x  4
x a

Example:  f(x) is continuous at x = 4.

Consider f(x) = x2  4 and let us discuss the Examples of continuous functions:
E

continuity of f at x = 3 1. Constant function: The constant function

Solution: f(x) = k (where k  R is a constant). The
function is continuous for all x belonging to its
PL

i. Here, f(x) is a polynomial function

 It is defined at every point on an open interval domain.
containing x = 3 Example:
f(x) = 10, f(x) = log10 100 , f(x) = e7
ii. lim f(x) = lim x2  4 = 32  4 = 5 2. Polynomial function: The function
x 3 x 3
f(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + …. + anxn, where
 lim f(x) exists.
M

x 3 n  N, a0, a1 …. an R is continuous for all x

belonging to domain of x.
iii. f(x) = x2  4
Example:
 f(3) = 32  4 = 5 f(x) = x2 + 5x + 9, f(x) = x3  5x + 9,
SA

 lim f(x) = f(3) = 5 f(x) = x4  16,  x  R.

x 3

Here, all the 3 conditions are satisfied. 3. Rational function: If f and g are two
 f(x) is continuous at a point x = 3 polynomial functions having same domain
then the rational function f is continuous in its
2. The condition in above fig. (iii) can be g
reformulated and the continuity of f(x) at x = a, domain at points where g(x)  0.
can be restated as follows: Example:
A function f(x) is said to be continuous at a x 2 5x  6
point x = a if it is defined in some nighborhood Consider the function,
x2 9
of ‘a’ and if lim f  a  h   f  a    0 .
h 0
Here, f(x) = x2 + 5x + 6 and g(x) = x2  9
308 
308 
 

Chapter 08: Continuity

Given function is continuous on its domain, Example:

where x2  9  0 i. Examine the continuity of the following
i.e., (x + 3) (x  3)  0 functions at the given point.
i.e., x + 3  0, x  3  0 (All functions are defined on R  R)
i.e., x  3, x  3 f(x) = x2 – x + 9, for x  3
 The function is continuous on its domain = 4x  3, for x > 3; at x = 3.
except at x = 3, 3. Solution:
2
4. Trigonometric function: sin (ax + b) and lim f(x) = lim (x  x + 9)

T
x3  x 3
cos (ax + b), where a, b  R are continuous
= (3)2  3 + 9 = 15
functions for all x  R.
and lim f(x) = lim (4x + 3)
Example:

N

x3 x3

sin (5x + 2), cos (7x  11)  x  R. = 4(3)  3 = 9

Note: Tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant Here, lim f(x) and lim f(x) both exist.
x a x a

TE
functions are continuous on their respective But, lim f(x)  lim f(x)
domains. x3 x3

5. Exponential function: f(x) = ax , a > 0, a  1,  f(x) has jump discontinuity at x = 3.

x  R is an exponential function, which is
ii. Removable discontinuity:
continuous for all x  R.
A function f(x) has a discontinuity at x = a,
Example: and lim f(x) exists, but either f(a) is not

N
x x a
1
f(x) = 3x , f(x) =   , f(x) = ex  x  R, defined or lim f(x) ≠ f(a). In such case we
2 x a

where a > 0, a  1. define or redefine f(a) as lim f(x). Then with

6.
O
Logarithmic function: f(x) = loga x where
x a

new definition, the function f(x) becomes

a > 0, a  1 is a logarithmic function which is continuous at x = a. Such a discontinuity is
continuous for every positive real number i.e. called as Removable discontinuity.
C
for all x  R+
Example: Example:
f(x) = loga 7x , f(x) = loga 9x2  x  R, where Consider the function,
f(x) = x  5 x  6 , x  2

a > 0, a  1.
x2
E

Properties of Continuous Functions =2, x=2

2
Here, lim f(x) = lim x  5 x  6
If the functions f and g are continuous at x = a, then,
x 2 x2 x2
PL

1. their sum, that is (f + g) is continuous at x = a.  x  3 x  2 

= lim
2. their difference, that is (f  g) or (g  f) is x2  x  2
continuous at x = a = lim x  3
3. the constant multiple of f(x), that is k.f, for any x 2

k  R, is continuous at x = a. ...[ x  2,  x  2,
M

4. their product, that is (f.g) is continuous at x = a.  x  2  0]

f =23
5. their quotient, that is , if g(a)  0, is = 1
g
 lim f(x) exists
SA

continuous at x = a. x 2

6. their composite function, f[g(x)] or g[f(x)], that Also, f (2) = 2 …(given)

is fog(x) or gof(x), is continuous at x = a.  lim f(x)  f (2)
x 2

Types of discontinuities  function f is discontinuous at x = 2,

This discontinuity can be removed by
i. Jump discontinuity: redefining f as follows:
A function f(x) has a Jump Discontinuity at x 2  5x  6
x = 0. If the left hand and right hand limits f(x) = ,x2
x2
both exist but are different, that is
= 1 ,x=2
lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)
x a x a  x = 2 is a point of removable discontinuity.
309
 

Std. XI : Perfect Maths ‐ II
Extension of the original function: Y
6
If the original function is not defined at a and the new
5 B
definition of f makes it continuous at a, then the new
definition is called the extension of the original function. 4 f(x)
y0
3 D
Infinite discontinuity:
Consider the graph of xy = 1 2 A
1 1
i.e., y = f(x) =
x

T
Y 0 1 4 c5
2 3 6 7 X
4 Y
Geometrically, Theorem says that any horizontal

N
3
line y = y0 crossing the Y-axis between the numbers
2 f(a) and f(b) will cross the curve y =f(x) at least once
1 over the interval [a, b].

TE
3 2 1
X
1 2 3 Textual Activity
1
2
1. Discuss the continuity of f(x) where
3
log x  log 5
f(x) = , for x ≠ 5

N
4 x5
Here, f(x)   as x  0+ and 1
= for x = 5
f(x)    as x  0. 5


f(0) is not defined
function is discontinuous at x = 0.
O Solution:
(Textbook page no. 171)

A function f(x) is said to have an infinite

discontinutiy at x = a, 1
Given, f(5) = …(i)
C
If lim f(x) =  or lim f(x) =  5
xa xa
 log x  log 5 
Then, from the figure, f(x) has an infinite  lim f(x) = lim  
x 5 x 5
 x5 
discontinutiy.
Put x  5 = t, x = 5 + t.
E

Continuity over an interval As x  5, t  0

Let (a, b) be an open interval.
= lim 

 log 5  t  log 5 


PL

If for every x  (a, b) , f is continuous at x then f is t 0  t 

continuous on (a, b).  
i. Consider f defined on [a, b). If f is continuous   5 t   t 
 log  
on (a, b) and f is continuous to the right of a,   log 1  
  5 
 = lim   5  
lim f(x) = f(a) then f is continuos on [a, b) = lim   t 0 

x a
t 0 t t 
   
M

ii. Consider f defined on (a, b]. If f is continuous   

on (a, b) and f is continuous to the left of b,
  t 
lim f(x) = f(b) then f is continuos on (a, b]  log  1  
5   1
= lim  
x a

SA

iii. Consider a function f continuous on the open t 0  t  5

interval (a, b). If lim f(x) and lim f(x) exists,  5 
x a x a

then we can extend the fuction to [a, b] so that 1   log 1  px   

=1 …  lim    1
it is continuous on [a, b]. 5  x 0
 px  
1
The intermediate value theorem for  lim f(x) = …(ii)
x 0 5
continuous function
 From (i) and (ii),
Theorem : If f is a continuous function on a closed
lim f(x) = f(5)
interval [a, b], and if y0 is any value between f(a) and x5

f(b) then y0 = f(c) for some c in [a, b]  The function f(x) is continuous at x = 5.

310 
310 
 

Chapter 08: Continuity

 lim f(x) ≠ f(3)

Exercise 8.1 x 3

 f(x) is discontinuous at x = 3
1. Examine the continuity of
i. f(x) = x3 + 2x2  x  2 at x =  2.
2. Examine whether the function is continuous
π
ii. f(x) = sin x, for x ≤ at the points indicated against them.
4
π π i. f(x) = x3  2x + 1, if x ≤ 2
= cos x, for x > , at x = = 3x  2, if x > 2, at x = 2.
4 4

T
x2  9 x 2  18 x  19
iii. f(x) = , for x≠ 3 ii. f(x) = , for x ≠ 1
x3 x1

N
=8 for x = 3 = 20, for x = 1, at x = 1
Solution : x
iii. f(x) =  2, for x < 0
i. Given, f(x) = x3 + 2x2  x  2 tan 3 x
f(x) is a polynomial function and hence

TE
7
it is continuous for all x  R. = , for x ≥ 0 , at x = 0.
3
 f(x) is continuous at x =  2 Solution :
i. lim f(x) = lim (x3  2x + 1)
π x2  x2
ii. f(x) = sin x ; x≤
4 = (2)3  2(2) + 1

N
π =5
= cos x ; x>
4 lim f(x) = lim (3x  2)
lim f(x) = lim (sin x) x2  x2
π π
= 3(2)  2
x
4

= sin
x
4

π
O =4
4  lim f(x) ≠ lim f(x)
x2  x2
1
C
=  f(x) is discontinuous at x = 2
2
lim f(x) = lim (cos x)
π+ π+
x x x 2  18 x  19
4 4 ii. lim f(x) = lim
π
x 1 x 1 x 1
= cos
E

4 x 2  19 x  x  19
= lim
1 x 1 x 1
=
2 x  x + 19   1  x + 19 
PL

π π = lim
Also f   = sin x 1  x  1
4
  4
= lim
 x  1  x + 19 
1
= x 1  x  1
2
π
= lim (x + 19)
M

lim f ( x) = lim f(x) = f  

x1

x
π
x
π+ 4 …[ x  1,  x ≠ 1,  x  1 ≠ 0]
4 4

 f(x) is continuous at x =
π = 1 + 19 = 20
4 Also, f(1) = 20
SA

 lim f(x) = f(1)

x1
iii. f(3) = 8 …(given)
x2  9  f(x) is continuous at x = 1
lim f(x) = lim
x 3 x 3 x3
 x  3  x  3 7
= lim iii. lim f(x) = …(given)
x 3 x3 x  0 3
= lim (x + 3)  x 
x 3 lim f(x) = lim   2
x 0  x  0  tan 3 x


…[ x  3, x ≠ 3  x  3 ≠ 0]
x
=3+3=6 = lim + lim 2
x 0 tan 3x x 0

311
 

Std. XI : Perfect Maths ‐ II
2
2
=
3
lim 
x  0
 sin x 
 x 
  lim
x 0
 
3x 2  1  1
iv. For what values of a and b is the
function
f(x) = ax + 2b + 18 , for x ≤ 0
=
2
3
1  3 0   1  1
2
  = x2 + 3a  b , for 0 < x ≤ 2
2 = 8x  2 , for x > 2,
=  1  1 continuous for every x?
3
4 v. For what values of a and b is the
 f(0) =
3

T
function
x2  4
iii. f(x) is continuous at x =  …(given) f(x) = , for x < 2
x2

N
xπ πx
4 +4 2 = ax2 – bx + 3 , for 2 ≤ x < 3
 f() = lim
 x  π
xπ 2
= 2x – a + b , for x ≥ 3
Put x   = h continuous for every x on R ?

