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Quick referencing guide

American Psychological Association (APA) 7th edition Referencing and Citation
Style Guide

The examples in this guide are based on the American Psychological Association. (2020).
Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.).
https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

This quick referencing guide is intended for students who are writing papers for course
assignments and it covers basic explanations and examples for the most common types of
citations used by students.

If you are unable to find the referencing example you require in this guide, more detailed
information and examples can be found in the above publication. Current information can also
be obtained via the internet from the official APA Style website http://www.apastyle.org which
includes a quick reference guide. Corrected sample papers can also be found on the APA Style
website.

In this guide we provide guidelines for creating reference list entries and in-text citation
formats.

Points to note:

The American Psychological Association (APA) style, as presented in this handout, is

widely accepted in the Social Sciences and other disciplines.
The APA citation format requires citation within the text rather than endnotes or
footnotes.
In-text citations usually include the name of the author and the date of publication, to
lead the reader to the listing found in the “References” section, which is placed at the end
of the research paper.
Complete information about each source cited in the text is supplied in the “References”
list.

In-text Citation

Throughout the text of your paper you need to acknowledge the works used in
your writing. Whenever you present a statement of evidence such as a quote, or
when you use someone else's ideas, opinions or theories in your own words
(paraphrasing), you must acknowledge the work(s) by providing the author’s
name and date of publication in text.

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Reference list:

A reference list includes details of the works cited in your paper. It starts on a
separate page at the end of your assignment paper and is titled References in
bold. Each item cited in the reference list must have been cited in your paper.
All sources appearing in the reference list must be ordered alphabetically by
surname. In contrast to the reference list, a bibliography includes details of
sources not cited in your paper which were used to support your research. While
the APA style does not use bibliographies you may sometimes be required to
include one in addition to a References list.
These items should also be listed in alphabetical order by surname.
The reference list should be double spaced (both within and in between entries)
with hanging indents used for the second and subsequent lines of each entry.
A hanging indent is where the first line starts at the left margin and subsequent
lines are indented (approx. 1.27 cm).
You can use your word processor to automatically format the double-spacing and
hanging indents.
Italics is the preferred format for titles of books, journals and videos.
Article and chapter titles are not italicized or placed within quotation marks.
Volume numbers are italicised but issue numbers are not.
Capitalisation in APA style is very specific. For references, the following general
rules apply: Book titles - capitalise the first letter of the first word of the title, and
the first letter of the first word after a colon for subtitles.

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Examples of APA 7th Edition used in different contexts:

Scholarly Journal Articles

Format: Author(s). (date). Title of article. Journal Title, Volume Number (Issue Number),
Pages. DOI or URL

Reference entry Lashley, L. (2017). The effects of computer aided instruction in

With DOI Mathematics on the performance of grade four pupils –
Guyana. SAGE Open, 7(3), 1-12.
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2158244017712
775
In-text
Lashley (2017) or
Narrative/
(Lashley, 2017).
Parenthetical
Reference Das, M. (2000). Women's autonomy and politics of gender in
Without DOI Guyana. Economic and Political Weekly, 35(23), 1944-1948.
In-text Das (2000) or
Narrative/
Parenthetical (Das, 2000).
Journal article with Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W, Deaven, D., Gandin,
21 or more authors L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu, Y.,
Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W, Higgins, W, Janowiak, J., Mo, K. c.,
Ropelewski, c., Wang, J., Leetmaa, A., ... Joseph, D. (1996).
The NCEP/ NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bulletin of the
American Meteorological Society,77(3), 437-471.
http://doi.orglfg6rf9
In- text Kalnay et al. (1996) or
narrative/parenthetical (Kalnay et al., 1996).

NB.: When there are 21 or more authors, include the first 19 names, insert an ellipsis (but no
ampersand) and then add the final author’s name.

Journal Article in the Press (work that has been accepted for publication but not
yet published).
Format: Author(s). (in press). Title of Article. Name of journal.

Reference Lowe, D., & Ramroop, Y. (in press). The new horizons. Journal of Science and
Innovation.
In-text Lowe and Ramroop (in press)
Narrative/
Parenthetical (Lowe & Ramroop, in press)

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Article published in foreign language.

