Literature Review

Title Author Yea Universit Journal Materia Abstrac Conclusio

r y l t n
Chloride M. 2017 The Raw Sea
Analysis of Karthikeyan National Sand
Sea Sand 1 Academ
And
for Making y of
• treated
Concrete[1 Sciences
sea sand
] V.
Nagarajan2

Abstract
Physical properties of sand-like sp. Gravity, percentage fineness, and solubility were carried
out. Results show that the Cl level of treated sea sand is below the acceptable level of 0.075%
weight of sand. It assumes that there will be no Cl from CA, mixing water and admixture.
Conclusion
Flushing via rain or artificial washing would easily reduce Cl to an acceptable limit. The
amount of chloride present is determined by the AgNO3 method. AgNO3 reacts with Cl ion to
form AgCl and the completion of the reaction is indicated by the red color produced by the
reaction of AgNO3 with K2CrO4.
AgNO3 + Cl AgCl + NO3
AgNO3 + K2CrO4 AgCrO + 2KNO3

Title Author Yea University Journal Material Abstract Conclusion

r
Study on Fei Long 2016 China Key Sea sand
the SUN a, Building Engineerin
Threshol Shuai Material g Materials
d Value WU, Test &
and Test Quan Certificatio
Methods JIANG, n Group Co.
for and Ltd.,
Chloride Tingting Beijing
Ion Liu 100024,
Content China
in Sea
Sand[2]

Abstract:
Chloride threshold values of various international countries are given. Method of testing of Cl
content of aggregate and concrete is given. The research has great significance for setting
standards about sea sand, determining the rational threshold value of chloride ion content,
and improving the method of testing the content of chloride ions.

Conclusion:
The value for free chloride is determined by the water extraction standards. Most standards
adopt cold-water extraction. However, a polymer film exists on the surface of sea sand due to
the long-term immersion in seawater. This leads to that cold-water extraction is not enough to
dissolve the water-soluble chloride completely. Hot water extraction is in favor of the
dissolution of the water-soluble chloride in sea sand. The ASTM C1218/C1218M-99
specifies a hot water extraction, which heats the mixture to boil for 5min. Nevertheless,
boiling will cause drastic evaporation of solution and cause the instability of measure.
Therefore, it is necessary to establish a new hot water extraction procedure to ensure the
complete dissolution of the water-soluble chloride in sea sand.

Title Autho Yea University Journal Materia Abstrac Conclusion

r r l t
Study on Jing 2016 Ningbo International sea sand
the curing Chena , Preca Forum on concrete
behavior Yi Constructio Energy, ,
of chloride Jiangb n Environment chloride
ion in sea , Jiang Technology and ions,
sand Chenc Co., LTD, Sustainable binding,
concrete[3 Ningbo Developmen Friedel
] 315611, t (IFEESD salt
China 2016)

Abstract:
Study on chloride ion adsorption and combined with the characteristics of sea sand concrete,
through the determination of free chlorine ion content in sea sand concrete. The sea sand
concrete microstructure and Friedel’s salt were characterized by using XRD, SEM, and
TG/DTA. Free Cl ion can cause corrosion of steel even if the concrete is greater than 12 pH.
Conclusion:
1. Water-soluble free chlorine ion concentration and solution temperature in sea sand
concrete are closely related to the extraction. The higher the greater the concentration
of free chlorine ion. When the extraction temperature is 65ºC, the concentration of
free chlorine ion is about two times that of 15ºC.

2. When the extraction temperature was 15ºC, the dissolution rate of free chlorine ion of
fly ash mortar was higher than without any fly ash mortar. Nevertheless, at 65ºC, the
dissolution rate of chloride ion in fly ash mortar is similar to without any fly ash
 mortar. This may be related to the lower temperature of the fly ash mortar in
combination with less chemical curing chlorine ion content, and the adsorption of the
physical cure chlorine ion dissolution rate is higher.

3. The TG/DTA curve does not appear on the F salt endothermic peak, probably because
the amount of F salt formation is too little, the formation of the F salt is not stable.
Therefore, we should combine with X-ray diffraction pattern and SEM map to
determine the existence of F salt by TG/DTA curve.