TE
As x  , h  0 Solution :
4 4 2 h h
i. f(x) is continuous at x = 0
 f() = lim
h 0 h2  f(0) = lim f(x)
x 0
1
4h  h  2 24 x  8x  3x  1
= lim 4  k = lim
h 0 h2
x 0 12 x  4 x  3x  1

N
8 x  3x  8 x  3x  1
= lim
4 h 2
 1  2  4h  = lim
x 0 4 x  3x  4 x  3x  1
h 0 4h   h 2 
8x  3x  1  1  3x  1

= lim
h 0
 4 1
h

h
4 h 2
2
O = lim
x 0 4 x  3x  1  1  3x  1
 x  0, 3x  3o 
2
…[ a  2ab + b = (a  b) ] 2 2
= lim
3x  1 8x  1  
…  3x  1 3x  1 
C
 4 1  1h 2 x 0
3 x
 1 4 x  1  3x  1  0 
= lim    h  
h 0
 h  4
8x  1
2 = lim
 4 1 h
1 x 0 4x  1
= lim    lim
E

h 0
 h  h  0 4h  8x  1 
 
1 = lim  x x  …[ x  0,  x ≠ 0]
= (log 4)2 
4o
x 0
 4 1
 
PL

1  x 
= (log 22)2 
1 8 x 1
lim
= (2 log 2)2 =
x 0 x
 f() = 4(log 2)2 4x  1
lim
x 0 x
 
M

24 x  8 x  3 x  1 log 8  ax  1
11. i. If f(x) = x , for x ≠ 0 = …  lim    log a 
12  4 x  3 x  1 log 4 
x 0
 x  
log  2 
3
=k, for x = 0
=
log  2 
2
is continuous at x = 0, find k.
SA

5x  5x  2 3 log 2
ii. If f(x) = , for x ≠ 0 =
x2 2 log 2
= k, for x = 0 3
 f(0) =
is continuous at x = 0, find k. 2

sin 2 x
iii. If f(x) = a , for x > 0 ii. f(x) is continuous at x = 0
5x
 f(0) = lim f(x)
= 4 for x = 0 x 0

= x2 + b  3 , for x < 0 5 x  5 x  2
= lim
is continuous at x = 0, find a and b. x 0 x2

320 
320 
 

Chapter 08: Continuity

1 lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x )
5x  2 x  2 x  2
= lim 5x 2
x 0 x2  lim (x + 3a  b) = lim (8x  2)
x 2 x 2

 5x   1  2  5x 
2
 (2)2 + 3a  b = 8 (2)  2
= lim  4 + 3a  b = 14
x 0 5x  x 2
 3a  b = 10 …(ii)
5  1
x 2

= lim Subtracting (i) from (ii), we get

x 0 5x  x 2 2a = 4

T
…[ a2  2ab + b2 = (a  b)2]  a=2
2 Substituting a = 2 in (i), we get
 5x  1  1
= lim    x 2b=6

N
x 0
 x  5  b=4
2
 5x  1  1  a = 2 and b =  4
= lim    lim
 x  5x

TE
x 0 x  0

1 v. f(x) is continuous for every x on R.

= (log 5)2  o
5  f(x) is continuous at x = 2 and x = 3.
= (log 5)2 f(x) is continuous at x = 2.
lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x )
x2  x2
iii. f(x) is continuous at x = 0 x2  4

N
 lim f(x) = f(0)  lim = lim (ax 2  bx  3)
 x2 x  2 x2
x0

 sin 2 x  ( x  2)( x  2)
 lim   a 4  lim = lim (ax2  bx + 3)
x  0  5 x x 2

 lim
sin 2 x


 lim a  4
O 
x2 x 2

x  2 x  2 
lim ( x  2)  lim (ax 2  bx  3) …  
x  0 5x x  0 x2 x2
 x  2  0 
1 sin 2 x  2 + 2 = a(2)2  b(2) + 3
C
 lim  (2)  lim a  4
5 x  0 2 x x  0
 4a  2b + 3 = 4
 x  0, 2 x  0   4a  2b = 1 …(i)
1
 (1) (2)  a = 4 …  
5  lim sin  1  Also f(x) is continuous at x = 3
 x  0    lim f ( x )  lim f ( x )
E

x  3 x  3
2
  a= 4  2
lim (ax  bx  3)  lim (2 x  a  b)
5 x 3 x 3

2  a(3)2  b(3) + 3 = 2(3)  a + b

 4 = a
PL

5  9a  3b + 3 = 6  a + b
18  10a  4b = 3 …(ii)
 a= 
5 Multiply (i) by 2 and (ii) by 1, we get
Also, lim f(x) = f(0) 8a  4b = 2 …(iii)
x  0

 lim (x2 + b  3) = 4 10a  4b = 3 …(iv)

M

x  0 Subtracting (iv) from (iii)

 b3=4  2a =  1
 b=7 1
 a=
2
SA

iv. f(x) is continuous for every x. 1

Substituting a = in (i), we get
 f(x) is continuous at x = 0 and x = 2 2
As f(x) is continuous at x = 0. 1
4    2b = 1
 lim f ( x)  lim f ( x ) 2
x  0 x  0

 lim (ax + 2b + 18) = lim (x2 + 3a  b)  2  2b = 1

x 0 x 0
 1 = 2b
 a (0) + 2b + 18 = (0)2 + 3a  b 1
 3a  3b =18  b=
2
 ab=6 …(i) 1 1
 f(x) is continous at x = 2  a = and b =
2 2

321
 

Std. XI : Perfect Maths ‐ II
3 3
12. Discuss the continuity of f on its domain,
t 2  22
where  lim f ( x)  lim
 t  2 t 1 1
x
f(x) = x + 1 , for –3 ≤ x ≤ 2 4
3 3
= x 5 , for 2 ≤ x ≤ 7 t 2  22
= lim
t2 t  2
Solution:
|x + 1| = x + 1 ; x≥1 3 12  xn  a n 
=  (x + 1) ; x<1 =  2 … lim  na n 1 
2  x a x  a

|x – 5| = x  5 ; x≥5

T
3 2 3
=  (x  5) ; x<5 = =
lim f ( x )  lim x  1 2 2
x  2 x 2


N
x2
 lim f ( x )  f  
= lim ( x + 1) x

4
4
x2

=2+1 
 f(x) is continuous at x =

TE
=3 4
lim f ( x)  lim x  5
x  2 x 2
x2
14. Determine the values of p and q such that
= lim  ( x  5) the following function is continuous on the
x2

= – (2 – 5) entire real number line.

=3 f(x) = x + 1, for 1 < x < 3

N
f(2) = |2 + 1| = x2 + px + q, for x  2  1.
=3 Solution:
 lim f ( x )  lim f ( x ) = f (2) x2 ≥ 1


x2  x2

f(x) is continuous at x = 2
O  x–2≥1 or x–2≤–1
 x3 or x≤1
13. Discuss the continuity of f(x) at  f(x) = x2 + px + q for x ≥ 3 as well as x ≤ 1
C
π Thus f(x) = x2 + px + q ; x≤1
x = where,
4 =x+1 ; 1<x<3
(sin x  cos x )3  2 2 π = x2 + px + q ; x3
f ( x)  , for x  f(x) is continuous for all x  R
sin 2 x  1 4
E

3 π  f(x) is continuous at x = 1 and x = 3

= , for x = As f(x) is continuous at x = 1
2 4
Solution:  lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)
PL

x 1 x 1

 3  2
lim ( x + px + q)  lim ( x + 1)
f   x 1 x 1
4 2
2
 (1) + p(1) + q = 1 + 1
(sin x  cos x)3  2 2
lim f ( x)  lim  1+p+q=2
x

x
 sin 2 x 1
4 4  p+q=1 …(i)
M

3
(sin x + cos x)3 = (sin x  cos x)2  2 Also f(x) is continuous at x = 3
3
 lim f ( x)  lim f ( x )
x  3 x  3
= 1 sin 2x  2
 lim ( x + 1)  lim ( x 2 + px + q)
SA

3 3 x  3 x  3
(1 sin 2 x )  2
2 2
2
 lim f ( x)  lim  3 + 1 = (3) + 3p + q
  sin 2 x 1
x
4
x
4  3p + q + 9 = 4
Put 1 + sin 2x = t  3p + q = –5 …(ii)
 sin 2x = t  1 Subtracting (i) from (ii), we get
As x 
 
, t  1 + sin 2   2p = – 6
4 4  p=–3
 Substituting p = –3 in (i), we get
i.e. t  1 + sin
2 –3 + q = 1
i.e. t  1 + 1  q=4
i.e. t  2  p = –3 and q = 4
322 
322 
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Chapter 08: Continuity

15. Show that there is a root for the equation Solution:

2x2 – x – 16 = 0 between 2 and 3. f(x) = ax + b x<1
Solution: = x2 + 5 x1
Let f(x) = 2x2 – x – 16 2
f(x) = x + 5
f(x) is a polynomial function and hence
 f(1) = 1 + 5 = 6
it is continuous for all x  R
L.H.L. = lim– f(x) = lim– (ax + b) = a + b
A root of f(x) exists if f(x) = 0 for at least one x 1 x 1

value of x R.H.L. = lim+ f(x) = lim+ (x2 + 5) = 1 + 5 = 6

T
f(2) = 2(2)3 – 2 – 16 x 1 x 1

= –2 < 0 given, f(x) is continuous at n = 1

f(3) = 2(3)3 – 3 – 16  L.H.L. = R.H.L.

