as well as lead to new and unexpected results (such Differenti,al Equations, Springer (1983)

as the discovery of the soliton). It is the author's 25. Hassard, B.D., N.D. Kazarinoff, and Y.H. Wan, Theory and
Applications of Hopf Bifurcation, Cambridge University
opinion that some analysis and computational expe- Press (1981)
rience with nonlinear systems should be part of a 26. Schuster, H.G. , Deterministic Chaos, Physik-Verlag (1984)
standard training program for all graduate chemical 27 . Sparrow, C., The Lorenz Equations: Bifurcations, Chaos,
engineers. and Strange Attractors, Springer (1982)
28. Coddington, E.A. , and N. Levinson, Theory of Ordinary
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Differential Equations, Robert E . Kreiger Publishing Com-
pany (1987)
The author is indebted to Professors Martin 29. Devaney, R.L., Chaotic Dynamical Systems, Benjamin, Read-
Golubitsky and Giles Auchmuty of the mathematics ing, MA (1987)
department at the University of Houston, with whom 30. Marek, M. , and I. Schreiber, Chaotic Behavior of Determin-
istic Dissipative Systems, Cambridge University Press (1988)
he has had many discussions on singularity, bifurca- 31. Moon, F .C., Chaotic Vibrations, John Wiley & Sons (1987)
tion, and group theories. This article was written 32. Chandrasekhar, S., Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic Sta-
while the author was on sabbatical leave at the bility, Oxford University Press (1961)
33. Drazin, P .G., and W.H. Reid, Hydrodynamic Stability, Cam-
University of Minnesota.
bridge University Press (1987)
REFERENCES 34. Kuramoto, Y., Chemical Oscillations, Waves, and Turbu-
lence, Springer (1984)
1. Andereck, C.D., S.S. Liu, and H.L. Swinney, J. Fluid Mech. , 35. Collet, P., and J.-P. Eckmann, Instabilities and Fronts in
l&i, 155 (1986) Extended Systems, Princeton University Press (1990)
2. Balakotaiah, V., PhD Thesis, University of Houston, Hous- 36. Joseph, D., Stability ofFluid Motions, Vols. I and II, Springer
ton, TX (1982 ) (1976)
3. Zeidler, E., Nonlinear Functional Analysis and Its Applica- 37. Segal, L.A., Mathematics Applied to Continuum Mechanics,
tions, Vols. I-V, Springer (1986) Dover, New York (1987)
4. Chow, S.N., and J.K. Hale, Methods of Bifurcation Theory, 38. Toda, M., Nonlinear Waves and Solitons, Kluwer Academic
Springer (1982) Publishers, Boston, MA (1989)
5. Dieudonne, J ., Foundations of Modern Analysis, Academic 39. Kubicek, M., and M. Marek, Computational Methods in
Press, New York, NY (1960) B ifurcation Theory and Dissipative Structures, Springer
6. Iooss, G., and D.D. Joseph, Elementary Stability and Bifur- (1983)
cation Theory, Springer (1990) 40. Roose, B.D., B.D . Dier, and A. Spence (eds. ), Continuation
7. Vainberg, M.M., and V.A. Trenogin, Theory of Branching of and Bifurcations: Numerical Techniques and Applications,
Solutions of Nonlinear Equations, Noordhoff (1974) Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA (1989) 0
8. Haken, H ., Advanced Synergetics, Springer (1986)
9. Golubitsky, M., and D.G. Schaeffer, Singularities and Groups
(9i9$i book review
10.

11.
in Bifurcation Theory, Vol. I, Springer (1985)
Golubitsky, M. , I. Stewart, and D.G. Schaeffer, Singularities
and Groups in Bifurcation Theory, Vol. II, Springer (1988)
Gibson, C.G., "Singular Points of Smooth Mappings," Res.
Notes in Math., 25, Pitman, London (1979)
---------------
ELEMENTS OF CHEMICAL
)

12. Gilmore, R., Catastrophe Theory for Scientists and Engi- REACTION ENGINEERING:
neers, John Wiley (1981)
13. Thom, R. , Structural Stability and Morphogenesis, Ben- 2nd Edition
jamin, Reading, MA (1975) by H. Scott Fogler
14. Zeeman, E.C., Catastrophe Theory: Selected Papers, Addison- Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ (1992)
Wesley, Reading, MA (1977)
15. Segal, L.A., Modeling Dynamic Phenomena in Molecular Reviewed by
and Cellular Biology, Cambridge University Press, 2nd cor-
rected printing (1987)
P. R. Westmoreland
16. Nicolis , G., and I. Prigogine , Self-Organization in University of Massachusetts
Nonequilibrium Systems, Wiley (1977)