Title Author Yea University Journal Material Abstrac Conclusio

r t n
An Karthee 202 Koneru Materials Sea sand
experiment k 0 Lakshmaiah Today: (S.S)
al Thunga Education Proceeding
River
investigatio ⇑, Foundation, s 27 (2020)
sand
n on Vaddeswara 1017–1023
T. (R.S)
concrete m, Andhra
Venkat
with Pradesh, Durabilit
Das
replacement India y
of treated
Strength
sea sand as
fine NaCl
aggregat[4] H2SO4

Abstract:
removal of salts and organic matter in sea sand by boiling, water-wash, and chemical
solution. The concrete is affected by several chemicals in chemical industries, so concrete
was cured in 5% NaCl and 3%H2SO4 both solution and compressive strength and split
tensile strength was checked after 7, 14, and 28 days for M25 concrete.
Process of removing chloride content in sea sand:
1. Hypo treatment and washing
In this process some amount of sea sand say 1 kg is weighed and poured into a drum
with 1 L of water, add 8 ml of hypo solution with 0.1 normality, mix evenly entire the
sea sand. And this is mixed for 2 to 3 min. After then, wash with fresh water

2. Soaking process
In this process, some amount of sea sand says 50 kg is weighed and poured into a
drum with some water. And this is soaked for 1 week. During this one week, we must
stir the sand with water. After this one week, the sand is taken from the drum and
dried in an oven.
 3. Boiling process
In this process the soaked sea sand which is dried in an oven is taken, after this
process, sea sand is taken in a vessel with some water and is heated up to when it
reaches a temperature of 100 C [10] Fig. 2. After this entire process, the sea sand is
again dried in an oven and the remaining water is tested for chloride test.
Conclusion:
From the results, it has been seen that 50% of river sand and 50% of treated sea sand had the
best results when cubes are cured in NaCl and the percentage was increased by 2.87%
compared with normal concrete cured in the same chemical.

From the experimental results, it has been seen that 75% of river sand and 25% of treated sea
sand had the best results when cubes are cured in H2SO4 and the percentage was increased
by 24.89% compared with normal concrete cured in the same chemical.

Title Author Yea Universit Journal Material Abstrac Conclusio

r y t n
Dredged J. 201 Polytechni Constructio Dredged
marine sand Limeira 0 c n and marine
in concrete: *, L. University Building sand,
An Agullo, of Materials
Used as
experiment M. Catalonia, 24 (2010)
replaceme
al section Etxeberri Jordi 863–870
nt of fine
of a harbor a Girona, 1-
sand (0-
pavement[5 3, C1
2mm),
] Barcelona
08034, Dredging
Spain
The
volume of
permeable
pores
Mechanica
l properties

Abstract:
The fresh and hardened properties of controlled concrete(C1) are compared with the concrete
with DMS (C2) and concrete with DMS+Plastic fiber (C3). The test results of C2 and C3
approached the results of control concrete (C1).
Chloride and sulfate concentrations shown in DMS samples were lower than the maximum
values allowed by EHE, the Spanish standard of structural concrete (0.05% and 0.8%
respectively)
Test: Volume of the permeable pores, capillary absorption coefficient, Capillary suction
curves

Conclusion:
 Concrete C3 made with DMS in substitution of fine sand (0– 2 mm) and PF
incorporation obtained lower mechanical properties than the control concrete at 28
days of curing. This effect can be attributed to the higher plasticizer content and the
presence of polypropylene fibers

 Concrete C3 made with DMS and PF obtained the highest values of volume of
permeable pores and absorptivity probably due to higher effective water (higher
plasticizer content) and the presence of PF, which increases its porosity matrix.

 Due to the variability of laboratory and work field conditions (temperature, cure,
confinement) the pore system and cement hydration of pavement concrete and test
specimens are different. The compressive strength of pavement cores was higher than
that of test specimens.

 The experimental results show that the fine dredged sediment studied can be
successfully used as a fine aggregate for concrete production. It is an acceptable
material for the construction of a harbor road pavement with concrete of 30 MPa.

Title Author Year University Journal Material Abstract Conclusion

Abstract:
Conclusion:

Title Author Year University Journal Material Abstract Conclusion

Abstract:
Conclusion:
References:
[1] M. Karthikeyan and V. Nagarajan, “Chloride Analysis of Sea Sand for Making
Concrete,” Natl. Acad. Sci. Lett., vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 29–31, 2017, doi: 10.1007/s40009-
016-0493-6.
[2] F. L. Sun, S. Wu, Q. Jiang, and T. Liu, “Study on the threshold value and test methods
for chloride ion content in sea sand,” Key Eng. Mater., vol. 680, pp. 482–485, 2016,
doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.680.482.
[3] G. Zhang, L. Mo, J. Chen, J. Liu, and Z. He, “Research on influence of chloride ion in
sea sand on the performance of concrete,” Appl. Mech. Mater., vol. 174–177, no.
Ifeesd, pp. 444–447, 2012, doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.174-177.444.
[4] K. Thunga and T. V. Das, “Materials Today : Proceedings An experimental
investigation on concrete with replacement of treated sea sand as fine aggregate,”
Mater. Today Proc., vol. 27, pp. 1017–1023, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.356.
[5] J. Limeira, L. Agulló, and M. Etxeberria, “Arenas de dragado marino como nueva
fuente para materiales de construcción Dredged marine sand as a new source for
construction materials,” vol. 62, pp. 7–24, 2012, doi: 10.3989/mc.2011.61710.