N
= 35 > 0  a+b=6 where, a, b  R
 f(2) < 0 and f(3) > 0
 By intermediate value theorem, there has to be

TE
point ‘c’ between 2 and 3 such that f(c) = 0 18. Suppose f(x) = px + 3 for a ≤ x ≤ b
 There is a root of the given equation between = 5x2 – q for b < x ≤ c
2 and 3. Find the condition on p, q, so that f(x) is
continuous on [a, c], by filling in the boxes.
16. Show that there is a root for the equation
Solution:
x3 – 3x = 0 between 1 and 2.

N
Solution: f(b) = pb  3
Let f(x) = x3 – 3x
lim f  x   5b 2  q
f(x) is a polynomial function and hence x  b

it is continuous for all x  R

O
A root of f(x) exists if f(x) = 0 for at least one
 pb + 3 = 5b 2  q

value of x 5b 2  q  3
 p=
f(1) = (1)3 – 3(1) b
C
= –2 < 0
f(2) = (2)3 – 3(2) Miscellaneous Exercise – 8
=2>0
 f(1) < 0 and f(2) > 0
I. Select the correct answer from the given
E

 By intermediate value theorem, there has to be

point ‘c’ between 1 and 2 alternatives.
Such that f(c) = 0 2cot x  1 π
1. f(x) = , for x 
PL

 There is a root of the given equation between  2x 2

1 and 2. π
= log 2 , for x =
2
17. Activity: Let f(x) = ax + b (where a and b
are unknown) π
(A) f is continuous at x =
= x2 + 5 for x  1 2
M

Find the values of a and b, so that f(x) is π

(B) f has a jump discontinuity at x =
continuous at x = 1. 2
Y (C) f has a removable discontinuity
(D) lim f ( x ) = 2log 3
SA


x
2

f(x) = x + 5
2
12 1 2 sin x π
2. If f(x) = , for x  is continuous at
10   4x 2
8 π π
x= , then   =
6 4 4
4 1 1
(A) (B) 
2 2 2
X 1 1
–1 0 1 2 (C)  (D)
4 4

323
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Std. XI : Perfect Maths ‐ II

3. If f(x) =
 sin 2 x  tan 5 x , for x  0 is continuous 10. If f(x) =  x  for x  (–1, 2) then f is
e  1
2
2x
discontinuous at
at x = 0, then f(0) is (A) x = –1, 0, 1, 2 (B) x = –1, 0, 1
10 10 (C) x = 0, 1 (D) x = 2
(A) (B)
e2 e4 Answers:
5 5
(C) (D) 1. (A) 2. (D) 3. (D) 4. (B)
4 2
5. (D) 6. (B) 7. (A) 8. (B)

T
x 2  7 x +10 9. (C) 10. (C)
4. f(x) = , for x  [–6, –3]
x2 + 2x 8
Hints:

N
(A) f is discontinuous at x = 2. 
(B) f is discontinuous at x = –4. 1. f   = log 2
2
(C) f is discontinuous at x = 0.
2cot x 1
(D) f is discontinuous at x = 2 and x = –4. lim f ( x )  lim

TE
    2x
x x
2 2
2
5. If f(x) = ax + bx + 1, for x  1 ≥ 3 and  
tan   x 

= 4x + 5, for –2 < x < 4 is 2 2

1 
= lim
continuous everywhere then,  
x
2 2  x 
1 1 2 
(A) a=  ,b=5 (B) a =  , b = –5

N
2 2 
Put –x=h
1 1 2
(C) a= ,b= –5 (D) a= ,b= 3
2 2 
As x  , h  0
2
[Note: The option has been modified.]

16  1 9 1 , for x  0

x x
O  lim f ( x)  lim
2tan h 1
6. f(x) = x
 h0 2h
 27 1 32 1
x x 2
C
1  2 tan h 1 tan h 
= k, for x = 0 = lim   
2 h  0  tan h h 
is continuous at x = 0, then ‘k’ =
8 8 …( h0, tan h0  tan h  0)
(A) (B)
3 15 1 2 tan h 1 tan h
= lim  lim
E

8 20 2 h  0 tan h h0 h
(C)  (D)
15 3 1
=  log 2 1
2
PL

32 x  8 x  4 x  1
7. f(x) = , for x  0 is continuous at  
4 x  2 x 1  1 = log 2 = f  
2
x = 0, then value of ‘k’ is

(A) 6 (B) 4  f(x) is continuous at x =
2
(C) (log 2)(log 4) (D) 3 log 4

M

x
12 x  4 x  3  1 2. f(x) is continuous at x =
8. If f(x) = , for x  0 is 4
1  cos 2 x

continuous at x = 0 then the value of f(0) is  f   = lim f ( x )
 4  x  4
SA

log12
(A) (B) log2. log3
2 1 2 sin x
= lim
log 2.log3 x   4x
(C) (D) None of these 4
2  1 
2  sin x  
4
= lim  2 
 4  5x  x
 
9. If f(x) =   , for x  0 and f(0) = k, is x
4 4 x  
 47x   4
continuos at x = 0, then k is 
sin x  sin
(A) e7 (B) e3 2 4
= lim
3 4 x  
x
(C) e12 (D) e4 4
4

324 
324 
 

Chapter 08: Continuity

    5. f(x) = ax2 + bx + 1 , x  1 ≥ 3
 x 4  x 4
2cos    sin   = 4x + 5 ;–2 < x < 4
 2   2  The first interval is
2    
= lim x1 ≥ 3
4 x  
4 x
4  x–1≥3 OR x – 1 ≤ – 3
   x≥4 OR x ≤ – 2
 x 4 
sin    f(x) is same for x ≤ – 2 as well as x ≥ 4
 2 

T
2  x    f(x) is defined as:
=  lim cos     lim  
4 x   2 8  x   f(x) = ax2 + bx + 1 ; x≤–2
x
4 4
4 = 4x + 5 ; –2 < x < 4

N
2 2
= ax + bx + 1 ; x≥4
2  x  f(x) is continuous everywhere
=  cos     1
4 8 8  f(x) is continuous at x = –2 and x = 4

TE
    As f(x) is continuous at x = –2
 x  4 , x  4  0  lim f  x  = lim f  x 
…   x 2  x 2
 

x
4 sin    lim  ax  bx  1 = lim  4 x  5 
2

 2  0 and lim  1 x 2 x 2

 0   2
 a(–2) + b(– 2) + 1 = 4(–2) + 5
2

N
  4a – 2b + 1 = – 3
=  cos
4 4  4a – 2b = – 4
1  2a – b = – 2 …(i)
=
4 Also f(x) is continuous at x = 4
3. f(x) is continuous at x = 0
O  lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x )
x4   x4

f(0) = limf ( x)  lim  4 x  5  = lim  ax 2  bx  1

x 0
C
x4 x4

 = lim
 sin 2 x  tan 5 x   4(4) + 5 = (4)2 + b(4) + 1
e 1
2
x 0 2x
 16a + 4b + 1 = 21
sin 2 x tan 5 x  16a + 4b = 20
lim  lim  2 5  4a + b = 5 …(ii)
=
x0 2x x0 5x
E

 e 2 x 1  Adding (i) and (ii)

  2
2
 lim 6a = 3
 x 0 2 x 
1
PL

1 1  2  5  a=
= 2
1
2
4
1
 x  0, 2 x  0, 5 x  0  Substitute a = in (ii)
2
… 
and lim sin   1, lim tan   1 1
  0   0   4 + b = 5
2
 
M

5
=  2+b=5
2
 b=3
x 2  7 x 10 1
4. f(x) = ; x  [–6, –3]  a= ,b=3
2
SA

x2  2x 8
x 2  7 x  10 6. f(x) is continuous at x = 0
=
 x  4  x  2   f(0) = lim f  x 
x 0
Here f(x) is a rational function and is
continuous everywhere except at the points  k = lim
16 1  9 1
x x

Where denominator becomes zero.

x 0
 27 1  32 1
x x

Here, denominator becomes zero when lim 

 16 x 1 
 lim 
 9 x 1 
 
x = – 4 OR x = 2 =
x 0
 x  x 0  x 
But x = 2 does not lie in the given interval  27 x 1   32 x 1 
lim    lim  
 x = – 4 is the point of discontinuity x 0
 x  x 0  x 

325
 

Std. XI : Perfect Maths ‐ II
4
log16  log9  a x 1 
= …  lim  log a    5x   x
log 27  log32  x 0 x   4 1  4  
= lim   
4log 2  2 log3 x 0
 4  1 7 x  
=
3log3  5log 2   
4  
8  4

5
=  5x 5x 
15 
lim 1  
x0  4  

7. f(x) is continuous at x = 0 =  

T
4 7
 f(0) = limf  x   
 7x 7x
lim  1  
x 0
x x0  4  
32 x  8 x  4  1 
 k = lim  

N
x 0 4 x  2 x +1  1
 5x 7 x 
 4x  1 8x  1 e5 x  0, 4  0, 4  0 
= lim = 7 …  
2  1 e
2 1
x 0 x  
and lim 1  x   e