Format: Author(s). (date). Title of Article in foreign language [Translated title of article in
English]. Journal Title, Volume Number (Issue Number), Pages. DOI

Reference Brewster, H., & Thomas, C. (1969). El liberalismoeconómico y el concepto de

integracióneconómica [Economic liberalism and the concept of
economic Integration]. ForoInternacional, 9(4), 406-419.
In-text/ Brewster and Thomas (1969) or
Narrative
Parenthetical (Brewster & Thomas, 1969).

Newspaper Article
Format: Author(s). (year, month date). Title. Newspaper Title. URL

Reference Joaquin, E. (2020, November 9). Hands of change and comfort sleep brings
early Christmas cheer to Linden family. Kaieteur Newspaper, p.13.
https://issuu.com/gxmedia/docs/november092020/1?ff
In-text Joaquin (2020) or
Narrative/
Parenthetical (Joaquin, 2020)

Editorial

Format: Author(s). (year). Title [Editorial]. Title of Journal, Volume Number (Issue Number),
Pages. DOI/URL

Reference Brotherson, F. (1989). The foreign policy of Guyana, 1970-1985: Forbes

Burnham's search for legitimacy [Editorial]. Journal of Interamerican
Studies and World Affairs, 31(3), 9-35. https://doi:10.2307/165891

In-text Brotherson (1989) or

Narrative/
Parenthetical (Brotherson, 1989).

Books and Book Chapters

Printed Books Format: Author or Editor or Group Name. (date). Title. Publisher Name.

Reference Kilkenny-McLymont, R. (2015). The Guyana contract. The Network Journal

-With (1) Communications Inc.
Author
In-text Kilkenny-McLymont (2015) or
Narrative/
Parenthetical (Kilkenny-McLymont, 2015).
Reference McGowan, W. F., Rose, J. G., & Granger, D. A. (2009). Themes in African-
-With (2) or Guyanese history. Hansib Publications.
more

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Authors
In-text McGowan et al. (2009) or
Narrative or
Parenthetical (McGowan et al., 2009).
Book – 2nd Monroe, T. (1994). Introduction to politics: Lectures for first year students
or later (2nd ed.). Conoe Press.
edition
In-text Monroe (1994) or
Narrative or (Monroe, 1994).
Parenthetical
Reference Grant, C.H., & Kirton, M.K. (Eds.). (2007). Governance, conflict analysis and
-With conflict resolution. Ian Randle.
Editor
In-text Grant and Kirton (2007) or
Narrative or
Parenthetical (Grant & Kirton, 2007).
Book with American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the
corporate American Psychological Association (7th ed.).
author https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
In-text American Psychological Association (2020) or
narrative or
parenthetical (American Psychological Association, (2020).
*Twenty- Quliyev, T., Gjoni, H., Gruber, I., Hofer, S., Fischer, I., Maes, S., López, N.,
one or more Díaz, O., Cruz, T., Mora, A., Wáng, R., Li, E., Yáng, A., Zhào, L., Zhōu,
authors B., Mirza, O., Bonik, O., Aliyev, K., Biton, H., . . . Ishii, F. (2020).
Referencing styles that changed the world. Liberty Press.
In-text Quliyev et al. (2020) or
narrative or (Quliyev et al., 2020).
parenthetical
NB.: All authors should be listed when there are up to 20 authors.

* If a source has 21 or more authors, place three ellipsis points between the 19th and final author
name to indicate that some names have been omitted e.g. Quliyev, T., . . . Ishii, F. (2020).

Electronic Books Format:

Author or Editor or Group Name. (date). Title. PublisherName. DOI or URL

Reference Mann, P. (2011). Introductory statistics. (7th ed.). John Wiley & Sons Inc.
-With Author http://bcs.wiley.com/he-
bcs/Books?action=chapter&bcsId=5346&itemId=0470444665&cha
pterId=54840
In-text Mann (2011) or
Narrative or
Parenthetical (Mann, 2011).
Audiobook Joseph, D. (2015). Ghost of Guyana (N. Cimmino, Narr.) [Audiobook].
David Joseph Publishing.

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In-text Joseph (2015) or

Narrative or (Joseph, 2015).
Parenthetical

Chapter in Printed Books

Format:

Chapter Author. (date). Chapter Title. In Title of Book. Edition. Volume. (pages). Publisher
Name.

Reference Scott, M. E. (2007). Deciphering the global from the local: The conundrum of
Chapter in contemporary global conflict. In C.H. Grant, & M.K. Kirton, (Eds.),
edited book Governance, conflict analysis and conflict resolution (pp. 23-31). Ian
Randle.

