Microsoft Word - OS Sound Recording and Editing L3

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
OCCUPATIONAL STANDARD
SOUND RECORDING AND EDITING
NTQF Level III
Ministry of Education
June 2014
Introduction
Ethiopia has embarked on a process of reforming its TVET-System. Within the policies
and strategies of the Ethiopian Government, technology transformation – by using
international standards and international best practices as the basis, and, adopting,
adapting and verifying them in the Ethiopian context – is a pivotal element. TVET is
given an important role with regard to technology transfer. The new paradigm in the
outcome-based TVET system is the orientation at the current and anticipated future
demand of the economy and the labor market.
The Ethiopia Occupational Standards (EOS) is the core element of the Ethiopian
National TVET-Strategy and an important factor within the context of the National
TVET-Qualification Framework (NTQF). They are national Ethiopian standards, which
define the occupational requirements and expected outcome related to a specific
occupation without taking TVET delivery into account.
This document details the mandatory format, sequencing, wording and layout for the
Ethiopia Occupational Standard which comprised of Units of Competence.
A Unit of Competence describes a distinct work activity. It is documented in a standard
format that comprises:
· Occupational title and NTQF level
· Unit title
· Unit code
· Unit descriptor
· Elements and Performance criteria
· Variables and Range statement
· Evidence guide
Together all the parts of a Unit of Competence guide the assessor in determining
whether the candidate is competent.
The ensuing sections of this EOS document comprise a description of the occupation
with all the key components of a Unit of Competence:
· chart with an overview of all Units of Competence for the respective level including
the Unit Codes and the Unit Titles
· contents of each Unit of Competence (competence standard)
· occupational map providing the technical and Vocational Education and Training
(TVET) providers with information and important requirements to consider when
designing training programs for this standards and for the individual, a career path
Ministry of Education Sound Recording and Editing Version 1

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Copyright Ethiopian Occupational Standard June 2014
UNIT OF COMPETENCE CHART
Occupational Standard: Sound Recording and Editing
Occupational Code: CST BSR
NTQF Level III

CST SRE3 01 0614 CST SRE3 02 0614 CST SRE3 03 0614
Work Effectively in the Set up and Restore Audio Tracks
Screen and Media Disassemble Audio
Industries Equipment

Perform Advanced Record Sound on Perform Manual
Sound Editing Location Soldering/Desoldering-
Electrical/ Electronic
Components

Edit Dialogue Operate Professional Monitor Implementation
Audio Equipment of Work Plan/Activities

Apply Quality Control Lead Workplace Lead Small Teams
Communication
CST SRE3 13 0614 CST SRE3 14 0614

Improve Business Maintain Quality
Practice System and Continuous
Improvement
Processes (Kaizen)

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Occupational Standard: Sound Recording and Editing Level III
Unit Title Work Effectively in the Screen and Media Industries
Unit Code CST SRE3 01 0614
Unit Descriptor This unit describes the performance outcomes, skills and
knowledge required to work in a team environment in the film,
broadcasting and digital media industries.
Elements Performance Criteria
1. Communicate 1.1 Own tasks and responsibilities are discussed and agreed
effectively with in ways that promote good working relationships.
others 1.2 Changes to duties are negotiated in a constructive
manner by taking in to account the importance of
collaboration to the effectiveness and productivity of work
in the industry.
1.3 Information about the results of own work is shared with
others who require the information.
1.4 Others are treated courteously and in ways that
acknowledge their contribution to productions or
projects.
1.5 Particular production or project issues that colleagues
or clients may have and the protocols to use in resolving
them are taken into account.
1.6 Negotiations are made participatory to find workable
solutions to conflicts that have the potential to reduce
personal and team productivity.
1.7 Workplace documentation is completed as required.
2. Take responsibility 2.1 Enterprise-specific or other training is completed as
for own personal appropriate.
development 2.2 Opportunities are identified for ongoing professional
development and appropriate action is taken in
consultation with relevant personnel.
2.3 Currency of own industry knowledge is maintained
through a variety of sources and information is applied in
day-to-day work activities to enhance quality of work
performance.
2.4 Constructive feedback on own performance is responded
positively and action is taken to improve as required.
3. Perform own job 3.1 Values of the organization are applied to job role.
role effectively 3.2 Organizational work procedures, protocols and other
guidelines are followed.
3.3 Relevant legislative and regulatory requirements are

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complied.
3.4 Relevant industry codes of practice and guidelines are
complied.
3.5 All works are undertaken with due regard to OHS
requirements and procedures.
4. Participate in 4.1 Ideas about improving work practices and productivity
quality are contributed in appropriate forums.
improvement 4.2 Feedback initiatives aimed at improving work practices
activities are provided.
Variable Range
Productions or May Include:
projects · commercials
· feature films
· film and sound archival projects
· live or pre-recorded radio and television productions, e.g.:
Ø music
Ø drama
Ø documentaries
Ø comedy
Ø variety
Ø sport programs
Ø news
Ø current affairs
Ø game and quiz shows
Ø outside broadcasts
Ø live events and performances
Ø talkback
Ø music videos
· online:
Ø discussion forums
Ø audio streaming
Ø video streaming
Ø short films
Production or project May Include:
issues · availability of personnel
· availability of resources
· available budget
· end user
· production schedule
· production values
· requirement that programs go to air on time
· target audience
· technical parameters and requirements
· timelines
Protocols May Include:

