West Bengal State Council of Technical and Vocational Education and Skill

Development (Technical Education Division)

FRONT PAGE

NAME OF THE KIRCHHOFF'S LAW

EXPERIMENT/ASSIGNMENT/PROJECT
INSTITUTE NAME NORTH CALCUTTA POLYTECHNIC

BRANCH NAME Electrical Engineering

SEMESTER II

ROLL DNCPEES2

NUMBER 10014858

REGISTRATION NUMBER D202114720

SEESSIONAL/THEORETICAL SUBJECT Applied Physics-II

NAME
ACADEMIC SESSION 2020-2021

FULL SIGNATURE OF STUDENT Sohan Ahmed

 KIRCHHOFF’S LAW

Introduction:

Kirchhoff's two formulas are very useful for the analysis of

complex electromagnets i.e, for calculating the flow and
potential of different parts of a circuit. These two formulas
are not a new theoretical formula, they are just two simple
rules to apply Ohm's formula correctly in a complex
circuit.
In 1845 Kirchhoff given this laws.
 KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW:
Kirchhoff’s current law states that the total amount of current flowing into a
node or junction in an electric circuit must be equal to the total current
flowing out. It is also known as the junction law.
Explanation:
The direction of incoming currents to a node is taken as positive while the
outgoing currents are taken as negative.

Sum of incoming currents = Sum of outgoing currents

DISCUSSION:
Node Analysis : Any point of connection in an electromotive circuit is
called a fixed point or node. The analysis of the circuit using
Kirchhoff's first law is called Node analysis.
Conservation of Electric Charge: At any point of connection of the
electrical circuit there is no savings in electricity. There is no
creation or destruction of total electricity, i.e. the amount of
electricity is preserved. Thus Kirchhoff's first formula is consistent
with the conservation formula of lightning.

KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW:

In the case of any closed loop of the electrode, the algebraic sum of
the product of each resistor and the corresponding current is equal to
the algebraic sum of the electromotive forces of that loop.
Σir = Σe …………….(1)
EXPLANATION:
Figure is the center of an electrode

A closed loop ACBDA is shown. Subject to this closed loop, the i 1 flow is right-handed but the
i2 flow is left-handed. If the clockwise currents in a closed loop are taken as positive and the
anticlockwise currents as negative, i1 will be positive and i2 negative.
Again, in a closed loop, the electric sources that send the current flow clockwise have their
electric field (in this case e2) positive and those that send the current anti-clockwise have their
electric field (in this case e1) negative, according to the formula in equation
i1r1 - i2r2 = -e1 +e2 ………………..(2)
Using Kirchhoff’s 1st law at point A
i - i1 - i2 =0 or i2 = i - i1
Combining 1 & 2 we get,
i1r1 –(i - i1) r2 = -e1 +e2 or i1 (r1 +r2)= -e1 +e2 +i r2 or i1 = (-e1 +e2 )+ i r2
r1 + r2

Knowing the values of the sums to the right of this equation, it is possible to determine the
value of in and the value of i2 = (i - i1 ).
DISCUSSION:
 Mesh Analysis: A complex circuit made up of many loops side by side
and top to bottom looks like a mesh. The analysis of loops one by one using
Kirchhoff's second law is called Mesh analysis.
 Conservation of Energy: We know that any other energy inside the
electric source is converted into electrical energy and the external energy is
converted into any other energy. The amount of electrical energy generated
in a source to send 1C electric current to a circuit is the electrical current of
the source. Again, the amount of electrical energy expended in the external
circuit when 1 C electric current flows is the potential difference of the
external circuit. According to Kirchhoff’s second laws,
Σir = Σe or Σe=Σv (Potential difference, v=ir)
i.e, the electric current generated in a circuit for a single charge=
Amount of electric current consumed in the circuit
Thus, Kirchhoff’s second law is consistent with the energy conservation law.
CONCLUSION:
In a series circuit, the Kirchhoff’s voltage law is applied and the sum
of all the voltages equals zero. For the parallel circuit, the voltage
remains the same however, the current divides into the branches. In
parallel circuit, Kirchhoff’s current law is applied.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
This is to acknowledge all those without whom this project would
not have been reality. I want to thank my parents and my teachers
who gave me the guidance and my friends.
The matter contained in it has been widely taken from the internet
and theory study and text book