In-text Scott (2015) or

Narrative or
Parenthetical (Scott, 2015).

Chapter in Electronic Books

Format: Chapter Author. (date). Chapter Title. In Title of Book (Edition., pages). Publisher
Name. URL/DOI

Reference Nettles, K. D. (2008). Women’s work. In Guyana diaries: Women’s lives

across difference. (pp.99-127).
Routledge.https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nl
ebk&AN=398673&site=ehost-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp99

In-text Nettles (2008) OR

Narrative or
Parenthetical (Nettles, 2008).

Dictionary/Thesaurus/Encyclopedia
Format: Author/ Creator. (year). Title & Subtitle of Dictionary (edition.). Date Retrieved, From
URL.

Reference
List entry: Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Semantics. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary.
Dictionary Retrieved January 4, 2020, from https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/semantics

In-text
Merriam - Webster (n.d) or
Narrative or
(Merriam-Webster, n.d.)
Parenthetical

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Reports & Grey Literature

Report by government agency or other organization

Format: Author(s)/ Name of Group. (year). Title of Report. Publisher’s Name. DOI/URL

Reference Bank of Guyana. (2017). Bank of Guyana annual report 2017.

entry: https://www.bankofguyana.org.gy/bog/images/research/Reports/ANN
Annual REP2017.pdf
Report
In-text Bank of Guyana (2017) or
Narrative or (Bank of Guyana, 2017).
Parenthetical
Reference Bureau of Statistics Guyana. (2020). Guyana labour force survey 2019 report.
entry: https://statisticsguyana.gov.gy/wp-
-Report With content/uploads/2020/07/GLFS_Bulletin_2019.pdf
Name of
Group
In-text Bureau of Statistics Guyana (2020)
Narrative or
Parenthetical (Bureau of Statistics Guyana, 2020).
Press Ministry of Home Affairs. (2020, September 1). Minister Benn makes
release Assessment visit to Brickdam Police Station [Press release].
https://moha.gov.gy/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Minister-of-Home-
Affairs-Hon.-Robeson-Benn-makes-assessment-visit-to-Brickdam-
Police-Station.pdf

In-text Ministry of Home Affairs (2020) or

Narrative or (Ministry of Home Affairs, 2020).
Parenthetical
N.B. When the publisher is the same as the author, which is often the case for group authors
omit the publisher from the source element.

Conferences, Sessions & Presentations

Conference sessions and presentations include paper presentations, poster sessions, keynote
addresses, and symposium contributions. Include a label in square brackets after the title that
matches how the presentation was described at the conference.

Format: Presenter, A. A. & Presenter B. B. (Year, Month Date). Title of Contribution [type of
contribution]. Conference Name, Location. DOI/URL (if available)

Symposium George, G. (2019, February 13). Making effective use of the library as a resource
in teaching and learning. In P. Henry (Chair), New era, new strategies
to enhance teaching and learning as we journey along renaissance
road [Symposium]. Centre of Excellence for Teaching and Learning 1st
Inaugural Symposium, UG, Turkeyen Campus, Guyana.

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In-text
George (2019) or
Narrative or
(George, 2019).
Parenthetical
Paper Maddox, S., Hurling, J., Stewart, E., & Edwards, A. (2016, March 30-ApriI 2). If
presentatio mama ain't happy, nobody's happy: The effect of parental depression
n on mood dysregulation in children [Paper presentation]. Southeastern
Psychological Association 62nd Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA,
United States.
In-text Maddox et al. (2016) or
narrative or
parenthetical (Maddox et al., 2016).

Dissertations & Thesis

Format for unpublished doctoral dissertations: Author(s). (year). Title of dissertation

[Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Name of Institution Awarding the Degree.

Reference Semple-McBean, M.A. (2016). Care giver – child interactions: Effects of

professional development on practice in Guyana [Unpublished
doctoral dissertation]. University College London, Institute of
Education.
In-text Semple- McBean (2016) or
Narrative or
Parenthetical (Semple- McBean, 2016).

Format for unpublished master’s thesis: Author(s). (year). Title of thesis [Unpublished master’s
thesis]. Name of Institution Awarding the Degree.

Reference Mohamed, P. (2000). I factor analysis: Towards an analytic framework for

assessing and predicting development and social transformation in
depressed communities: Applied to Victory Valley in Guyana
[Unpublished master’s thesis]. University of Guyana.
In-text Mohamed (2000) or
Narrative or
Parenthetical (Mohamed, 2000).

