Q1- Describe Integrated Logistics Management .

Integrated logistics is a unique business management process that governs the flow of

materials, information and goods from the point of origin to the point of arrival, in which
all management activities are interconnected and interdependent

It is a technique which utilizes various sources and channels to meet the customer
demand in time. First step is to anticipate and forestall the demand the customer.
After that the required resource that will be utilized for fulfilling the need are acquired.
These resources range from human resource to technology, material, IT resources etc.
After that all effort are made to meet the customer demand timely by the active
participation of all the resources.
It utilizes the various operations like transport, logistics, physical distribution, inventory
management etc.

Variables affecting the Evaluation and Growth of Integrated Logistic

Many variables affected the evaluation and growth of integrated logistic.

The first was the growth of the consumer awareness and the marketing concept.
Product line expanded to meet the rising demand for more selections. This product line
expansion put great presser on distribution channels to move more products and keep
cost down, especially in transportation and inventory

A second factor was the introduction of the computer. Computer experts and integrated
logistic manager quickly found a multitude of computer application for logistic. This
application offered still greater efficiency in transportation routing and scheduling,
inventory control, warehouse layout and design, and every aspect of integrated logistic.
In fact computers allowed integrated logistic managed to modal integrated logistic
system and then analyze the effect of proposed change. This application greatly
advance the system’s approach

The third variable leading to the growth of integrated logistics was the world wide
economy in the 1970s and 1980s. Global recession and rising interest rates caused many
firms to refocus attention on reducing cost advantage; many firms were forced to
revaluate overall transportation needs. Also, rising interest rates turned attention to
maintaining minimum inventory levels because of the cost of capital

Globalization of business and the development of world trade blocks are a fourth factor

influencing the growth of integrated logistics. Integrated logistic can provide firms with
a cost advantage. Furthermore, trading blocks in Europe. Southeast Asia, Asia, Africa and
the Americans (European Union, association of Southeast Asian nations and the Asian-
pacific economic cooperation, southern African development community, North
American free trade agreement and now the free trade agreement of the Americas)
require integrated logistics to tie the participating countries into single marketplace.

The final factor affecting integrated logistics is the growth of just-in-time manufacturing
(JIT), supply management, transportation, and electronic data interchange (EDI) in the 1980s and
1990s. As manufacturers adopted total quality management (TQM), JIT, and EDI, integrated
logistics management has come to the forefront. Effective TQM and JIT require optimizing the
inbound and outbound transportation and more efficient inventory management.

Cost reduction

In times of crisis, cutting spending is critical to ensuring competitive advantage, as continued

and high costs will eventually drive the company to close or to live plunged into financial
trouble. In this way, integrated management of material flow and information flow allows a
more comprehensive view of the supply chain. This vision favors, in turn, the coordination of
the processes, aligning them according to the goals and objectives of the company.

Smart, strategic planning based on a broader approach is critical to optimizing time and cost. In
this case, the total gain is visualized and not only the gain relative to one step of the logistic
process.

Evaluating only the gains related to a specific stage ends up generating financial lack of control,
since other steps (with their costs and profits) are disregarded.

Minimizing risks

Another advantage of integrated logistics is minimization of common risks to the processes of

control, handling, storage and distribution of products. Since integrated logistics corresponds to
systemic planning – that is, to the formation of a control and management system – all
operations and information will be properly interconnected.

The integration of the processes allows a more objective and secure coordination, in order to
achieve the purpose it proposes. Fault tracing is much more accurate as well as predicting
errors and risks – and, as you know, the adoption of preventive practices is much more
effective than waiting for errors to occur in order to proceed with corrections.

The risk management provided by the application of integrated logistics is, in short, in three
ways:

 Identification of existing flaws and application of immediate corrective measures;

 predicting the possibility of risks and adopting preventive strategies (reduction of risks
as such);
 visualization of contingencies and development of effective procedures to solve them in
case they happen.

Reducing risk is an important competitive advantage, considering that risks generate losses in
all directions, including: financial, material, productivity, customer.

Logistics is an important element of a successful supply chain that helps increase the sales
and profits of businesses that deal with the production, shipment, warehousing and delivery of
products. Moreover, a reliable logistics service can boost a business' value and help in
maintaining a positive public image. 
Q2-What is consumerism? Describe the rights of sellers and buyers.