TE
x
 x0 
 4 x  1  8 x  1 
lim    = e12
=
x 0
 x  x 
2 10. f(x) =  x  , x  (–1, 2)
 2x  1 
lim  
x 0
 x  This function is discontinuous at all integer
values of x between –1 and 2.
 4x  1   8x  1 

N
lim    lim    f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0 and x = 1.
=
x0
 x  x 0  x 
 2x  1 
2
II. Discuss the continuity of the following
lim
 x0  functions at the point (s) or no the interval

=

log 4  log8
x 
O indicated against them.
x 2  3 x  10
 log 2 
2
1. f(x) = , for 3 ≤ x ≤ 6,
x5
2log 2  3 log 2
C
= =6 = 10, for x = 5
 log 2 
2
x 2  3 x  10
= , for 6 < x ≤ 9
8. If f(x) is continuous at x = 0 (given) x5
 f(0) = limf  x  Solution:
x 0
E

x 2  3 x  10
is not defined at x = 5
x
12 x  4 x  3  1
= lim x5
x 0 1  cos 2 x
x 2  3 x  10
4 x  3x  1  3x  1  f(x) = where x  [3, 5)  (5, 6]
PL

1 x5
= lim
2 x0 sin 2 x We can write f(x) explicitly, as follows:
1
= lim
 3  1  4  1
x x
f(x) =
x 2  3 x  10
,3x<5
2 x  0 sin 2 x x5
= 10 ,x=5
 3x  1   4x  1 
lim  lim
M

    x 2  3 x  10
1 x 0  x  x 0  x  = ,5<x6
= 2 x5
2  sin x 
 lim  x 2  3 x  10
 x0 x  = ,6<x9
x5
1  log3   log 4 
SA

=   x2 – 3x – 10 = (x – 5) (x + 2)
1
2
2
 f(x) = x + 2, 3<x<5
1
=  log3  log  2 
2
= 10, x=5
2 = x + 2, 5<x
= log3. log 2 f(5) = 10
9. f(x) is continuous at x = 0 lim f(x) = lim (x + 2) = 5 + 2 = 7
 
f(0) = limf  x 
x 5 x 5

x 0 lim f(x) = lim (x + 2) = 5 + 2 = 7
4 x  5 x  5
 4  5x  x
 f(5)  lim f(x)
= lim   x 5
x 0
 4 7x 
 f(x) is continuous on its domain except at x = 5
326 
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 

Chapter 08: Continuity

2. f(x) = 2x2 – 2x + 5, for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 =8–4+5

1 3 x  x2 =9
= , for 2 < x < 4
1 x  lim f  x  = lim f  x  = f(2)
x2 x2
x  25
2
= , for 4 ≤ x 7 and x  5  f(x) is continuous at x = 2
x 5
= 7 for x = 5 v. For continuity at x = 4:
Solution: 1 3 x  x 2
2. The domain of f(x) is [0, 7] lim f  x  = lim

T
x  4 x  4 1 x
i. For 0 ≤ x < 2
f(x) = 2x2 – 2x + 5 lim 1 3x  x 2 
x  4
=

N
It is a polynomial function and is lim 1 x 
x  4
Continuous at all point in [0, 2)
1 3  4    4 
2

=
ii. For 2 < x < 4 1 4

TE
1 3 x  x 2 1 12  16  27
f(x) = = =
1 x 1 4 3
It is a rational function and is continuous =9
everwhere except at points where its x 2  25
lim f  x  = lim
denominator becomes zero. x  4 x  4 x5

N
Denominator becomes zero at x = 1
lim  x 2  25 
But x = 1 does not lie in the interval. = x  4

f(x) is continuous at all points in (2, 4) lim  x  5 

x  4

iii. For 4 < x ≤ 7, x ≤ 5

O =
 4
2
 25
45
x 2  25
f(x) = 16  25
x 5
C
=
1
It is a rational function and is continuous
everwhere except at points where its =9
 4
2
denominator becomes zero.  25
Also f(4) =
Denominator becomes zero at x = 5 45
E

But x = 5 does not lie in the interval. 16  25

 f(x) is continuous at all points in (4, 7] – {5}. =
1
PL

=9
iv. For continuity at x = 2 :
 lim f  x  = lim f  x  = f(4)
lim f  x  = lim f  x  (2x2 – 2x + 5) x  4 x  4
x2   x2
 f(x) is continuous at x = 4
= 2(2)2 – 2(2) + 5
=8–4+5
=9 vi. For continuity at x = 5
M

1 3 x  x 2 f(5) = 7
lim f  x  = lim x 2  25
x  2 x  2 1 x limf  x  = lim
x 5 x 5 x  5
lim 1 3x  x 2 
 x  5 x  5
SA

x  2
= = lim
lim 1 x  x 5 x5
x  2

1 3  2    2 
2
 As x  5, x  5 
= = lim  x  5  … 
1 2
x 5
 x  5  0 
1 6  4 =5+5
=
1 = 10
9  limf  x   f(5)
= x 5
1  f(x) is discontinuous at x = 5
=9 Thus f(x) is continuous at all points on its
Also f(2) = 2(2)2 – 2(2) + 5 domain except at x = 5
327
 

Chapter 08: Continuity

1 lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x )
5x  2 x  2 x  2
= lim 5x 2
x 0 x2  lim (x + 3a  b) = lim (8x  2)
x 2 x 2

 5x   1  2  5x 
2
 (2)2 + 3a  b = 8 (2)  2
= lim  4 + 3a  b = 14
x 0 5x  x 2
 3a  b = 10 …(ii)
5  1
x 2

= lim Subtracting (i) from (ii), we get

x 0 5x  x 2 2a = 4

T
…[ a2  2ab + b2 = (a  b)2]  a=2
2 Substituting a = 2 in (i), we get
 5x  1  1
= lim    x 2b=6

N
x 0
 x  5  b=4
2
 5x  1  1  a = 2 and b =  4
= lim    lim
 x  5x

TE
x 0 x  0

1 v. f(x) is continuous for every x on R.

= (log 5)2  o
5  f(x) is continuous at x = 2 and x = 3.
= (log 5)2 f(x) is continuous at x = 2.
lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x )
x2  x2
iii. f(x) is continuous at x = 0 x2  4

N
 lim f(x) = f(0)  lim = lim (ax 2  bx  3)
 x2 x  2 x2
x0

 sin 2 x  ( x  2)( x  2)
 lim   a 4  lim = lim (ax2  bx + 3)
x  0  5 x x 2

 lim
sin 2 x


 lim a  4
O 
x2 x 2

x  2 x  2 
lim ( x  2)  lim (ax 2  bx  3) …  
x  0 5x x  0 x2 x2
 x  2  0 
1 sin 2 x  2 + 2 = a(2)2  b(2) + 3
C
 lim  (2)  lim a  4
5 x  0 2 x x  0
 4a  2b + 3 = 4
 x  0, 2 x  0   4a  2b = 1 …(i)
1
 (1) (2)  a = 4 …  
5  lim sin  1  Also f(x) is continuous at x = 3
 x  0    lim f ( x )  lim f ( x )
E

x  3 x  3
2
  a= 4  2
lim (ax  bx  3)  lim (2 x  a  b)
5 x 3 x 3

2  a(3)2  b(3) + 3 = 2(3)  a + b

 4 = a
PL

5  9a  3b + 3 = 6  a + b
18  10a  4b = 3 …(ii)
 a= 
5 Multiply (i) by 2 and (ii) by 1, we get
Also, lim f(x) = f(0) 8a  4b = 2 …(iii)
x  0

 lim (x2 + b  3) = 4 10a  4b = 3 …(iv)

M

x  0 Subtracting (iv) from (iii)

 b3=4  2a =  1
 b=7 1
 a=
2
SA

iv. f(x) is continuous for every x. 1

Substituting a = in (i), we get
 f(x) is continuous at x = 0 and x = 2 2
As f(x) is continuous at x = 0. 1
4    2b = 1
 lim f ( x)  lim f ( x ) 2
x  0 x  0

 lim (ax + 2b + 18) = lim (x2 + 3a  b)  2  2b = 1

x 0 x 0
 1 = 2b
 a (0) + 2b + 18 = (0)2 + 3a  b 1
 3a  3b =18  b=
2
 ab=6 …(i) 1 1
 f(x) is continous at x = 2  a = and b =
2 2

321
 

Chapter 08: Continuity

x 1 Y
5. f ( x)  , for x  –1
2x  x 1
2

= 0 for x = –1 at x = –1
Solution: 2
x 1 = x + 1 ;x≥–1 1
X
= – (x + 1) ; x < –1 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
–1
  x  1

T
 f(x) = ;x<–1 –2
2 x 2  x 1
=0 ; x = –1

N
x 1
= ; x > –1
2 x 2  x 1 For continuity at x = –1
lim f  x  = lim  x  1

TE
f(–1) = 0  
x 1 x 1
  x  1 = –1
lim f  x  = lim 2
x 1 2 x  x  1
x 1
lim f  x  = lim  x  1

x 1  x 1
  x  1
= lim =0
x 1  x  1 2 x  1  lim f  x  = lim f  x 

N

x 1 
x 1
1  x  1, x   1
= lim …   f(x) is discontinuous at x = –1
x 1 2x  1  x 1  0 
Similarly f(x) is discontinuous at
1
=
2  1 1
O The points x = 0 and x = 1

1 7. f(x) = 2x2 + x + 1, for x  3 ≥ 2

=
C
3 = x2 + 3, for 1 < x < 5
x 1 Solution:
lim f  x  = lim
x 1 x 1 2
2x  x  1 x 3 ≥ 2
x 1  x–3≥2 or x–3≤–2
= lim
 x≥5 or x≤1
E

x 1   2 x  1
x  1
 f(x) = 2x2 + x + 1 ; x≤1
1  As x  1, x   1 2
= lim …  =x +3 ; 1<x<5
2x  1  x 1  0 
PL