Format for published master’s thesis:

Author(s). (year). Title of thesis [published master’s thesis, Name of Institution Awarding the
Degree]. Archive Name. URL

Reference Hutcheson, V. H. (2012). Dealing with dual differences: Social coping

list entry: strategies of gifted and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer
adolescents [Master's thesis, The College of William & Mary]. William &
Mary Digital Archive. https://digitalarchive.
wm.edu/bitstream/handle/1 0288/16594/HutchesonVirginia2012.pdf

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In-text Hutcheson (2012) or

Narrative or
Parenthetical (Hutcheson, 2012).

Unpublished manuscripts

Format: Author(s). (Date). Title [unpublished manuscript]. University information. DOI or

URL

Reference Yoo, J., Miyamoto, Y, Rigotti, A, & Ryff, C. (2016). Linking positive affect to
list entry: blood lipids: A cultural perspective [Unpublished manuscript].
Unpublished Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
manuscript
In-text Yoo et al. (2016) or
Narrative or (Yoo et al., 2016).
Parenthetical

Legal references

ACTS

Format: Title of Act Year Enacted. http://xxxxxx (if available online)

Reference Environmental Protection Act 1996, Act No. 11 of 1996 (1996).

http://www.lawonline
In-text Narrative or Environmental Protection Act (1996) or
Parenthetical (Environmental Protection Act, 1996).

Reviews

Format: Author(s). (year). Title of Review. [Review of the Book/ Film/ TV series title, by Name
of Author(s)/Editor(s)/Director(s). Periodical Title. Volume. (pages). URL/DOI

Reference Mirabito, L. A., & Heck, N. C. (2016). Bringing LGBTQ youth theater into
Film the spotlight [Review of the film The year we thought about love,
by E. Brodsky, Dir.]. Psychology of sexual orientation and gender
on diversity, 3(4), 499-500. https://doi.orgho.l037/ sgd0000205
In-text Mirabito and Heck (2016) or
Narrative or
Parenthetical (Mirabito & Heck, 2016).
Book review Sugrim, S. (2014, November 22). Walk through Indians home in the
published in a 1950s [Review of the book The ties that binds by P. Ramessar
Newspaper Hussain]. Guyana Chronicle.
https://guyanachronicle.com/2014/11/22/book-review-the-tie-
that-binds-by-pauline-ramessar-hussain-a-walk-through-indian-
homes-in-the-1950s

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In-text
Sugrim (2014) or
Narrative or
(Sugrim, 2014).
Parenthetical

Online Media & Audiovisual works

Webpage, websites, Social Media & Video/Audio/Images

Format: Author. (Date). Title of work. Website name. URL

Reference Martin Lillie, C. M. (2016, December 29). Be kind to yourself: How self-
Webpage with compassion can improve your resiliency. Mayo Clinic.
individual https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/in-
author on depth/self-compassion-can-improve-your-resiliency/art -
website 20267193

In-text Narrative or Martin Lillie (2016) or

parenthetical
(Martin Lillie, 2016).
Tweet University of Guyana [@uniofguyana]. (2019, May 10). Best wishes to all
our students [Image attached] [Tweet].
Twitter.https://twitter.com/uniofguyana/status/11269397898764
49281/photo/1
In-text University of Guyana (2019) or
Narrative or
parenthetical (University of Guyana, 2019).
Podcast Maybin, S. (Host). (2019, May 8). Guyana- bracing for the oil boom.
[Audio podcast]. In The documentary podcast. BBC.
https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p078mntl

In-text Maybin (2019) or

Narrative or
parenthetical (Maybin, 2019).
YouTube University of Guyana Library. (2016, February 22). An overview of the
library’s online portal. [Video]. YouTube
https://youtu.be/jxUWYSac9qw

In-text University of Guyana Library (2016) or

Narrative or
parenthetical (University of Guyana Library, 2016).
Image on Browne, O. (2018). [Photograph of UG library staff at Convocation
website ceremony 2018]. [*Digital image]. University of Guyana Gallery.
https://uog.edu.gy/gallery
Browne (2018) or

(Browne, 2018).
Photograph McCurry, S. (1985). Afghan girl [Photograph]. National Geographic.
https://www. nationalgeographic.com/magazine/national-
geographic-magazine-50-years-ofcovers/#/ngm-1985-jun-714.jpg

