EEE301 CIRCUIT THEORY 3 CREDITS

Lecture 1

Dr. Opeyemi Osanaiye

email:opeyemi.osanaiye@nileuniversity.edu.ng
 Course outline
2

 Review of Kirchhoff’s Law; Steady-state and transient

state analysis;
 Review of Laplace transformations – Direct and inverse
transformation to RL, RC, RLC circuit of 1 and 2 Loop;
 Initial and final value theorems;
 Review of Fourier transformation to circuit analysis;
 Delta-Wye transformation, superposition theorem;
reciprocity;
 Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorem;
 Maximum power transfer theorem;
 Class Structure and Information and Policies
3

 75 % Attendance is compulsory
 Mode of delivery is physical
 The class will be composed of theoretical sessions.
 Assessment will include Mid-term assessment and Final
Exam.
 Mid-term assessment will include a Mid-term exam,
assignment and presentation session, quiz and attendance.
 Textbook: Electrical Circuit Theory and Technology by
John Bird (5th Edition)
 Introduction to Electrical Circuits
4
 An Electric circuit is an interconnection of various elements
in which there is at least one closed path in which current can
flow.
 An Electric circuit is used as a component for any engineering
system.
 The performance of any electrical device or machine is
always studied by drawing its electrical equivalent circuit.
 By simulating an electric circuit, any type of system can be
studied for e.g., mechanical, hydraulic thermal, nuclear, traffic
flow, weather prediction etc.
 The analysis of any system can be learnt by mastering the
techniques of circuit theory.
 Introduction to Electrical Circuits
5

What is a node ?
 A node is a point where two or more circuit elements

meet (i.e. a gaussian's surface).

 A node where only two elements join is called a simple

node.
 A node where three or more elements join is called an

essential node.
 Introduction to Electrical Circuits
6

Elements of an Electric circuit

 Active elements:

 Active elements are the elements of a circuit which possess energy

of their own and can impart it to other element of the circuit; e.g.
Voltage and Current Source.
 A voltage and current source has a specified voltage and current
across its terminals, which is independent of one another.
 Passive Elements:
 The passive elements of an electric circuit do not possess energy
of their own. They receive energy from the sources. The passive
elements are the resistance, the inductance and the capacitance.
 Introduction to Electrical Circuits
7

 When electrical energy is supplied to a circuit element, it

will respond in one and more of the following ways.
 If the energy is consumed, then the circuit element is a pure
resistor.
 If the energy is stored in a magnetic field, the element is a pure
inductor.
 And if the energy is stored in an electric field, the element is a
pure capacitor
Linear and Non-Linear Elements.
 Linear elements show the linear characteristics of voltage

& current. That is, its voltage-current characteristics are at

all-times a straight-line through the origin.
 Introduction to Electrical Circuits
8
 For example, the current passing through a resistor is
proportional to the voltage applied through it and the relation is
expressed as V = IR
 A linear element or network is one which satisfies the principle of
superposition, i.e., the principle of homogeneity and additivity.
 Resistors, inductors and capacitors are the examples of the linear
elements and their properties do not change with a change in the
applied voltage and the circuit current.
 Non linear element’s V-I characteristics do not follow the linear
pattern i.e. the current passing through it does not change linearly
with the linear change in the voltage across it. Examples are the
semiconductor devices such as diode, transistor.
 Kirchhoff’s laws
9

Kirchhoff’s∗ laws state:

 Current Law. At any junction in an electric circuit the

total current flowing towards that junction is equal to the

total current flowing away from the junction, i.e. I =0

 Thus I1 + I2 = I3 + I4 + I5 or
 I 1 + I 2 – I 3 – I 4 – I5 = 0
 Kirchhoff’s laws
10
 Voltage Law. In any closed loop in a network, the algebraic sum
of the voltage drops (i.e. products of current and resistance)
taken around the loop is equal to the resultant e.m.f. acting in
that loop.

 Thus E1 - E2 = IR1 + IR2 + IR3

(Note that if current flows away from the positive terminal of a source, that
source is considered by convention to be positive. Thus moving
anticlockwise around the loop in the Figure above, E1 is positive and E2 is
negative.)
 Kirchhoff’s laws
11
 Problems
(a) Find the unknown currents marked in the Figure (a) below. (b) and Determine
the value of e.m.f. E in Figure (b).

 Applying Kirchhoff’s current law:

For junction B: 50 = 20+ I1 . Hence I1 =30A
For junction C: 20+15= I2 . Hence I2 = 35A
For junction D: I1 = I3+120
i.e. 30=I3+120. Hence I3=−90A
(i.e. in the opposite direction to that shown in Figure (a).)
 Kirchhoff’s laws
12

 For junction E: I4 +I3=15

i.e. I4=15−(−90).
Hence I4=105A
For junction F: 120=I5+40. Hence I5=80A

(b) Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law and moving clockwise

around the loop of Figure(b) starting at point A:
3+6+ E −4 = (I)(2)+(I)(2.5)+(I)(1.5) +(I)(1)
= I (2+2.5+1.5+1)
i.e. 5+E =2(7), since I =2 A
Hence E =14−5=9V
 Kirchhoff’s laws
13
 Example: Use Kirchhoff’s laws to determine the currents flowing in each
branch of the network shown in the figure below

Procedure
 (1) Use Kirchhoff’s current law and label current directions on the original

circuit diagram. The directions chosen are arbitrary, but it is usual, as a

starting point, to assume that current flows from the positive terminals of
the batteries.
 This is shown in the Figure below , where the three branch currents are

expressed in terms of I1 and I2 only, since the current through R is I1+I2

 Kirchhoff’s laws
14

 (2) Divide the circuit into two loops and apply Kirchhoff’s voltage law to
each. From loop 1 of Figure above , and moving in a clockwise direction as
indicated (the direction chosen does not matter), gives
E1 = I1r1 +(I1 + I2)R, i.e. 4 = 2I1 +4(I1 + I2)
i.e. 6I1 +4I2 =4 (1)
 From loop 2 of Figure above, and moving in an anticlockwise direction as
indicated (once again, the choice of direction does not matter; it does not
have to be in the same direction as that chosen for the first loop), gives:
 Kirchhoff’s laws
15

E2 = I2r2 +(I1 + I2)R, i.e. 2 = I2 +4(I1 + I2)

i.e. 4I1 +5I2 =2 (2)
 (3) Solve equations (1) and (2) for I1 and I2
 2×(1) gives: 12I1 +8I2 =8 (3)
 3×(2) gives: 12I1 +15I2 =6 (4)
 (3) – (4) gives: −7I2=2 hence I2 =−2/7
 = −0.286A
 (i.e. I2 is flowing in opposite direction to that shown in Figure above)
 From (1) 6I1+4(−0.286)=4
 6I1=4+1.144
 Kirchhoff’s laws
16
 Current flowing through resistance R is
 I1 + I2 = 0.857+(−0.286) = 0.571 A
 Note that a third loop is possible, as shown in the Figure below, giving
a third equation which can be used as a check:
 E1 − E2 = I1r1 − I2r2
 4−2 = 2I1 − I2
 2 = 2I1 − I2
 Thank you!
17