= 2x2 + x + 1 ;
x 1
x≥5
1 Consider the intervals
=
2  1 1 x<1 i.e. (–, 1)
1
1 < x < 5 i.e. (1, 5)
= x>5 i.e. (5, )
3
In all these intervals f(x) is a polynomial
M

 lim f  x   lim f  x 
x 1 x 1 function and hence is continuous at all points.
 f(x) is discontinuous at x = –1 For continuity at x = 1:
lim f  x  = lim (2x2 + x + 1)
 
SA

x 1 x 1

6. f(x) =  x  1 for x  [–2, 2) = 2(1)2 + 1 + 1

=4
Where [ ] is greatest integer function.
lim f  x  = lim (x2 + 3)
 
Solution: x 1 x 1

= (1)2 + 3
f(x) =  x  1 ; x  [–2, 2)
=4
 f(x) = –1 ; x  [–2, –1) Also f(1) = 2(1)2 + 1 + 1
=0 ; x  [–1, 0) =4
=1 ; x  [0, 1)  lim f  x  = lim f  x  = f(1)

x 1 
x 1

=2 ; x  [1, 2)  f(x) is continuous at x = 1

329
 

Std. XI : Perfect Maths ‐ II
3 3
12. Discuss the continuity of f on its domain,
t 2  22
where  lim f ( x)  lim
 t  2 t 1 1
x
f(x) = x + 1 , for –3 ≤ x ≤ 2 4
3 3
= x 5 , for 2 ≤ x ≤ 7 t 2  22
= lim
t2 t  2
Solution:
|x + 1| = x + 1 ; x≥1 3 12  xn  a n 
=  (x + 1) ; x<1 =  2 … lim  na n 1 
2  x a x  a

|x – 5| = x  5 ; x≥5

T
3 2 3
=  (x  5) ; x<5 = =
lim f ( x )  lim x  1 2 2
x  2 x 2


N
x2
 lim f ( x )  f  
= lim ( x + 1) x

4
4
x2

=2+1 
 f(x) is continuous at x =

TE
=3 4
lim f ( x)  lim x  5
x  2 x 2
x2
14. Determine the values of p and q such that
= lim  ( x  5) the following function is continuous on the
x2

= – (2 – 5) entire real number line.

=3 f(x) = x + 1, for 1 < x < 3

N
f(2) = |2 + 1| = x2 + px + q, for x  2  1.
=3 Solution:
 lim f ( x )  lim f ( x ) = f (2) x2 ≥ 1


x2  x2

f(x) is continuous at x = 2
O  x–2≥1 or x–2≤–1
 x3 or x≤1
13. Discuss the continuity of f(x) at  f(x) = x2 + px + q for x ≥ 3 as well as x ≤ 1
C
π Thus f(x) = x2 + px + q ; x≤1
x = where,
4 =x+1 ; 1<x<3
(sin x  cos x )3  2 2 π = x2 + px + q ; x3
f ( x)  , for x  f(x) is continuous for all x  R
sin 2 x  1 4
E

3 π  f(x) is continuous at x = 1 and x = 3

= , for x = As f(x) is continuous at x = 1
2 4
Solution:  lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)
PL

x 1 x 1

 3  2
lim ( x + px + q)  lim ( x + 1)
f   x 1 x 1
4 2
2
 (1) + p(1) + q = 1 + 1
(sin x  cos x)3  2 2
lim f ( x)  lim  1+p+q=2
x

x
 sin 2 x 1
4 4  p+q=1 …(i)
M

3
(sin x + cos x)3 = (sin x  cos x)2  2 Also f(x) is continuous at x = 3
3
 lim f ( x)  lim f ( x )
x  3 x  3
= 1 sin 2x  2
 lim ( x + 1)  lim ( x 2 + px + q)
SA

3 3 x  3 x  3
(1 sin 2 x )  2
2 2
2
 lim f ( x)  lim  3 + 1 = (3) + 3p + q
  sin 2 x 1
x
4
x
4  3p + q + 9 = 4
Put 1 + sin 2x = t  3p + q = –5 …(ii)
 sin 2x = t  1 Subtracting (i) from (ii), we get
As x 
 
, t  1 + sin 2   2p = – 6
4 4  p=–3
 Substituting p = –3 in (i), we get
i.e. t  1 + sin
2 –3 + q = 1
i.e. t  1 + 1  q=4
i.e. t  2  p = –3 and q = 4
322 
322 
 

Chapter 08: Continuity

15. Show that there is a root for the equation Solution:

2x2 – x – 16 = 0 between 2 and 3. f(x) = ax + b x<1
Solution: = x2 + 5 x1
Let f(x) = 2x2 – x – 16 2
f(x) = x + 5
f(x) is a polynomial function and hence
 f(1) = 1 + 5 = 6
it is continuous for all x  R
L.H.L. = lim– f(x) = lim– (ax + b) = a + b
A root of f(x) exists if f(x) = 0 for at least one x 1 x 1

value of x R.H.L. = lim+ f(x) = lim+ (x2 + 5) = 1 + 5 = 6

T
f(2) = 2(2)3 – 2 – 16 x 1 x 1

= –2 < 0 given, f(x) is continuous at n = 1

f(3) = 2(3)3 – 3 – 16  L.H.L. = R.H.L.

N
= 35 > 0  a+b=6 where, a, b  R
 f(2) < 0 and f(3) > 0
 By intermediate value theorem, there has to be

TE
point ‘c’ between 2 and 3 such that f(c) = 0 18. Suppose f(x) = px + 3 for a ≤ x ≤ b
 There is a root of the given equation between = 5x2 – q for b < x ≤ c
2 and 3. Find the condition on p, q, so that f(x) is
continuous on [a, c], by filling in the boxes.
16. Show that there is a root for the equation
Solution:
x3 – 3x = 0 between 1 and 2.

N
Solution: f(b) = pb  3
Let f(x) = x3 – 3x
lim f  x   5b 2  q
f(x) is a polynomial function and hence x  b

it is continuous for all x  R

O
A root of f(x) exists if f(x) = 0 for at least one
 pb + 3 = 5b 2  q

value of x 5b 2  q  3
 p=
f(1) = (1)3 – 3(1) b
C
= –2 < 0
f(2) = (2)3 – 3(2) Miscellaneous Exercise – 8
=2>0
 f(1) < 0 and f(2) > 0
I. Select the correct answer from the given
E

 By intermediate value theorem, there has to be

point ‘c’ between 1 and 2 alternatives.
Such that f(c) = 0 2cot x  1 π
1. f(x) = , for x 
PL

 There is a root of the given equation between  2x 2

1 and 2. π
= log 2 , for x =
2
17. Activity: Let f(x) = ax + b (where a and b
are unknown) π
(A) f is continuous at x =
= x2 + 5 for x  1 2
M

Find the values of a and b, so that f(x) is π

(B) f has a jump discontinuity at x =
continuous at x = 1. 2
Y (C) f has a removable discontinuity
(D) lim f ( x ) = 2log 3
SA


x
2

f(x) = x + 5
2
12 1 2 sin x π
2. If f(x) = , for x  is continuous at
10   4x 2
8 π π
x= , then   =
6 4 4
4 1 1
(A) (B) 
2 2 2
X 1 1
–1 0 1 2 (C)  (D)
4 4

323
 

Std. XI : Perfect Maths ‐ II

3. If f(x) =
 sin 2 x  tan 5 x , for x  0 is continuous 10. If f(x) =  x  for x  (–1, 2) then f is
e  1
2
2x
discontinuous at
at x = 0, then f(0) is (A) x = –1, 0, 1, 2 (B) x = –1, 0, 1
10 10 (C) x = 0, 1 (D) x = 2
(A) (B)
e2 e4 Answers:
5 5
(C) (D) 1. (A) 2. (D) 3. (D) 4. (B)
4 2
5. (D) 6. (B) 7. (A) 8. (B)

T
x 2  7 x +10 9. (C) 10. (C)
4. f(x) = , for x  [–6, –3]
x2 + 2x 8
Hints:

N
(A) f is discontinuous at x = 2. 
(B) f is discontinuous at x = –4. 1. f   = log 2
2
(C) f is discontinuous at x = 0.
2cot x 1
(D) f is discontinuous at x = 2 and x = –4. lim f ( x )  lim

TE
    2x
x x
2 2
2
5. If f(x) = ax + bx + 1, for x  1 ≥ 3 and  
tan   x 

= 4x + 5, for –2 < x < 4 is 2 2

1 
= lim
continuous everywhere then,  
x
2 2  x 
1 1 2 
(A) a=  ,b=5 (B) a =  , b = –5

N
2 2 
Put –x=h
1 1 2
(C) a= ,b= –5 (D) a= ,b= 3
2 2 
As x  , h  0
2
[Note: The option has been modified.]