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In-text McCurry (1985)

Narrative or
parenthetical (McCurry, 1985).
Film Forman, M. (Director). (1975). One flew over the cuckoos nest [Film].
United Artists.
In-text Forman (1975) or
Narrative or (Forman, 1975).
parenthetical
Map Google. (n.d.). [Google Maps directions for driving from Georgetown to
Turkeyen campus]. Retrieved February 16, 2020, from
https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Georgetown/The+University
+of+Guyana,+Georgetown/@6.8126497,-
In-text Narrative or Google (n.d.) or
Parenthetical (Google, n.d.).
*Note for PowerPoint: Other descriptors can be used in square brackets after the title as they
apply to the image e.g. Painting, Infographic, Clip art, Map.

Miscellaneous

*Class lecture Thomas, J. (2020, July 22). (Lecture notes on Conflict theory)
notes Department of Sociology, University of Guyana.

In-text citation Thomas (2020)

Narrative or
parenthetical (Thomas, 2020).

PowerPoint Kissoon, V. (2015). Wearing chantilly lace and resisting

slides criminalizationin Guyana and the Caribbean. [PowerPoint
slides]. Slideshare.
https://www.slideshare.net/vidyaratha/wearing-chantilly-lace-
and-resisting-criminalization-in-guyana-and-the-caribbean

In-Text: Kissoon (2015) or

(Kissoon, 2015).

Interview or Do not include in reference list; cite in-text only

personal Example: R. Carroll (personal communication, August 25, 2020)
communication indicated that scholarships are available for Librarianship studies.
Or
Scholarships are available for Librarianship studies. (R. Carroll, personal
communication, August 25, 2020)
*If the slides come from a Classroom website, learning management system (e.g., Google
classroom, zoom class or Moodle), or company intranet and you are writing for an audience with
access to that resource, provide the name of the site and its URL (use the login page URL for
sites requiring login). If the information is not accessible to readers please cite as personal
communication.

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Tip for your research paper:

When mentioning a website, periodical, common software or application within your research
paper, there is no need to include as an in-text citation or in your reference list. Instead, in your
research paper provide the name of the website, periodical, common software or application and
include the URL in parenthesis.

E.G: “With the help of https://www.surveymonkey.com/ we were able to

complete our survey online…”

Guide if an element is missing from your source:

Missing Element Solution Template

Reference List In-text citation
Entry
Nothing- all Provide the author, date, Last Name, First. (Surname, First.
information is Title and Source of the Middle Initials., Middle Initials.,
provided document. (year). Title. year)
Source
Surname, First.
Middle Initials.,
(year).
Author Replace the author with the Title. (year). (Title, year)
title of the work, followed Source
by the year published, and Title (year)
source information.
Date After the author, write in Surname, F. M. (Surname, F. and
brackets ‘n.d.’ which means Initials. (n.d.). M. Initials., n.d.)
‘no date’, followed by the Title. Source
title and source Surname, F. M.
information. (n.d.)
Title Provide the author, year, Surname, F. M. (Surname, F. M.,
describe the work in (year). year)
square brackets and [description of
provide the source work]. Source Surname, F. M.
information. (year).
Author and Year Provide the title in the Title. (n.d.). (Title, n.d.)
Published place of the author, source
followed by ‘n.d.’ and Title (n.d.)
source information.
Author and Title Describe the work in [description of ([Description of
square brackets, put the work]. (year). work], year)
year published and the Source
source information. [Description of
work], (year)

Date and Title Provide the author(s), Surname, F. M. (Surname, F. M.

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‘n.d.’ in brackets, (n.d.). n.d.)

description of work in [description of
square brackets, work]. source Surname, F. M.
followed by the source (n.d.).
information.
Author, Date & Provide the description of [description of ([description of
Title work in square brackets, work]. (n.d.). work], n.d.)
n.d. in brackets, source
followedby the source [description of
information. work] (n.d.).
Source Cite as a personal No reference list (Surname, F. M.
communication. entry needed. Communicator,
Personal
Communication
month, day, year)

Surname, F. M.
Communicator
(Personal
Communication,
month, day, year)

NB.: Some of the examples are works of University of Guyana staff members, works on Guyana
or by Guyanese / Caribbean authors.

Reference

1. American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American

Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

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