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· enterprise procedures for complying with privacy
regulations
· observing protocols of companies or organizations
appearing in productions
· taking appropriate account of cultural and religious
practices when recording or filming material for broadcast
Documentation May Include:
· booking sheets and confirmations
· budget reports
· call sheets
· cast information
· contact lists
· copyright clearances
· cue sheets
· diary entries
· documentation on scripts and ancillary information, such
as:
Ø shot descriptions
Ø shot numbers
Ø camera numbers
Ø cue information
Ø lighting cues
Ø videotape track information
Ø effect information
Ø durations
Ø timings
Ø fault reports
Ø file notes
· general in-house correspondence, such as:
Ø memos
Ø notes
Ø email
Ø hazard reports
Ø records of meetings
Ø running sheets
Ø schedules
Ø timesheets
Training May Include:
· on-the-job, e.g.:
Ø features of and procedures for using specified
equipment and facilities
Ø administrative procedures and protocols
Ø workplace health, safety and security procedures
Ø equipment maintenance procedures
Ø features and functions of specified broadcast facilities,
equipment and network systems
Ø overview of the technology infrastructure supporting a
broadcast network
Ø overview of international, national and regional
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operations
Ø staffing structure and chain of reporting
Ø regulations that apply to specific enterprises
· off-the-job, e.g.:
Ø short courses
Ø skill sets
Ø national Vocational Education and Training (TVET)
qualifications
Ø state-accredited qualifications
Relevant personnel May Include:
· broadcasters
· editorial staff
· legal advisers
· program managers
· sound personnel
· special effects staff
· switchboard operators
· technical directors
· technical staff, e.g. maintenance
· Script writers
Industry knowledge May Include:
· impact of new technologies on the screen and media
industries
· role and profile of different sectors in the screen and
media industries
· role of regulators and government
· structure and operation of the broadcasting industry in
Ethiopia and internationally
· technical standards
Sources May Include:
· discussions with current industry practitioners, colleagues
and community groups
· electronic and print media (e.g. news, reviews and articles,
technical publications)
· employee and industry association representatives
· events (e.g. industry functions, conferences, trade fairs,
community activities, expositions, exhibitions, festivals and
social events)
· government bodies and associated publications
· induction kits
· internet
· libraries
· peak copyright organizations
· personal observations and experience
· policy and procedures manuals
· reference books, industry information sheets, magazines
and journals
· retail and wholesale suppliers of products and services
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· training programs, seminars, conferences, symposiums,
workshops, master classes and other professional
development opportunities
· unions and union publications (newsletters, magazines,
bulletins and letters) and other sources of industrial
relations information
Values of the May Include:
organization · explicit values described in organizational documents
· implicit, undocumented organizational cultural values
Legislative and May Include:
regulatory · current, relevant legislation, regulations, codes of practice
requirements (federal and state) and policy relating to:
Ø OHS
Ø privacy and confidentiality
Ø environmental issues
Ø anti-discrimination and equal employment opportunity
Ø business compliance
Ø workplace and industrial relations
Ø quality assurance
Ø copyright
Ø defamation
Ø racial vilification
Ø obscenity
Ø contempt of court
Ø privacy
Codes of practice and May Include:
guidelines · ABC codes of practice
· Ethiopian content standards
· broadcasting services in relation to:
Ø commercial radio compliance program
Ø commercial radio advertising
Ø commercial radio current affairs disclosure
Ø children's television standards
Ø commercial radio codes of practice and guidelines
Ø commercial television industry codes of practice
Ø community broadcasting codes of practice
· guidelines for films and computer games
· open narrowcast radio codes
· SBS codes of practice
· subscription narrowcast radio codes
· subscription television code of practice
Forums May Include:
· enterprise-specific surveys and questionnaires
· online discussion forums
· performance appraisal processes
· planning days
· production briefing and debriefing sessions
· staff meetings