16  1 9 1 , for x  0

x x
O  lim f ( x)  lim
2tan h 1
6. f(x) = x
 h0 2h
 27 1 32 1
x x 2
C
1  2 tan h 1 tan h 
= k, for x = 0 = lim   
2 h  0  tan h h 
is continuous at x = 0, then ‘k’ =
8 8 …( h0, tan h0  tan h  0)
(A) (B)
3 15 1 2 tan h 1 tan h
= lim  lim
E

8 20 2 h  0 tan h h0 h
(C)  (D)
15 3 1
=  log 2 1
2
PL

32 x  8 x  4 x  1
7. f(x) = , for x  0 is continuous at  
4 x  2 x 1  1 = log 2 = f  
2
x = 0, then value of ‘k’ is

(A) 6 (B) 4  f(x) is continuous at x =
2
(C) (log 2)(log 4) (D) 3 log 4

M

x
12 x  4 x  3  1 2. f(x) is continuous at x =
8. If f(x) = , for x  0 is 4
1  cos 2 x

continuous at x = 0 then the value of f(0) is  f   = lim f ( x )
 4  x  4
SA

log12
(A) (B) log2. log3
2 1 2 sin x
= lim
log 2.log3 x   4x
(C) (D) None of these 4
2  1 
2  sin x  
4
= lim  2 
 4  5x  x
 
9. If f(x) =   , for x  0 and f(0) = k, is x
4 4 x  
 47x   4
continuos at x = 0, then k is 
sin x  sin
(A) e7 (B) e3 2 4
= lim
3 4 x  
x
(C) e12 (D) e4 4
4

324 
324 
 

Chapter 08: Continuity

    5. f(x) = ax2 + bx + 1 , x  1 ≥ 3
 x 4  x 4
2cos    sin   = 4x + 5 ;–2 < x < 4
 2   2  The first interval is
2    
= lim x1 ≥ 3
4 x  
4 x
4  x–1≥3 OR x – 1 ≤ – 3
   x≥4 OR x ≤ – 2
 x 4 
sin    f(x) is same for x ≤ – 2 as well as x ≥ 4
 2 

T
2  x    f(x) is defined as:
=  lim cos     lim  
4 x   2 8  x   f(x) = ax2 + bx + 1 ; x≤–2
x
4 4
4 = 4x + 5 ; –2 < x < 4

N
2 2
= ax + bx + 1 ; x≥4
2  x  f(x) is continuous everywhere
=  cos     1
4 8 8  f(x) is continuous at x = –2 and x = 4

TE
    As f(x) is continuous at x = –2
 x  4 , x  4  0  lim f  x  = lim f  x 
…   x 2  x 2
 

x
4 sin    lim  ax  bx  1 = lim  4 x  5 
2

 2  0 and lim  1 x 2 x 2

 0   2
 a(–2) + b(– 2) + 1 = 4(–2) + 5
2

N
  4a – 2b + 1 = – 3
=  cos
4 4  4a – 2b = – 4
1  2a – b = – 2 …(i)
=
4 Also f(x) is continuous at x = 4
3. f(x) is continuous at x = 0
O  lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x )
x4   x4

f(0) = limf ( x)  lim  4 x  5  = lim  ax 2  bx  1

x 0
C
x4 x4

 = lim
 sin 2 x  tan 5 x   4(4) + 5 = (4)2 + b(4) + 1
e 1
2
x 0 2x
 16a + 4b + 1 = 21
sin 2 x tan 5 x  16a + 4b = 20
lim  lim  2 5  4a + b = 5 …(ii)
=
x0 2x x0 5x
E

 e 2 x 1  Adding (i) and (ii)

  2
2
 lim 6a = 3
 x 0 2 x 
1
PL

1 1  2  5  a=
= 2
1
2
4
1
 x  0, 2 x  0, 5 x  0  Substitute a = in (ii)
2
… 
and lim sin   1, lim tan   1 1
  0   0   4 + b = 5
2
 
M

5
=  2+b=5
2
 b=3
x 2  7 x 10 1
4. f(x) = ; x  [–6, –3]  a= ,b=3
2
SA

x2  2x 8
x 2  7 x  10 6. f(x) is continuous at x = 0
=
 x  4  x  2   f(0) = lim f  x 
x 0
Here f(x) is a rational function and is
continuous everywhere except at the points  k = lim
16 1  9 1
x x

Where denominator becomes zero.

x 0
 27 1  32 1
x x

Here, denominator becomes zero when lim 

 16 x 1 
 lim 
 9 x 1 
 
x = – 4 OR x = 2 =
x 0
 x  x 0  x 
But x = 2 does not lie in the given interval  27 x 1   32 x 1 
lim    lim  
 x = – 4 is the point of discontinuity x 0
 x  x 0  x 

325
 

Std. XI : Perfect Maths ‐ II
i.e. f(x) is continuous for all x  R. Solution:
A root of f(x) exists if f(x) = 0 for at least one 
 function f is continuous at x =
value of x. 4
f(1) = 51  6 (1) 
=1<0  f   = lim f(x)
 4  x 4
f(2) = (5)2  6 (2)

= 13 > 0 Let x = t
4
 f(1) < 0 and f(2) > 0

T
By intermediate value theorem, there has to be  
1  2 sin   t 
a point ‘c’ between 1 and 2 such that f(c) = 0.  4 
 a = lim
t 0
 There is a root of the given equation in [1, 2].

N
1  cos t  sin t
= lim …(i)
2. Show that  x3 5x2 + 3x + 6 = 0 has at least t 0 t
two real roots between x = 1 and x = 5.

TE
t
2sin 2  
Solution: 1  cos t 2
Consider, lim = lim
Let f(x) = x3  5x2 + 3x + 6. t 0 t t 0 t
2 
f(x) is a polynomial function and hence it is 2
continuous for all x  R.  t 
A root of f(x) exists if f(x) = 0 for at least one  sin  2   t  
= lim     sin   

N
value of x. t 0  t  2 
Here we have been asked to show that f(x) has  2 
 
at least two roots between x = 1 and x = 5.
…(ii)
f(1) = (1)3  5 (1)2 + 3 (1) + 6
=5>0
O By substituting (ii) in (i), we get
  t  
f(2) = (2)3  5 (2)2 + 3 (2) + 6    sin 
2  t   sin t  
= 8  20 + 6 + 6 a= lim     sin     lim 
C

 t 0   t   2   t 0  t 
=0 
  2   
 x = 0 is a root of f(x).
Also f(3) = (3)3  5 (3)2 + 3 (3) + 6  a=
= 27  45 + 9 + 6
E

=3<0
2. Let f(x) = cos  (| x | + [x]),  1  x  1, where
F(4) = (4)3  5 (4)2 + 3 (4) + 6 [ ] represents greatest integer function. Show
= 64  80 + 12 + 6
PL

that f is a discontinuous function, by

=2>0 completing the activity.
 f(3) < 0 and f(4) > 0
Solution:
 By intermediate value theorem, there has to be
point ‘c’ between 3 and 4 such that f(c) = 0. f(x) = cos   , 1x<0
There are two roots, x = 2 and a root between
 = cos   , 0x<1
M

x = 3 and x = 4.
Thus there are at least two roots of the given  f(x) =  cos  x , 1x<0
equation between x = 1 and x = 5. = cos  x , 0  x < 0
In ( 1, 0)  (0, 1), f is continuous as cosine
SA

Activities for Practice function is continuous.

Continuity at x = 0:
1  2 sin x  L. h. lim. = lim ( cos  x) =
1. Let f(x) = ,x≠
  4x 4 x 0

 R. h. lim. = lim (cos  x) =

= a, x= x 0
4
  L. h. lim ≠ R. h. lim
If function f is continuous at x = then
4  f is not continuous at x = 0
evaluate a by completing the activity.  f is a discontinuous function in ( 1, 1).

334 
334 
 

Chapter 08: Continuity

3. Let a function f be defined as R. h. lim = lim f(x) =


1  px  1  px x
4
f(x) = ,1x<0
x 
2x + 1
 L. h. lim = R. h. lim = f  
= ,0x1 4  
x2

If the function f is continuous in the interval  f is continuus at x =
4
[ 1, 1] then to evaluate p, complete the activity.

T
Solution:
5. If the following function is continuous at
 f is continuous in [ 1, 1]
x = 0, find a and b.
 f is continuous at x = 0.

N
f(x) = x2 + a , for x > 0
 lim f(x) = lim f(x) = f(0)

x 0  x 0 = 2 x2  1 + b , for x < 0
1  px  1  px 2x  1 =2 , for x = 0
 = lim

TE
lim
x  0 x x 0 x2 Solution:
On Rationalizing, we get Given

 lim
1  px   1  px  =
f(x) = x2 + a , for x > 0
x  0 x  1  px  1  px  = 2 x 1 + b
2
, for x < 0
2
lim f(x) = lim (x + a)

N
 
lim = x0 x0
x 0 1  px  1  px  lim f(x) =
x  0
 p=
Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0
O  lim f(x) = f(0)

4. Let a function f be defined as x0

    a=
C
f(x) = [tan x] + {tan x}, x    ,   
4 4 
lim f(x) = lim (2 x 2  1 + b)
where  is a small positive number. Show that x  0– x  0–

function f is a continuous at x = 0, by  lim f(x) = +b

x  0–
completing the activity.
E

Solution: Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0.

  lim f(x) = f(0)
When x < , then 0 < tan x < 1 x0
4
PL

 {tan x} = tan x  b=

When x = , then tan x is an integer
4
x2  4
 {tan x} = 0 6. If f(x) = , for x  2 is continuous at
x2

When x > , then tan x > 1 but less than 2 x = 2, then find f(2).
M

4
Solution:
 {tan x} = tan x  [tan x]
x2  4
= tan x  1 f(x) =
x2
 Let us write the explicit definition of function f,
SA

x2  4
   lim f(x) = lim
for x    ,    x2 x2 x2
4 4 

f(x) = 0 + x<

= lim
 x   x  
4 x2 x2

=1 x=  lim f(x) =
4 x2

=1+ x>c Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 2.

 lim f(x) = f(2)
 L. h. lim = lim f(x) = and x2

x

4
 f(2) =

335
 

Std. XI : Perfect Maths ‐ II
7. Determine whether the function ‘f’ is ii. f(x) =
1
sin x2, for x  0
continuous on its domain 2
f(x) = 3x + 1, x < 2 = 0, for x = 0; at x = 0
= 7, 2x<4 iii. f(x) = (1 + 2x)1/x, for x  0
2
= x – 8, x  4 = e2, for x = 0; at x = 0
Solution: x2  x  6
iv. f(x) = x3
, for x  3
lim f(x) = lim (3x + 1)
 
x2 x2
= 7, for x = 3; at x = 3

T
=7 v. f(x) = x2 + 6x + 10, for x  4
Now lim f(x) = = x2  x + 38, for x > 4; at x = 4
x2
e 2y
 1 .sin y