Consumerism is the idea that increasing the consumption of goods and services
purchased in the market is always a desirable goal and that a person's wellbeing
and happiness depend fundamentally on obtaining consumer goods and material
possessions. In an economic sense, it is related to the
predominantly Keynesian idea that consumer spending is the key driver of the
economy and that encouraging consumers to spend is a major policy goal. From
this point of view, consumerism is a positive phenomenon that fuels economic
growth.
In economics, consumerism may refer to economic policies that emphasise consumption. In an
abstract sense, it is the consideration that the free choice of consumers should strongly orient the
choice by manufacturers of what is produced and how, and therefore orient the economic
organization of a society (compare producerism, especially in the British sense of the term)

Rights and duties of the buyer and the seller

The buyer has the right to know all the details of the products and to examine
the products. example, the pricing details of a product. 
The buyer has the right to return the goods and also has it delivered to his/her
place.
The buyer has the right to cancel the order or return the goods if it is not up to
the satisfaction.  To sue the seller for the recovery of money.
Duties of the buyer
He/she should check the products thoroughly before buying a product.
He should pay the money fixed for the product.
He/she should return the goods within the stipulated time.
He/she should follow the guidelines given for the product so that it doesn’t get
damaged in any way
Seller’s duty
To inform the buyer about the products in detail and the rules to be followed
so that they are not mishandled.
To allow the buyer to inspect the goods.
To answer the queries raised with regard to the same.
To deliver the goods on time and to replace or take-back the returned goods
without any time delay.
If we see, the buyer’s rights becomes seller’s duty and the seller’s rights will
become buyer’s duty.

Q3-Define a new product. Give example of three products you consider as new.

'New products' can be: products that your business has never made or sold before but have
been taken to market by others. product innovations created and brought to the market for the
first time. They may be completely original products, or existing products that you have
modified and improved.

New product is the result of a creative and unique idea that is able to make
consumers satisfied. In the process of new product development, it should
not be thought that the change will only be on product physically but also
on every aspect of the product. The difference between ideas increases
production of different goods. The different kind of goods can positively
affect the customers’ opinion about a business. 

these are innovative products that create completely new markets. Recent examples include

digital music players, such as Apple's iPod, that have spawned new delivery methods
(downloadable music) and new media (pod casting). Other examples include personal
computers and the internet.

What do we call a never before seen product? An invention. Its first setting is the
lab. Only its inventor knows how to make it work. The average person on the
street is hardly aware of anything about this new product. He needs to be
educated about it. This instantly puts the invention under this category called
new-to-the-world. It needs to be released with a manual so people know how to
benefit from it. When it starts to gain popularity it creates a whole new market of
its own.

There are some advantages and disadvantages to focusing on new-to-the-world

category. Popularity of the new products can boost the reputation of the
company. Additionally, it is possible to protect the designs through patents. In
this way, the company can make sure that the business they are getting from the
products will not be stolen by potential competitors.
Q4-What is sale promotion? Explain the reasons for growth of sales promotion.

The word promotion, originates from the Latin word ‘Promovere.’ The
meaning is “to move forward” or to push forward or to advance an
idea. The aim of production is sales. Sales and promotion are two
different words and Sales Promotion is the combination of these two
words. Sales promotion increases the sales.

Sales promotion methods aim to capture the market and increase the
sales volume. It is an important instrument in marketing to lubricate
the marketing efforts. Now-a-days sales promotion is a necessary tool
to boost sales. Sales promotion becomes a fashion and luxury.

Sales promotion is one among the three pillars of promotional mix.

The other two pillars are personal selling and advertising. Sales
promotion is the connecting link between personal selling and
advertising. Sales promotion is an important and specialized function
of marketing.

According to the American Marketing Association, sales promotion is

“those marketing activities other than personal selling, advertising,
and publicity that stimulate consumer purchasing and dealer
effectiveness such as display shows, expositions, demonstrations and
various non-recurrent selling efforts not in the ordinary routine”.

Sales promotion has grown substantially in recent years.