17. Rabinowitz, P.H., ed., Applications of Bifurcation Theory,
The second edition of this text already comes about
Academic Press (1977) as close to universal usage as a chemical engineer-
18. Murray, J .D., Mathematical Biology, Springer (1988) ing text can, including wide international use in
19. Vanderbauwhede, A., "Local Bifurcation and Symmetry," addition to 108 schools (in a recent count) in the U.S.
Lee. Note in Math. #75, Pitman (1982)
20. Guckenheimer, J., and P .J. Holmes, Nonlinear Oscillations, It is not as well suited for graduate study, but (as far
Dynamical Systems, and Bifurcations of Vector Fields, 2nd as I am concerned) it is the best undergraduate
corrected printing, Springer (1986) reaction engineering text available, based on its con-
21. Wiggins, S., Introduction to Applied Nonlinear Dynamical tent, structure, and wide variety of good problems.
Systems and Chaos, Springer (1990)
22. Carr, J., Applications of Centre Manifold Theory, Springer This edition, like the first edition did, covers the
(1981) necessary subject territory of reaction engineering
23. Marsden, J .E., and M. McCracken, The Hopf Bifurcation
within its fourteen chapters:
and Its Applications, Springer (1976)
24. Arnold, V.I., Geometrical Methods in the Theory of Ordinary Continued on page 166.
Fall 1993 161
Finally, we recommend the students dust off their
physical chemistry books when we review the back-
ground material at the beginning of the semester.
ON TEACHING TEACHERS
We would be remiss in closing this presentation
without commenting on the special circumstances
that brought Randy Smiley into this educational
partnership. Essentially all chemical engineering lec-
tures are given by faculty at Purdue, but we were
encouraged to try this experiment through a Du
Pont Fellowship granted to Randy. The success of
the experiment is probably best illustrated by his
own words:
I feel fortunate to have had the opportunity to teach a
course during my graduate studies at Purdue. I was amazed at
how markedly my lecture preparation and teaching style
changed as the semester progressed. I became more efficient
in preparing for lectures and much more relaxed in front of
the students, which gave me confidence and made the students
more responsive in class. The classes in which we discussed
journal articles were clearly the most unpredictable and the
most fun to teach. I also enjoyed developing the laboratory
exercises used in the course. The period we spent at the
Electron Microscopy Center gave students a view of the com-
plexities ofthe equipment and sample preparation which would
have been impossible to achieve in a classroom.
Professor Delgass came to class during the first few weeks
of the semester and gave me immediate feedback on my teach-
ing style. In addition, we typically met once a week to discuss
the class progress. Initially, this time was spent discussing
course content, but later in the semester we talked about the
other responsibilities facing a professor, including starting up
a research group and writing proposals. In addition to my
discussions with Prof essor Delgass, I fou nd the book Teach-
ing Engineeringl 61 helpful. It has hints about teaching skills,
and discussions about tests, homework, and grading that are
insightful. Overall, teaching in this supportive environment
was a rewarding experience which I strongly recommend to
any student who has any desire to pursue a career in aca-
demia.
SUMMARYANDCONCLUS~NS
Understanding what tools are available and the
type of information each technique gives is critical
for engineers to be successful problem solvers. This
course gives students the foundation of many char-
acterization tools that will be available to them and
should help bring a molecular point of view to their
problem-solving skills. Exam questions and problem
sets are designed to expose students to the practical
potential of these tools and to hone their ability to
critically evaluate the technical literature. Labora-
tory exercises familiarize students with instrumen-
tation and sample requirements and demonstrate
the principles taught during the lectures. Finally,
166
case studies show students how techniques are ap-
plied directly to problems facing practicing engineers.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank the Du Pont Foundation
for awarding Randy Smiley a 1992-93 Teaching Fel-
lowship. Many thanks also to Dr. D. Sherman and
Professor C.E. Bracker at the Electron Microscopy
Center in the School of Agriculture at Purdue, and
to Dr. Brett Cowans and Robert Adams for their
help with the microscopy NMR and FTIR laboratory
demonstrations.
REFERENCES
1. Park, R.L., in Experimental Methods in Catalytic Research
Ill, edited by R.B. Anderson and P.T. Dawson, Academic
Press, New York (1976)
2. Winograd, N. , W.E. Baitinger, and J .W. Amy, Science, 184,
565 (1974)
3. Hoffman, W.P., Carbon, 30, 315 (1992)
4. Oliver, F.G., E.J. Munson, and James F. Haw, J. Phys.
Chem., 96, 8106 (1992)
5. Delgass, W.N . and E.E. Wolf, in Chemical Reaction and
Reaction Engineering, edited by J.J. Carberry and A. Varma,
Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York (1987)
6. Wankat, P.C., and F.S. Oreovicz, Teaching Engineering,
McGraw-Hill, Inc. , New York (1993) 0
REVIEW: Elements of CRE
Continued from page 161.
• Basic definitions (and the necessary un-definition that rate must
not be defined as dC/dt, despite what students have usually
learned in physical chemistry courses)
• Power-law and Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougan-Watson kinet-
ics
• Design of ideal reactors, both isothermal and nonisothermal
• Using data to obtain rate expressions
• Product selectivity
• Mass transport in reaction engineering, including porous sol-
ids, slurry reactors, and mixing in nonidealflows
Parallel to the technical exposition are difficulty-
ranked problem sets and "Thoughts on Problem Solv-
ing" that are several-page end-segments of twelve
chapters which discuss such formal approaches to
problems as Kepner-Tregoe situation analysis.
