NEOPLASIA

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CYST & PAPPILOMA
POLYP
• Physicians use the stage and grade of the
cancer, as well as other factors, to help plan
treatment, estimate how the cancer might
respond to treatment and give a prognosis
(the expected outcome or course of a disease)
 Systems that Describe Stage

• There are many staging systems. Some, such as the TNM

staging system, are used for many types of cancer. Others
are specific to a particular type of cancer. Most staging
systems include information about:
• Where the tumor is located in the body
• The cell type (such as, adenocarcinoma or squamous cell
carcinoma)
• The size of the tumor
• Whether the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes
• Whether the cancer has spread to a different part of the
body
• Tumor grade, which refers to how abnormal the cancer
cells look and how likely the tumor is to grow and spread
• Primary tumor (T)
• TX: Main tumor cannot be measured.
• T0: Main tumor cannot be found.
• T1, T2, T3, T4: Refers to the size and/or extent of the main tumor. The higher the
number after the T, the larger the tumor or the more it has grown into nearby
tissues. T's may be further divided to provide more detail, such as T3a and T3b.
• Regional lymph nodes (N)
• NX: Cancer in nearby lymph nodes cannot be measured.
• N0: There is no cancer in nearby lymph nodes.
• N1, N2, N3: Refers to the number and location of lymph nodes that contain cancer.
The higher the number after the N, the more lymph nodes that contain cancer.
• Distant metastasis (M)
• MX: Metastasis cannot be measured.
• M0: Cancer has not spread to other parts of the body.
• M1: Cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
•
The stage of a cancer describes its size and if it has spread from
where it started. This information affects the decisions you and your
doctor make about your treatment. They won’t know the exact
stage of the cancer until after your operation and any scans you
may have had.
TNM staging
The TNM staging system gives the complete stage of the cancer:
T describes the size of the tumour.
N describes whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes and
which nodes are involved. For example, N0 is no lymph nodes
affected. N1 means there are cancer cells in 1–3 of the lymph
nodes.
M describes if the cancer has spread to another part of the body.
For example, M0 means the cancer has not spread (metastasised) to
other parts of the body.
Grading
The grade of a cancer gives an idea of how quickly it might grow.
The grade is decided based on what the cancer cells look like
under a microscope compared with normal cells. Knowing the
grade helps your doctor decide which other treatments you need
after surgery.
Grade 1
The cancer cells look similar to normal cells (are well
differentiated) and usually grow slowly. The cancer cells are less
likely to spread.
Grade 2
The cancer cells look more abnormal and grow slightly faster than
grade 1 cells.
Grade 3
The cancer cells look very different from normal cells (are poorly
differentiated) and may grow faster than grade 1 or 2 cells.
• Grading is a way of classifying cancer cells. The pathologist gives the
cancer a grade based on how different they look from normal cells
(differentiation), how quickly they are growing and dividing, and how likely
they are to spread. (How aggressive is the cancer?)
• Some tumors are described as low grade or high grade. Their grade is
based on their degree of differentiation and their growth rate.
Low-grade cancer cells are usually well differentiated and the tumors are
slower growing.
High-grade cancer cells are usually poorly differentiated or
undifferentiated, and the tumors are faster growing and spread earlier.
Sometimes tumor grade is described with a number between 1 and 4. The
number refers to the degree of differentiation:
The lower the number, the lower the grade.
The higher the number, the higher the grade.
A large tumor may contain cells of different grades.
Tumor grades
• GX – – grade cannot be assessed
G1 – well differentiated – low grade
G2 – moderately differentiated – intermediate
grade
G3 – poorly differentiated – high grade
G4 – undifferentiated – high grade
• Physicians sometimes use the grade of the
cancer to figure out how slowly or quickly the
cancer may be growing.
Video: Cancer Cell
Video: Evasion of Apoptosis
Video: Metastasis
Video: Angiogenesis
SLIDE PATHOLOGY
ADENOCARCINOMA OF COLON
CARCINOMA OF LIVER, PRIMARY
CYSTADENOMA OF OVARY
CYSTIC OVARY
FIBROADENOMA OF MAMMA
GIANT CELL SARCOMA OF MAXILLA
MELANOSARCOMA
SARCOMA OF THIGH
MYOMA OF UTERI
FIBROMYOMA UTERI
SARCOMA OF TESTICLE
CAVERNOUS HEMANGIOMA
METASTATIC CARCINOMA TO THE
LIVER
CARCINOMA CERVICUS UTERI
CARCINOMA OF MAMMA
Video: Fighter