Several reasons can be cited for this dramatic growth in
sales promotion
i. First, consumers have not only accepted but also prefer sales
promotion as part of their buying decision criteria. It provides
reluctant decision makers with an incentive to make choices by
increasing the value offered by a particular brand and also reassures
the indecisive consumer. That is why today when big bazaar
announces any promo people sweat even in the Air conditioned
showrooms because of huge and at times unmanageable crowd, who
rush to avail these offers.

ii. Second, the increasing tendency of businesses to focus on short-

term results has helped spur growth in sales promotion, which can
provide an immediate boost in sales. Product managers are also using
sales promotion as a tool to differentiate their brand from that of
competitors in the short term. Koutons is a brand, which established
itself in the city of Kolkata though huge promotions (50% + 40%) right
from the beginning.

iii. Third, the emergence of computer technology has enabled

manufacturers to get rapid feedback on the results of promotions.
Redemption rates for coupons or figures on sales volume can be
obtained within days.

iv. Finally, an increase in the size and power of retailers has also
boosted the use of sales promotion. Historically, the manufacturer
held the power in the channel of distribution.
Empirical study has shown that variation in the firm level ratio of
advertising and promotion is the function of market share, market
growth rate and the interaction between the two. And though
replication of the study did not confirm the results of the original
research, this is still considered as one of the possible explanations of
the variations of the levels of advertising and promotional
expenditures for different companies.

Q5-What are the advantages and disadvantages of global marketing?

The internet has made the world a very small place. Anyone from the
comfort of their home computer can start a legitimate global business. This
means the pros and cons of global marketing are something that every
business owner should be thinking about. If you’re just thinking about starting
your own business, then you’ll want to look at these key points as well to see
if there are opportunities for you as well.
Advantages of global marketing:

 You can reach more customers.

It’s a simple practice of supply and demand. If you are able to connect with
customers globally instead of locally, then you are able to reach more people.
As long as you have some level of demand for what you have, global
marketing can allow you to target communities anywhere in the world so that
you can make a sell.
2. It can be the inspiration of new ideas.
When you make a push for global marketing, you’re exposing yourself to new
ideas because you are involved in new cultures. This can inspire innovation
that can take your business to new levels while you’re able to reach out with
your existing portfolio to generate revenues. It really can be a win/win situation
for everyone involved.
 There’s the potential for higher revenues.
If you have a 2% conversion rate and an average sale of $10, then you’ll get
two customers out of every 100 prospects with revenues of $20. If you target
local customers and reach 1,000 people, that’s potential revenues of $200. If
you can target global customers at the level of 1 million people… let’s just say
the revenue math gets a whole lot better, doesn’t it?

5. Believe it or not, global marketing reduces your competition.

It’s all about reputation. Customers want the best possible product with the
best value proposition from the brand with the most expertise. These three
factors will trump local loyalty and transfer the customer to your business.
Now if the local business can match just one of those three factors, your
brand could lose out to local business, so clear communication within your
global marketing strategy is absolutely essential for ongoing success.

Disadvantages of global marketing:

There will always be risk.

The costs of marketing globally are dramatically reduced from what they once
were, but they still exist. There is also a time investment involved with
marketing that keeps getting larger as you target more potential customers.
The risk here is that you can make these time and money investments and
wind up not receiving anything in return.

It can create numerous barriers to entry.

From cultural customs to language differences, there are a number of barriers
to entry that must be addressed when creating a global marketing campaign.
Programs like Google Translate are helping to reduce the number of barriers
which exist, but there will always be obstacles standing in the way, especially
for small-to-medium-sized businesses
 It creates a need for international product delivery.
When a business goes global, then it creates a need for international shipping
structures. Although you can mail virtually anything to anyone in the world
today, there are taxes and tariffs which must be considered. These may apply
to the business or the business customer. There are also customs delays,
payment guarantees, and other processes that can break down and cause a
delay in delivery, canceled orders, and lost revenues.

. There will still be competition in the market.

You might have the best product in the world and be effective with a global
marketing strategy, but eliminating local competition doesn’t mean you’ll
eliminate international competition. You might be competing for a target
market in China with a business down the block from you. By understanding
the markets, you’ll be able to adapt to what the competition is marketing so
that you can remain on-point with your message.

It can be difficult to determine if there is an available market.

Different cultures and local societies have different needs which need to be
met. Although many products perform well globally if they are able to perform
well locally, that isn’t always the case for niche products. As Amber Keefer
mentions on Chron.com: “If you sell Canadian flags, you might not find much
demand in countries outside Canada.

The pros and cons of global marketing show that with the right strategy, just
about any business can extend their brand to any community on the planet.
Carefully consider each key point as the marketing campaign is created,
anticipate evolving conditions that might bring a challenge, and there will be a
great potential for success.