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Evidence Guide
Critical Aspects of Must demonstrate knowledge and skills to:
Competence · perform work tasks according to organizational
requirements and values
· comply with requirements of relevant legislation and
regulations
· source and apply information about industry issues and
developments
· collaborative approach to work
· effective communication skills in a team environment
Underpinning Demonstrate the Knowledge of :
Knowledge and · roles and responsibilities of personnel in the relevant
Attitudes sector of the screen and media industries
· industry terminology
· basic understanding of common law and broadcasting
codes of practice sufficient to identify issues that could
lead to legal action
· Sustainable work practices for individuals and
organizations in screen and media
· OHS standards as they apply to working in the relevant
sector of the screen and media industries
Underpinning Skills Demonstrate the skills of:
· communication and teamwork skills sufficient to:
Ø clarify work requirements
Ø work as a member of a production team - both
independently on assignment and under direction
Ø use information networks to keep abreast of industry
developments relevant to own job role
Ø put forward ideas clearly and constructively when
discussing or seeking changes to work arrangements
Ø maintain good relationships, even when disagreeing
with others
Ø initiative and enterprise in the context of being flexible
in response to unexpected changes in work schedules
Ø problem-solving skills sufficient to distinguish between
issues that can be resolved within the parameters of
delegated work role authority, and those that must be
passed on to higher level officers
· self-management skills sufficient to:
Ø prioritize work tasks
Ø balance the need for personal efficiency with the needs
of others and production requirements
Ø work within deadlines
Ø make decisions within level of own responsibility
Ø seek expert assistance when problems arise
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Ø literacy skills sufficient to read and understand industry
information and terminology
· technical skills sufficient to:
Ø access and download information from the internet
Ø use a computer and other office equipment for the
purposes of work role
Resources Implication Access is required to real or appropriately simulated
situations, including work areas, materials and equipment,
and to information on workplace practices and OHS practices.
Assessment Methods Competency may be assessed through:
· Interview / Written Test / Oral Questioning
· Observation / Demonstration
Context of Competency may be assessed in the work place or in a
Assessment simulated work place setting.

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Unit Title Set up and Disassemble Audio Equipment
knowledge required to install and disassemble sound
equipment in a range of facilities.
1. Prepare for 1.1 Sound equipment requirements are confirmed by

installation of audio referring to production documentation as required in
equipment consultation with relevant personnel.
1.2 The acoustic properties of installation area are
assessed together with relevant personnel to ensure that
equipment and accessories are appropriate.
1.3 Power requirements are calculated and power locations
and patching requirements are identified.
1.4 Special requirements are communicated to relevant
personnel so that they can be organised in a timely
fashion.
2. Set up equipment 2.1 Cabling is safely and neatly secured and labelled so that
it is clear of moving elements.
2.2 Power distribution is set up.
2.3 Microphones, mountings, microphone accessories
and cabling are positioned.
2.4 Lapel microphones that fitted to personnel meet
technical performance standards are ensured, as
required.
2.5 Phantom power is provided at microphone inputs as
required.
2.6 All installation works are performed with due regard to
mechanical and electrical safety considerations.
2.7 Effects rack is connected to mixer as required.
3. Align audio 3.1 Interfaces between source and destination are matched
equipment according to level, impedance, phase and frequency.
3.2 Test signals are routed to the correct signal path.
3.3 The level of test signal that is corrected for production
requirements is checked.
3.4 Systems are checked for potential feedback frequency
problems and adjustments are made as required

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4. Test audio 3.5 All microphone lines are checked for continuity and
equipment patching.
3.6 Microphones are tested to ensure that they are functioning
correctly to produce the required sound.
3.7 Microphones are fitted to relevant personnel to perform
sound cues as required.
3.8 Sound system is patched, tested and tuned to suit facility.
3.9 Sound check and document adjustments are conducted
according to organisational procedures.
3.10 Relevant personnel are informed of problems that arise
during testing so that they can be rectified in a timely
fashion.
5. Disassemble audio 4.1 Equipment is disassembled safely by giving due
equipment consideration to other production requirements.
4.2 All equipment and accessories are packed and stored
according to safety regulations and production
requirements.
4.3 Hired equipment is checked against inventory before
packing and lost or damaged equipment are reported to
the appropriate personnel.
4.4 Sound equipment is packed for transit as required.
4.5 Work environment is cleaned and restored to previous
condition after use.
4.6 Feedback on own work performance is sought from
relevant personnel and areas are noted for improvement.
Variable Range
Sound equipment May include:
· amplifiers
· sound reinforcement systems, including:
Ø front-of-house
Ø stage fold back
· limiters
· compressors
· effects rack
· turntables
· analogue to digital converters
· cables
· Compact Disc (CD) and Digital Versatile Disc (DVD)
players and burners
· computer technology and associated software
· digital and analogue recording devices:
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Ø hard disk recorder, e.g. Digital Audio Workstation
(DAW)
Ø digital audiotape recorder, e.g. S-DAT and R-DAT
Ø digital videotape recorder (DVTR)
Ø mini disc recorder (MD)
Ø Modular Digital Multi-track recorder (MDM)
Ø open-reel analogue audiotape recorder
· digital audio players, such as:
Ø iPod
Ø MP3
· headphones
· microphones and accessories
· mixing consoles and desks
· monitors and speakers
· signal processors and plug-ins
· sequencers and samplers
· musical instruments
Productions May include:
· live music or theatre performance
· commercial
· print advertisement
· corporate video
· feature film and/or video
· filmed event and/or performance
· interactive media product
· internet production
· electronic game production
· music recording and/or video
· promotional trailer
· radio broadcast
· television program
· voice-over
Documentation May include:
· house plans
· sound plans
· line diagrams
· installation schedules
· artistic requirements
· scripts
· musical scores
· dubbing sheets
· technical/equipment manuals
· enterprise operating procedures and standards
· stage plans
· sound plots
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· design, director's and sound specifications
· production and venue requirements
· production schedules
· OHS requirements and instructions
· manufacturer specifications
· performers' requirements
· fault report sheets
Relevant personnel May include:
· artists, musicians and performers
· audio and sound engineers
· audio and sound technicians
· broadcasters
· clients
· directors
· producers
· photographers
· post-production personnel
· program managers
· stage managers
· sound designers and editors
· sound effects personnel
· video and sound recorders
Installation area May include:
· stage
· venues
· auditorium
· hotels
· clubs
· front of house
Positioning Includes taking account of factors, such as:
microphones · ensuring that safety procedures are followed
· organisational requirements
· production requirements
· ensuring optimum sound quality
· ensuring that cabling is mechanically sound and does not
transmit vibration to microphones
Microphones May include:
· boundary (PZM)
· capacitor/condenser, such as:
Ø electret
Ø lavalier
Ø mini microphone
Ø transistor
Ø tube