The most striking additions woven into this edi-
tion are 1) treatments of chemical vapor deposition,
biotechnology, and polymerization, and 2) emphasis
on using packages for solving differential equations.
The first addition serves the obvious purpose of
introducing these areas into the core curriculum,
but even more subtly it also teaches how these
"emerging technologies" are treatable by the classi-
cal techniques ofreaction engineering. For example,
I find the best way to introduce development of cata-
lytic rate expression for heterogeneous catalysis is to
Chemical Engineering Education
begin with Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetics, which
is done well here. Unlike inorganic catalysis, the
"site" is a tangible, specific, and unambiguous loca-
tion for many enzymes, thanks to experiments and
molecular modeling (e.g. , Science, 253, 872, 1991).
Fogler also treats multiphase reactors more effec-
tively by treating both classical slurry reactors and
aerobic bioreactors where air is bubbled through
aqueous "slurries" of cell mass.
Student use of O.D.E.-solvers in this course is pro-
moted through the book's examples and problems.
POLYMATH (CACHE Corporation) is used in most
cases, but other packages are also used or cited
(Chem. Eng. Ed., 24, 54, 1991). Simple codes for
some computer solutions are still provided, but the
equation solvers allow a quicker transition for the
students to explore solutions and effects of param-
eters. Fogler's approach forces emphasis on concepts
over techniques, in the spirit that to use an equation
solver effectively, you only need to know how it
works-not how to make one. In this text, reaction
engineering is the focus , while analytical or numeri-
cal methods are important tools to be used.
A strong point of the examples and problems is
that real reactants and reactions are generally used.
The types of chemistries involved are not structured
beyond homogeneous versus heterogeneous, but it
isn't (and shouldn't be) the purpose of this book to
organize the suite of chemical engineering chemis-
try. Many students enter chemical engineering be-
cause they like chemistry, and the reaction engi-
neering course is often the one place in the chemical
engineering sequence where they seem to realize the
connection with their chemistry courses. (Paradoxi-
cally, the curriculum is full of non-reaction chemis-
try, too, from chemical thermodynamics to materials
to molecular bases of transport properties. We need
to do a better job of pointing out the balance of
physics and chemistry that go into the chemical en-
gineering profession. )
Some worthwhile material has been omitted to
meet space restrictions, but not always seamlessly.
For example, analysis of trickle-bed reactors was
eliminated, apparently to allow inclusion ofbioreac-
tors as multiphase reactors (certainly a defensible
choice) but, unfortunately, trickle-bed problems are
left unchanged from the first edition, as if the rel-
evant text material was still in place. Other sources
may be easily consulted, though, because references
for trickle-bed analysis and design are retained in
the "Supplementary Reading" section. Other topics
which are mentioned only briefly include fluidized-
bed and transport reactors.
Fall 1993
Of course, not every topic can or should be
included in an undergraduate course on reaction
engineering. Fogler describes an excellent, semes-
ter-long sequence using about 60% of the book. Its
coverage and timeliness make it today's d e facto
standard text for undergraduate kinetics and reac-
tion engineering. 0
•'ei••h-3.__b_o_o_k_,.,_e_v_ie_w______)
HAZOP and HAZAN: Identifying and
Assessing Process Industry Hazards,
3rd Edition
by Trevor Kletz
Published by the Institution of Chemical Engineers, United
Kingdom; distributed in the US and Canada by Hemi-
sphere Publishing Corporation, Bristol, PA; 150 pages,
$49.50 (1992)
Reviewed by
Daniel A. Crowl
Michigan Technological University
This book is a significant improvement over the
last release, a soft-bound edition published in
1986. This issue includes a hard cover (in standard
book size), redrawn and updated figures , new refer-
ences, and new content. It is divided into seven
chapters, with several chapter appendices and sup-
plemental material.
Chapter 1 provides a brief introduction to hazard
identification and assessment, including a discus-
sion of why it is important, how far one must be
prepared to go to eliminate hazards, and when in
the design of a chemical plant these methods should
be applied.
Chapter 2 presents the concept of hazard and op-
erability studies (HAZOP), a hazard identification
procedure which has become increasingly important
to the chemical industry. A detailed example using
the feed section to an olefin dimerization plant is
provided. The chapter also includes discussion on
why HAZOPs are important, who carries out the
HAZOP, and the limitations to HAZOPs. An inter-
esting appendix to the chapter describes nine acci-
dents which could have been prevented by a proper
HAZOP and one accident which most likely could
not have been prevented.
Chapter 3 introduces hazard analysis, which Pro-
fessor Kletz (and perhaps the British) is determined
to call HAZAN, for hazard analysis. As Kletz points
out, the United States prefers the term "quantita-
Continued on page 193.
167