N
But f(x) = 7 at x = 2
vi. f(y) = y2 , for y  0
 The given function is at x = 2.
= 4, for y = 0; at y = 0
Also lim f(x) =

TE
1
x4  4x  x

lim f(x) = lim (x2 – 8) = 8 vii. f(x) = 1  5  , for x  0

 
x  4 x  4
4

 the given function is at x = 4. = e ,

5
for x  0 at x = 0
1 
Answers viii. f(x) = 2 sin 2 (x + 1), for x  0

N
tan x  sin x
1 = x3 , for x > 0; at x = 0
1. i. 4t ii.
4 x3  2 x 2  2 x  5
ix. f(x) = x 3  3 x 2  3 x  1 , for x < 1
iii.
1
4
iv.
O
1
4  1 1 
=  x  1  x 4  x 3  , for x  1; at x = 1
2. i. x+1 ii. x  
C
iii. 1 iv. 1 x32
x. f(x) = , for x  1
x3  1
1 1
3. i.  ii. 2p = , for x = 1; at x = 1
2 12
1 1
iii.  iv. 
E

2 2 2. Discuss the continuity of the following functions:

a 3x  a 5 x
4. i. tan x ii. tan x  1 i. f(x) = , for x  0
x
iii. 1 iv. 1
PL

= log a, for x = 0; at x = 0
1
5. i. a ii. 2
ii. f(x) =  1  x  , for x  0
x

iii. 2 iv. 0  a 
1
6. i. 2 ii. 2 = ea , for x = 0; at x = 0
iii. 4 iv. 4  5 
M

log 1  x 
7. i. 7 iii. g(x) =  2  , for x  0
ii. continuous x
iii. 7 5
= , for x = 0; at x = 0
SA

iv. discontinuous 2
5x  e x
iv. f(x) = , for x  0
Additional Problems for Practice sin 2 x
1
= (log 5 + 1), for x = 0; at x = 0
Based on Exercise 8.1  2
sin 2 ax
1. Examine the continuity of the following v. f(x) = , for x  0
x2
funtions at the given point: = 1, for x = 0; at x = 0
sin x 1
i. f(x) = x + cos x, for x  0 vi. 2
f(x) = x sin , for x  0
x
= 2, for x = 0; at x = 0 = 0, for x = 0; at x = 0
336 
336 
 

Chapter 08: Continuity

vii. f(x) =
1  cos x
, for x  0 +9. Identify discontinuities for the following
x functions as either a jump or a removable
= 0, for x = 0; at x = 0 discontinuity on R.
4 x 2 x 2  3x  18
viii. f(x) = , for x ≠ 0 i. f(x) = ,
3x x 6
1 ii. g(x) = 3x + 1, for x < 3
= , for x = 0; at x = 0
12 = 2  3x, for x ≥ 3

T
23 x  1 iii. h(x) = 13  x , 2
for x < 5
ix. If f(x) = , for x ≠ 0
tan x
= 13  5x, for x > 5
=1 , for x = 0

N
+10. Show that the function
+3. Discuss the continuity of the function
 
f(x) = |x  3| at x = 3. 5cos x  e 2
  x


f(x) = , for x ≠

TE
+4. Determine whether the function f is cot x 2
continuous on the set of the real numbers 
= log 5  e, for x =
Where f(x) = 3x + 1, for x < 2 2
=7 for 2 ≤ x < 4 has a removable discontinuity at x =

.
2
= x  8 for x ≥ 4 2

N
Redefine the function so that it becomes
+5. Test whether the function f(x) is continuous at 
x =  4, where continuous at x = .
2
f(x) =
x 2  16 x + 48
x4
, for x ≠ 4
O +11. If f(x) is defined on R, discuss the continuity
= 8, for x =  4 
of f at x = , where
2
C
+6. Discuss the continuity of f(x) = 9  a 2 , on 5cos x  5 cos x  2 
f(x) = , for x ≠
2    2x  2
the interval [3, 3].  3cot x . log  
 2 
+7. Show that the function f(x) =  x  is not
E

2log 5 
= , for x = .
continuous at x = 0, in the interval [1, 2) 3 2
PL

8. Discuss the continuity of the following +12. Discuss the continuity of the following
functions at the points given against them. If function at x = 0, where
the function is discontinuous, determine 1
whether the discontinuity is removable. In that f(x) = x2 sin   , for x ≠ 0
x
case, redefine the function, so that it becomes
continuous. = 0, for x = 0
M

1  cos3x
i. f(x) = , for x  0 13. If f is continuous at x = 0, then find f(0).
x tan x
4  1
sin x 2

= 9, for x = 0; at x = 0 i. f(x) = ,x0

SA

x log (1  2 x )
sin x
ii. f(x) = , for x  0
5x log(1  ax )  log(1  bx )
ii. f(x) =
5 x
= , for x = 0; at x = 0
 log(2  x)  log(2  x )
iii. f(x) =
tan x
iii. f(x) = 2  x  4 , for x  0
sin 2 x cos2 x  sin2 x 1
= 8, for x = 0; at x = 0 iv. f(x) =
x2 1 1
2
sin( x  x)
iv. f(x) = , for x  0 1
x  3x + 2  x
+v. f(x) =   , for x ≠ 0
= 2, for x = 0; at x = 0  2  5x 

337
 

Std. XI : Perfect Maths ‐ II

14. Find f(3) if f(x) =

x2  9
, x ≠ 3 is contiuous at 20. Is the function
x 3 f(x) = 2x3 + 3x2 + 3x  cos x + sin 5x + 3
x = 3. continuous at x =

? Justify
4
15. Find the value of k, if the function
8x  2x Based on Miscellaneous Exercise – 8 
i. f(x) = , for x  0
kx 1
1. Examine the continuity of the following
= 2, for x = 0 funtions at the given point:

T
is continuous at x = 0 10 x  7 x  14 x  5 x
log(1  kx) i. f(x) = 1  cos x
, for x  0
ii. f(x) = , for x  0
sin x 10

N
= 5, for x = 0 = 7 , for x = 0; at x = 0
is continuous x = 0 sin3x
ii. f(x) = tan2x , for x < 0
iii. f(x) = x2 + k, for x  0

TE
3
=  x2  k, for x < 0 = 2, for x = 0
is continuous at x = 0
log(1  3x)
x2  3x  k = e2 x  1 , for x > 0
iv. f(x) = , for x  1
2(x2 1) 23  4x 1
5 iii. f(x) = , for x ≠ 6

N
( x  6)
= , for x = 1
4 1
is continuous at x = 1
O = 5, for x = 6; at x = 6

+v. f(x) =
xe x  tan x
,for x ≠ 0 iv. f(x) = 1  2 x  1  2 x , for x < 0
sin 3 x x
= 2x2 + 3x  2, for x  0; at x = 0
=k for x = 0 3 2
x  x 16x  20
C
v. f(x) = , for x  2
+16. If f is continuous at x = 1, where (x  2)2
sin  x  = 7, for x = 2; at x = 2
f(x) = + a, for x < 1
x 1
2. Discuss the continuity of the following
= 2, for x = 1
E

functions:
1  cos  x  2x  5x
= + b, for > 1, i. f(x) = , for x  0
 1  x 
2
4 x  3x
PL

then find the values of a and b. 3

= log , for x = 0; at x = 0
10
17. If f is continuous at x = 0, where (2x  1)2
f (x) = x2 + a, for x ≥ 0 ii. f(x) = , for x  0
tan x.log(1  x)
= 2 x2  1  b , for x < 0
= log 4, for x = 0
M

Find a, b given that f (1) = 2.

3. Discuss the continuity of the following
tan2x
18. If f(x) = + a, for x < 0 functions at the points given against them. If
3x
the function is discontinuous, determine
SA

= 1, for x = 0 whether the discontinuity is removable. In that

= x + 4  b, for x > 0 case, redefine the function, so that it becomes
is continuous at x = 0, then find the values of a continuous:
and b. 4x  ex
i. f(x) = , for x  0
k cos x  6x  1
19. If the function f(x) = , for x 
  2x 2 = log  2  , for x = 0; at x = 0
 3
= 3, for x =
2 3 x  3 x  2
ii. f(x) = , for x  0
 x2
be continuous at x = , then find k
2 = 2 log3, for x = 0; at x = 0
338 
338 
 

Chapter 08: Continuity

1 3. The sum of two discontinuous functions

x6 
iii. f(x) = 64 , for x  1 (A) is always discontinuous.
3 1 2 (B) may be continuous.
x 
8 (C) is always continuous.
1 1 1 (D) may be discontinuous.
= , for x = ; at x =
3 2 2
(8 x  1) 2
4. For what value of k the function
iv. f(x) = , for x  0  5x  2  4 x  4
 x
 , if x  2
sin x log  1  
f(x) =  is continuous

T
 4 x2
 k ,if x  2
= 8 log 8, for x = 0; at x = 0 
4. If f is continuous at x = 0, then find f(0). at x = 2?