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· contact
· digital
· directional, such as:
Ø single entry port
Ø multiple entry port
Ø multi/poly-directional
· dual-element
· dynamic, such as:
Ø moving coil
Ø ribbon
· headset
· lapel
· low and/or high impedance
· microphone systems, such as:
Ø adaptive array
Ø binaural
Ø high definition
Ø parabolic
Ø surround sound
Ø wireless
Ø cordless
Ø FM
Ø radio transmitter
· noise cancelling
· shotgun
Microphone May include:
accessories · boom poles, including:
Ø aluminium
Ø carbon fibre
Ø fisher
Ø hand-held
Ø perambulator
Ø remote panner
Ø tripod
· cables, including:
Ø balanced
Ø unbalanced
· clips
· connectors, including:
Ø female
Ø male
Ø XLR
· housing
· pop filters
· shock mounts

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· stands, including:
Ø desk
Ø floor
Ø gooseneck
· windscreens
Technical May include:
performance · ensuring that safety procedures are followed
standards · positioning and connecting aerial optimised pick-up
· choosing a transmitter frequency that minimises
interference with nearby channels in the frequency band
· ensuring that transmitters have appropriate sensitivity
· rigging microphone within relevant constraints
· ensuring that connection of aerial and related cabling is
secure
· ensuring that transmitter-receiver location is unobtrusive
and comfortable for relevant personnel
· ensuring that transmitter-receiver location produces
optimum output
· ensuring that interaction with relevant personnel is
discreet, tactful and causes minimum disruption
· ensuring that items that may negatively affect transmission
are not present on relevant personnel
Mechanical safety May include:
considerations · observing OHS requirements when installing and checking
equipment
· checking that the position of microphones, mountings and
other recording equipment is safe
· using safety chains
· laying cabling to avoid potential mechanical danger and to
ensure safety
Electrical safety Must include:
considerations · following OHS procedures when setting up and checking
electrical equipment
· checking that mains or generator supply is sufficient for
maximum load requirements
· ensuring that cables used are correctly rated, including
three-phase cable to dimmers
· laying cabling so that it does not obstruct the free
movement of other equipment or endanger personnel
· ensuring that maintenance of cabling and connectors
meets OHS requirements
· ensuring that all components of sound equipment are
connected to the correct voltage supply
· ensuring that distribution of electrical loading is within
working limits
· ensuring that all electrical fittings are tested and tagged in

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accordance with safety regulations
Production May include:
requirements · purpose and style of production
· sound specifications
· venue or location requirements
· production schedule
· organisational policies and procedures
· legislative and/or organisational OHS requirements
· manufacturer specifications
· performers' requirements
· resource constraints
· length of the run of the production
· attributions
· audience
· budget
· confidentiality
· content
· contractual arrangements
· copyright
· deadlines
· direct quotes
· intellectual property
· interviews
Sound cues May be required for:
· audience PA
· effects
· fold back to stage
Packing sound May involve:
equipment · ensuring that containers are suitable for the storage and
carriage of the equipment in a safe and secure manner
· ensuring that packing of hazardous items complies with
current regulations
· labelling containers accurately and clearly
· checking containers for durability
· ensuring documentation for packed equipment is accurate
and legible
· adhering to strict forward production timelines
Work environment May include:
· dubbing suite
· on location, including interior and exterior
· outside broadcast
· post-production studio
· recording studio
· sound stage

