Program: B.Sc.

,Nursing, Semester-IV, 2nd Year

Subject Code: BNSG403, Adult
Health Nursing-II
Unit No. 8
Nursing management of patient with
oncological condition/Types and stage
of cancer

2022-23/Lecture No. 3
Dr. Krishan Kumar Sharma
Assistant Professor, SONS
Types of Cancer:
1.Carcinomas:
1. Arise from epithelial cells lining the surfaces of organs and
tissues.
2. Examples include breast, lung, prostate, and colorectal cancers.
2.Sarcomas:
1. Originate from connective tissues such as bones, muscles, or
blood vessels.
2. Examples include osteosarcoma and leiomyosarcoma.

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3. Lymphomas:
Develop in the lymphatic system, affecting lymph nodes and
lymphoid tissues.
Examples include Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin
lymphoma.
4. Leukemias:
Affect blood and bone marrow, leading to the overproduction of
abnormal white blood cells.
Examples include acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic
lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
5. Central Nervous System (CNS) Cancers:

Occur in the brain or spinal cord.

Examples include glioblastoma multiforme and medulloblastoma.

6. Germ Cell Tumors:

Develop in the cells that give rise to sperm or eggs.

Examples include testicular and ovarian germ cell tumors.

7. Cancers of Unknown Primary (CUP):

Cases where the primary site of the cancer is not identified.

Stages of Cancer:
Cancer staging is a standardized way to describe the extent and spread of the

disease. The TNM system is commonly used:

1.T (Tumor):

1. Describes the size and extent of the primary tumor.

2. Stages range from T0 (no evidence of a primary tumor) to T4 (large

tumor or extensive local invasion).

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2. N (Node):

Indicates the involvement of regional lymph nodes.

Stages range from N0 (no regional lymph node involvement) to

N3 (extensive lymph node involvement).

3. M (Metastasis):

Denotes the presence or absence of distant metastasis.

M0 means no distant metastasis, while M1 indicates distant

spread.
Stage Groups:

The combination of T, N, and M results in stage groupings:

•Stage 0: In situ cancer, where abnormal cells are present but have not

invaded nearby tissues.

•Stage I to III: Increasingly larger and more invasive tumors with or without

lymph node involvement.

•Stage IV: Cancer has spread to distant organs or tissues.