N
1 1
i. f(x) =
4  2 1
x x 1
,x 0 (A) (B)
1  cos x 4 3 2 3
e5 x  e2 x 1 1
ii. f(x) = (C) (D)

TE
sin 3 x 4 3 2 3
5. Find the value of k, if the function log (1  ax)  log (1  bx )
5. The function f(x) = is
3x
2 x
sin
f(x) = 2 , for x  0 not defined at x = 0. The value which should
x2 be assigned to f at x = 0 so that it is continuous
= k, for x = 0

N
at x = 0, is
is continuous at x = 0 (A) a  b (B) a + b
sin 4x (C) log a + log b (D) log a  log b
6. If f(x) = + a, for x > 0
5x
= x + 4  b, for x < 0
O 6. In order that the function f(x) = (x + 1) cot x is
continuos at x = 0, f(0) must be defined as
= 1, for x = 0
1
is continuous at x = 0, find a and b. (A) f(0) = (B) f(0) = 0
C
e
1  cos4x
7. If f(x) = , for x < 0 (C) f(0) = e (D) None of these
x2
= a, for x = 0  sin3 x
 , x 0
x 7. If f(x) =  sin x is a continuous function,
= , for x > 0  k,
E

x 0
16  x   4 then k =


is continuous at x = 0, then find the value of ‘a’. 1

(A) 1 (B) 3 (C) (D) 0
PL

8. Discuss the continuity of the function f at 3

5 x  5 x  2
x = 0, where f(x) = , for x ≠ 0 8. A function f is continuous at a point x = a in
cos 2 x  cos 6 x
the domain of ‘f’ if
1
=  log5  ,
2
for x = 0 (A) lim f(x) exists (B) lim f(x) = f(a)
8 xa xa

(C) lim f(x)  f(a) (D) both (A) and (B)

M

xa
Multiple Choice Questions
9. Which of the following function is
discontinuous?
2 , 0  x 1
(A) f(x) = x2 (B) g(x) = tan x
SA

1. If f(x) =  is continuous at
c  2 x , 1 x  2 3x
(C) h(x) = 2 (D) none of these
x = 1, then c = x 1
(A) 2 (B) 4
(C) 0 (D) 1  k cos x 
   2 x , when x  2
1 , if x  3 10. If the function f(x) =  
is
3, when x 
2. If f(x) = ax  b , if 3  x  5 is continuous,  2
7 , if 5  x 

continuous at x = 2 , then k =
then the value of a and b is
(A) 3, 8 (B) –3, 8 (A) 3 (B) 6
(C) 3, –8 (D) –3, –8 (C) 12 (D) None of these
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Std. XI : Perfect Maths ‐ II
11. The points at which the function 17. The values of A and B such that the function
x 1  
f(x) = x2  x  12 is discontinuous, are 2sin x, x
2

(A) –3,4 (B) 3,–4   
f(x) = Asin x  B,   x  , is continuous
(C) –1,–3,4 (D) –1,3,4  2 2
 
12. Which of the following statement is true for  cos x, x
2

graph f(x) = log x
everywhere are

T
(A) Graph shows that function is continuous
(A) A = 0, B = 1 (B) A = 1, B = 1
(B) Graph shows that function is
(C) A = –1, B = 1 (D) A = –1, B = 0
discontinuous

N
(C) Graph finds for negative and positive  1  kx  1  kx
values of x  ,for  1  x < 0
18. If f(x) =  x , is
(D) Graph is symmetric along x-axis 2x2  3x  2 ,for0   1

TE
 x
 x2  1 continuous at x = 0, then k =
 , when x  1
13. If f(x) =  x  1 , then (A) –4 (B) –3
2, when x  1 (C) –2 (D) –1

(A) lim f(x) = –2
x    1  19. The function f(x) = sin |x| is

N
(B) lim f(x) = –2 (A) Continuous for all x
x    1 
(B) Continuous only at certain points
(C) f(x) is continuous at x = –1 (C) Differentiable at all points
(D) All the above are correct
O (D) None of these
 xa 1  sin x  cos x
 , when x  a 20. The function f(x) = 1  sin x  cos x is not
14. If f(x) =  x  a , then
C
1, when  a
 x defined at x = . The value of f(), so that f(x)
(A) f(x) is continuous at x = a is continuous at x = , is
(B) f(x) is discontinuous at x = a 1 1
(A)  (B)
(C) lim f(x) = 1 2 2
E

xa
(C) –1 (D) 1
(D) None of these
2x2  7
 21. The function f(x) = x3  3 x 2  x  3 is
PL

1  cos 4 x
 , when x < 0 discontinuous for
 x2
a when x = 0, (A) x = 1 only
15. If f(x) = 

x (B) x = 1 and x = –1 only
 , when x  0 (C) x = 1, x = –1, x = –3 only

16  x  4 
M

 (D) x = 1, x = –1, x = –3 and other values

is continuous at x = 0, then the value of ‘a’ of x
will be
22. The function f is defined by f(x) = 2x – 1, if
(A) 8 (B) –8
SA

x > 2, f(x) = k if x = 2 and x2 –1, if x < 2 is

(C) 4 (D) None of these continuous, then the value of k is equal to
(A) 2 (B) 3
 x 4  16
 , when x  2 (C) 4 (D) –3
16. If f(x) =  x  2 , then
 16,when x  2
 1  cos4x
23. Function f(x) = 8x2 , where x  0 and
(A) f(x) is continuous at x = 2
(B) f(x) is discountinuous at x = 2 f(x) = k, where x = 0 is a continous function at
lim f(x) = 16 x = 0 then the value of k will be?
(C) x 2 (A) k = 0 (B) k = 1
(D) None of these (C) k = –1 (D) None of these
340 
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Chapter 08: Continuity

x, when0  x  1/ 2 (log 4)2

 13. i. ii. a+b
24. If f(x) = 1, when x  1/ 2 , then 2
1  x,when1/ 2  x  1
 iii. 1 iv. 4
lim f(x) = 2 v. e4
(A) x1/ 2 

lim f(x) = 2 14. 6

(B) x1/ 2 

1 15. i. 2 ii. 5
(C) f(x) is continuous at x = 2

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iii. 0 iv. 4
1 2
v.
(D) f(x) is discontinuous at x = 2 3

N
3
x 2  10 x  25 16. a = 3, b =
25. If f(x) = x 2  7 x  10
for x  5 and f is 2

TE
continuous at x = 5, then f(5) = 17. a = 1, b = 1
(A) 0 (B) 5
1
(C) 10 (D) 25 18. a= ,b=3
3
Answers to Additional Practice Problems 19. 6

N
20. Addition of continuous functions.
Based on Exercise 8.1 
 f(x) is continuous.
1. i. Continuous ii. Continuous
iii.
v.
Continuous
Continuous
iv.
vi.
O
Discontinuous
Discontinuous
Based on Miscellaneous Exercise – 8 

1. i. Discontinuous ii. Continuous

vii. Continuous viii. Continuous iii. Discontinuous iv. Continuous
C
ix. Discontinuous x. Continuous v. Continuous
2. i. Discontinuous ii. Continuous 2. i. Discontinuous ii. Discontinuous
iii. Continuous iv. Discontinuous
3. i. Discontinuous, removable
v. Discontinuous vi. Continuous
E

ii. Discontinuous, removable

vii. Discontinuous viii. Discontinuous
iii. Discontinuous, removable
ix. Discontinuous
iv. Discontinuous, removable
PL

3. Continuous
4. i. 2(log 2)2 ii. 1
4. Discontinuous
9
5.
5. Continuous 4
6. Continuous 1
M

6. a= ,b=3
5
7. Discontinuous
7. 8
8. i. Discontinuous, removable
8. Discontinuous
SA

ii. Discontinuous, removable

iii. Discontinuous, removable
iv. Discontinuous, removable Answers to Multiple Choice Questions
9. i. Discontinuous 1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (B) 4. (C)
ii. Discontinuous 5. (B) 6. (C) 7. (B) 8. (D)
iii. Discontinuous 9. (B) 10. (B) 11. (B) 12. (A)
 13. (D) 14. (B) 15. (A) 16. (B)
11. x=   17. (C) 18. (C) 19. (A) 20. (C)
2
21. (C) 22. (B) 23. (B) 24. (D)
12. Continuous 25. (A)
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Std. XI : Perfect Maths ‐ II
1 1
2. limf ( x)  lim x sin , but 1  sin  1 and
Competitive Corner x 0 x 0 x x
x0
 lim f ( x) = 0
1. For what value of k, the function defined by x0

log(1  2 x )sin x Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0.

f(x) = , for x  0
x2  f(0) = lim f(x)
x 0
=k , for x = 0
 k=0
is continuous at x = 0 ?

T
[MHT CET 2016] 3. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0.
1  f(0) = lim f(x)
(A) 2 (B) x0

N
2 = lim (x + 1)cot x
 90 x0
(C) (D) x
90   
1 tan x
= lim 1  x  x 

TE
2. If the function f(x) defined by
x0
 
1 = e1 = e
f (x) = x sin , for x  0
x 4. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = a.
=k , for x = 0  f(a) = lim f(x)
xa
is continuous at x = 0, then k =
x  a  xa

N
[MHT CET 2016] = lim
(A) 0 (B) 1
xa
x2  a 2
1 x  a  xa
(C) 1 (D) = lim
2

3. If the function f(x) = (x + 1) cot x

is continuous
O xa x  a. x  a
1  x  a  xa 
at x = 0, then f(0) = [MHT CET 2019] = lim  
xa x+a  xa 
1 1
C
(A) (B) 1  x a 
e e2 = lim   1
2a  a  x a 
1
x
 
(C) e (D)
e3 
    
2 2
1 x  a
= lim   1
 
E

4. If f(x) is continuous at x = a, where 2a x  a  x  a x  a 

 
x  a  x a
f(x) = , for x ≠ a, then f(a) =  
x2  a 2 1 x a
= lim   1
PL

[MHT CET 2019] 2a x  a  x  a

 
x a  

1 1
(A) (B) 1  xa 
2a 2 a = lim   1
2a x  a
 x  a 
1
(C) (D) 2 a 1
2a = (0 + 1)
M

2a
Answers: 1
1. (C) 2. (A) 3. (C) 4. (A) =
2a
Hints:
SA

1. For f(x) to be continuous at x = 0,

f(0) = lim f ( x)
x0

log(1  2 x)sin x
 k = lim
x 0 x2
x
sin
log(1  2 x) 180  
 k  lim  2
x 0 2x x 180
180
 
 k = 1 2  1 
180 90

342 
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