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Evidence Guide
Critical Aspects of Must confirm appropriate knowledge and skills to:
Competence · install and disassemble audio equipment on at least three
occasions
· interpret sound plans
· test equipment in line with production requirements
· work cooperatively in a team environment
· apply OHS procedures, particularly in relation to working with
electrical equipment and safe manual handling
Underpinning Demonstrate knowledge of:
Knowledge and · basic audio principles and practice, including:
Attitudes Ø range of microphones and contexts in which they are
used
Ø microphone characteristics, e.g. frequency response,
sensitivity and polar patterns
Ø effect of microphone placement on quality of sound
Ø characteristics of sound in a range of environments
signal-to-noise ratio, signal phase and audio
level/headroom control
Ø audible defects in analogue and digital technologies
Ø features of mixers, amplifiers, speakers and effects racks
· basic principles of acoustics, including:
Ø frequency
Ø pitch
Ø amplitude
Ø loudness
Ø velocity
Ø wavelength
Ø acoustical phase
Ø timbre
Ø sound envelope
· basic understanding of psychoacoustic principles, including:
Ø spatial hearing
Ø direct sound
Ø early sound
Ø reverberant sound
Ø room design
· techniques for installing, aligning and testing audio
equipment, including:
Ø understanding electrical power (e.g. voltage, distribution,
phasing, load and circuit breaking)
Ø knowledge of a range of sound equipment and associated
operating principles (e.g. level, impedance, phase and
frequency)
Ø testing and tagging all electrical fittings in accordance with
safety regulations
· issues and challenges that typically arise in the context of

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setting up and disassembling audio equipment
· OHS requirements, including:
Ø licensing requirements for persons performing high risk
work and entering building sites
Ø safe manual-handling techniques
Ø working safely with electricity and hazardous substances
· principles of safe listening, such as safeguards against
hearing loss
Underpinning Sills Demonstrate skills of:
· communication, literacy and teamwork skills sufficient to:
Ø interpret and clarify written and verbal instructions
Ø make verbal fault reports to appropriate personnel
Ø interpret block diagrams of equipment and system set-ups
Ø read and interpret sound documentation
Ø read manufacturing specifications and installation
manuals
Ø work effectively in a team environment
· initiative and enterprise skills in the context of applying
critical-listening and aural-discrimination skills when setting
up audio equipment
· numeracy skills sufficient to calculate duration and capacity
of recording media
Ø set up and disassemble audio equipment for playback,
mixing and recording in line with manufacturer's manuals
and OHS specifications
Ø run and patch cables neatly and safely
Ø test sound equipment in line with industry standards
· planning and self-management skills sufficient to:
Ø prioritise work tasks
Ø meet deadlines
· problem-solving skills sufficient to identify typical faults that
may occur in audio-production environments
Resource Access is required to real or appropriately simulated situations,
Implications including work areas, materials and equipment, and to
information on workplace practices and OHS practices.
Methods of Competence may be assessed through:
Assessment · Interview / Written Test
· Observation / Demonstration with Oral Questioning
Context Competence may be assessed in the workplace or in a
Assessment simulated workplace setting.

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Unit Title Restore Audio Tracks
knowledge required to perform restoration work on recorded
sound and sound tracks.
1. Clarify scope of 1.1 Restoration requirements are confirmed in consultation with

restoration relevant personnel.
project 1.2 Documentation relevant to the project that is available is
ensured.
1.3 Source materials are not supplied and liaised with relevant
personnel to locate the most original, best quality recording
to be restored.
1.4 All recordings to be restored are evaluated for auditioning
purposes and technical selection as required.
2. Prepare source 2.1 Source material is physically repaired and cleaned, if
material for required in preparation for playback, and recording taking
digital transfer great care not to damage the source material.
2.2 The most appropriate playback and recording machine is
selected by taking into account the fragility of source material
and the ability of the playback machine to provide the most
authentic playback.
2.3 Playback paths and recording settings are set up to ensure a
flat, transparent, and where possible uncompressed file.
2.4 Audio levels are set in line with technical parameters.
3. Make digital 3.1 Source material is recorded to define quality standards.
recording of 3.2 The recording and document or mark sections that display
source material recorded artefacts or damage are monitored.
3.3 Source is recorded from more than one as required.
4. Apply 4.1 The most appropriate restoration equipment and tools are
restoration selected for the job.
techniques to 4.2 Restoration is commenced by applying manual restoration
audio tracks techniques to the most audible artefacts first, then moving
onto less noticeable faults.
4.3 Following manual restoration and automated restoration
processes are applied as required.
4.4 Feedback on work in progress is sought from relevant

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personnel and adjustments are made.
5. Make a copy of 5.1 Appropriate processes are applied to play-out and the end
restored audio use is taken into account when creating required delivery
tracks format.
5.2 The required format is delivered to relevant personnel in line
with project requirements.
5.3 Required documentation is completed in line with enterprise
procedures.
Variable Range
Requirements May include:
· artistic
· technical, e.g. final format for master
· budget
· production schedules
· organisational policies and procedures
· resources
· OHS requirements
· audience
· confidentiality
· content
· copyright
· duration
· purpose
· style
Relevant May include:
personnel · client
· production designer
· post-production manager
· production manager
· preservation supervisor
· supervisor
· head of department
· director of photography
· artist
· director
· producer
· technical director
· other technical staff
· other specialist staff
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· designer
· animation production personnel
· sound recordist
· sound editor
· sound-editing personnel
· pre-mix scripts
· mixing sheets
· track sheets
· de-noising documents
· cue sheets
· Edit Decision Lists (EDL)
· dubbing sheets
· queries
· notes
· manuals
· databases
· fault reports
Source materials May include:
· film and television soundtracks, including:
Ø music
Ø dialogue
Ø sound effects
· oral histories
· location recordings
· optical soundtracks
· analogue audio recordings in different formats, such as:
Ø tape, e.g. open reel and cassette
Ø wire recording
Ø cylinder
Ø vinyl disc
Ø lacquer disc
Ø film mag
· digital recordings in different formats, such as:
Ø digital audiotape
Ø CD
Repairing and May involve
cleaning source · replacing dry or sticky film splices
material · attaching leader to film
· removing adhesive left behind by sticky splices
· repairing broken or damaged perforations on film
· sonic cleaning film
· manually cleaning film

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· baking magnetic oxide tape
· using hot-pen on audiotape
· scraping to remove oxide or other matter from oxide tape
· manually cleaning oxide tape
· removing mould by vacuum or alcohol swab
· re-housing tapes if cassette damaged
· cleaning discs
· cleaning vinyl discs
· cleaning and repairing cylinders
· affixing lacquer fragments that are loose or separated from
backing disc to lacquer discs
· correcting warp in vinyl discs
· detangling wire recordings
· joining broken wire recordings
Artefacts May include:
· white noise
· hiss
· clicks
· pops
· crackle
· sibilance
· hum
Recording from May be required if:
more than one · sections are missing from the original version
source · sections are heavily damaged
· corresponding sections are available from another source and
can be edited during the restoration process
Equipment and May include:
tools · noise reduction systems
· mono, stereo or multi-channel systems
· time code equipment
· format encoders and decoders
· audio editing systems
· sound mixing desks
· multi-track equipment
· software packages
· hard drives
· analogue and digital playback equipment
· restoration tools
Manual restoration May include:
techniques · editing out artefacts
· editing in missing sections from another source
· waveform restoration
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Automated May include:
restoration · high and low pass filters
processes · de-noise
· de-click
· de-scratch
· de-crackle
· de-hiss
· repair filter
· pitch correction
· noise reduction
Appropriate May include:
processes · expander
· limiter
· compressor
· compander
· playback curve
Formats May include:
· digital file:
Ø AIF (AIFF)
Ø WAV
Ø Broadcast WAV Format (BWF)
Ø WMA
Ø OGG
Ø Advanced Audio Coding (AAC)
Ø Real Audio
Ø QuickTime
Ø MP3
· digital storage:
Ø CD
Ø DVD
Ø USB
Ø hard drive
Ø Linear Tape-Open (LTO)
· analogue:
Ø film
Evidence Guide
Critical Aspects of Must confirm appropriate knowledge and skills to:
Competence · distinguish between the original sound and unwanted
artefacts
· use appropriate equipment to restore soundtracks to as close
to the original recording within guidelines and available
resources

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· apply correct post-production processes prescribed for the
designated outcome when making a copy of the restored
soundtrack
· meet production deadlines
Underpinning Demonstrate knowledge of:
Knowledge and · acoustic principles related to noise and distortion on audio
Attitudes tracks
· aesthetics of sound production
· operation of current and obsolete audiovisual equipment
· appropriate handling and storage of fragile and archival
material
· preservation methods for preparation of source materials
· restoration principles, tools and technique to apply to different
artefacts
· techniques and principles for removing or masking audio
artefacts, including:
Ø features and operating characteristics of restoration tools
Ø compatibility with mono, stereo or multi-channel systems
Ø use of time code equipment
· principles of media archiving
· issues and challenges that arise in the context of working with
soundtracks
OHS principles of safe listening, including safeguards against
hearing loss
Underpinning Demonstrate skills of:
Skills · communication, teamwork and literacy skills sufficient to:
· interpret and clarify written and verbal instructions
· complete workplace documentation
· read and interpret technical manuals
· respond positively to constructive feedback on own
performance
· critical-listening and aural-discrimination skills in the context of
restoring audio tracks
Ø use specialised equipment to perform audio restoration
work
Ø operate other studio equipment for playback and recording
· planning and self-management skills sufficient to:
Ø meet deadlines
· problem-solving skills sufficient to identify typical faults that
may occur in audio-production environments

Page 24 of 88
Context of Competence may be assessed in the work place or in a

Page 25 of 88
Unit Title Perform Advanced Sound Editing
knowledge required to perform advanced sound editing. This
involves assessing the quality of original recorded sound against
production requirements, determining the scope of the sound-
editing project, preparing source materials for sound editing,
editing sound in line with production requirements, and applying
sound effects to enhance the final product.
1.Prepare for 1.1. Pre-production meetings are made participatory in with

sound editing relevant personnel to discuss production requirements
and procedures
1.2. Check that necessary copyright releases have been
organised
1.3. The impact of different release sound formats is considered
when planning editing work
1.4. Sound equipment is checked to ensure it is operational and
appropriate for the task
1.5. A team work plan is prepared as required and brief relevant
personnel accordingly
1.6. Original sound sources are obtained and their quality is
assessed against production requirements
1.7. Any documentation in the receipt and preparation of original
recordings and copies is checked for productions
1.8. Where sound sources do not meet quality and production
requirements are advised and options proposed to resolve
issues as required
1.9. Problems that may arise during the editing process and plan
are anticipated accordingly
2. Edit complex 2.1. The format of all sound sources is checked by ensuring it is
sound compatible with editing software, equipment and media
sequences output
2.2. Sound sources are critically listened to determine the extent
and range of required edits
2.3. Editing software and equipment are manipulated to produce
required outcomes and to resolve identified problems

Page 26 of 88
2.4. Work is done sensitively and constructively with relevant
personnel to achieve best production outcomes
3.Create overall 3.1. The purpose is determined for which sound is being used in
sound context productions
3.2 Appropriate sound effects or elements are identified,
selected and/or produced
3.3. Knowledge and understanding of sonic lexicon are applied
to enhance final creative outcomes
3.3. Sound effects and elements on spotting sheets are noted
3.4. Sound effects and elements are incorporated to meet
creative requirements
4. Finalise editing 4.1Spotting sessions are made participatory with relevant
operations personnel and adjustments made to mix as required
4.2Final files are ensured in the correct format
4.3The quality check of the final sound mix is managed in line with
enterprise procedures and production requirements
4.4Edited audio files are archived and associated documentation
is completed according to enterprise procedures
4.5Ensure that work environment is left clean and ready for the
next user
4.6Sound effects libraries are organised and maintained in
collaboration with support personnel for future productions
4.7Feedback is provided to other team members as required
4.8Own performance is evaluated against technical and creative
criteria and areas are noted for improvement
Variable Range
Relevant May include:
personnel · performer
· composer
· sound supervisor
· supervising sound editor
· preservation supervisor
· archivist
· effects editor
· effects mixer
· sound mixer
· recordist
· re-recording mixer
· audio assistant

Page 27 of 88
· audio and sound engineer
· director
· producer
· post-production picture editor
· post-production manager
· program manager
· sound designer.
Production May include:
requirements and · creative
procedures · technical
· file formats
· agreement on file naming structures
· work flow after capture
· prerelease screenings to check quality of sound mix
· technical checks
· spotting sessions
· attributions
· audience
· budget
· confidentiality
· content
· copyright
· deadlines
· direct quotes
· duration
· interviews
· location
· purpose
· schedule
· style.
Release sound May include:
formats · IMAX multichannel system
· surround sound:
Ø cinema
Ø television
· track Dolby stereo
· track stereo
· internet
· games
· radio.
Equipment May include:
· Digital Audio Workstation (DAW) with software, such as:
Ø Pro Tools
Ø Nuendo
Page 28 of 88
Ø Pyramix
Ø Fairlight
Ø Sound Forge
Ø Adobe Audition
Ø Final Cut Pro
Ø Avid
Ø EDL software
· mixing consoles
· outboard gear, such as:
Ø re-verb unit
Ø sub-base harmoniser
Ø de-esser
Ø compressor.
Sound sources May include:
· dialogues and voice-overs
· special effects
· music
· walla
· ambient sound
· atmospheric sound
· foley.
· pre-mix scripts
· mixing sheets
· track sheets
· de-noising documents
· cue sheets
· dubbing sheets
· queries
· notes
· manuals.
Productions May include:
· commercial
· print advertisement
· corporate video
· feature film and/or video
· filmed event and/or performance
· interactive media product
· internet production
· electronic game production
· music recording and/or video
· promotional trailer
· radio broadcast
· short film and/or video
· television program
· training film and/or video

Page 29 of 88
· oral histories
· voice-over.
Format May include:
· audio/sound, such as:
Ø DAT
Ø AIF (AIFF)
Ø WAV
Ø Broadcast WAV Format (BWF)
Ø WMA
Ø MIDI
Ø OGG
Ø Advanced Audio Coding (AAC)
Ø Apple Lossless
Ø magnetic tape
Ø Real Audio
Ø QuickTime
Ø MP3
· computerised data.
Media May include:
· radio
· video
· CD
· DVD
· DAT
· computer hard drive
· internet
· mobile device
· film.
Manipulating May include:
editing software · adjusting and normalising audio levels
· inserting:
Ø transitions
Ø sound effects
Ø music
Ø voice-overs
Ø overlays
· manipulating audio clips, such as:
Ø cutting
Ø pasting
Ø copying
Ø moving
Ø splitting.
Purpose May include:
· defining a space
· focusing an attention
· establishing a locale
· creating an environment
Page 30 of 88
· emphasising an action
· intensifying an action
· depicting an identity
· setting a pace
· providing a counterpoint
· creating a humour
· symbolising a meaning
· creating a metaphor
· unifying a transition
· creating silence.
Producing sound May involve:
effects · creating and synchronising effects in a post-production studio
· recording during shooting
· collecting in the field
· generating effects electronically.
Sonic lexicon May refer to genres, such as:
· silent film
· natural history
· drama productions
· animation
· comedy
· horror.
Work environment May include:
· dubbing theatre
· on location, including interior and exterior
· outside broadcast
· post-production studio
· recording studio
· sound stage
· cultural institution
· archive.
Evidence Guide
Critical Aspects of Must demonstrate knowledge and skills to:
Competence · use all features of a range of current industry sound-editing
software and equipment
· make critical editing decisions that enhance the quality and
impact of the final sound
· incorporate a range of sound effects into the final mix
work cooperatively in a team environment
· meet deadlines.
Underpinning Must demonstrate knowledge of:
Knowledge and · principles of sonic storytelling, e.g. using sound (or silence) to:
Attitudes Ø focus attention
Ø intensify action
Ø set pace
Page 31 of 88
Ø set mood
Ø evoke feelings
· well-developed understanding of psychoacoustic principles,
including:
Ø spatial hearing
Ø direct sound
Ø early sound
Ø reverberant sound
Ø studio and control room design
Ø ergonomics
· well-developed understanding of audio principles, including:
Ø frequency
Ø pitch
Ø amplitude
Ø loudness
Ø velocity
Ø wavelength
Ø acoustical phase
Ø timbre
Ø sound envelope
· intellectual property implications in relation to sound design
· picture and sound synchronisation, including:
Ø time codes
Ø frame rates
Ø sample rates
Ø clock leader 2 pips
· principles and techniques of sound editing, including:
Ø manipulating sound to achieve technical and creative
outcomes
Ø using effects to achieve a range of functional sound
requirements
Ø eliminating audible defects
Ø compatibility of different digital standards
Ø identification/logging requirements
Ø file formats, technical standards and compression
· issues and challenges that typically arise in the context of
performing complex sound edits
· OHS principles of:
Ø safe listening, including safeguards against hearing loss
Ø using a computer and keyboard for periods of time
Underpinning Must demonstrate skills of:
Skills · communication and teamwork skills sufficient to:
Ø work collaboratively with project team personnel and
sound-production personnel
Ø provide feedback to project personnel on appropriate
editing techniques
Ø provide critical feedback on problems with technical quality
of masters and condition of equipment
Page 32 of 88
· literacy skills sufficient to:
Ø log and label recorded material
Ø accurately note sound effects on spotting sheets
Ø read and interpret an Edit Decision List (EDL)
· numeracy skills sufficient to calculate duration and capacity of
media at various speed/sample rates
· initiative and enterprise skills in the context of:
Ø finding creative solutions to sound-editing challenges
Ø applying critical-listening skills to analyse sound recordings
and finding solutions to creative and/or technical problems
· learning skills sufficient to maintain currency of knowledge of
editing software and equipment upgrades
· planning and organisational skills sufficient to:
Ø meet deadlines
Ø locate sound effects
· problem-solving skills sufficient to promptly and effectively
rectify sound defects, system failures and mechanical
breakdowns
· technology skills sufficient to:
Ø use a variety of sound-editing equipment and software on
both PC and MAC operating systems
Ø manage file systems
Ø make regular backups
Context of Competence may be assessed in the work place or in a

Page 33 of 88

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Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

SOUND RECORDING AND EDITING

NTQF Level III

Ministry of Education Sound Recording and Editing Version 1

NTQF Level III

CST SRE3 04 0614 CST SRE3 05 0614 CST SRE3 06 0614

CST SRE3 07 0614 CST SRE3 08 0614 CST SRE3 09 0614

CST SRE3 10 0614 CST SRE3 11 0614 CST SRE3 12 0614

CST SRE3 13 0614 CST SRE3 14 0614

Ministry of Education Sound Recording and Editing Version 1

Elements Performance Criteria

Ministry of Education Sound Recording and Editing Version 1

Ministry of Education Sound Recording and Editing Version 1

Ministry of Education Sound Recording and Editing Version 1

Ministry of Education Sound Recording and Editing Version 1

Elements Performance Criteria

1. Prepare for 1.1 Sound equipment requirements are confirmed by

Ministry of Education Sound Recording and Editing Version 1

Ministry of Education Sound Recording and Editing Version 1

Ministry of Education Sound Recording and Editing Version 1

Ministry of Education Sound Recording and Editing Version 1

Ministry of Education Sound Recording and Editing Version 1

Ministry of Education Sound Recording and Editing Version 1

Ministry of Education Sound Recording and Editing Version 1

Elements Performance Criteria

1. Clarify scope of 1.1 Restoration requirements are confirmed in consultation with

Ministry of Education Sound Recording and Editing Version 1

Ministry of Education Sound Recording and Editing Version 1

Ministry of Education Sound Recording and Editing Version 1

Ministry of Education Sound Recording and Editing Version 1

Ministry of Education Sound Recording and Editing Version 1

Elements Performance Criteria

1.Prepare for 1.1. Pre-production meetings are made participatory in with

Ministry of Education Sound Recording and Editing Version 1

Ministry of Education Sound Recording and Editing Version 1

Ministry of Education Sound Recording and Editing Version 1

Ministry of Education Sound Recording and Editing Version 1

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