Loadings affecting on boats and small craft

Markku Hentinen 2016

 Local loads

• Hydrostatic pressure
• Hydrodynamic pressure
– Slamming-loads
– Local loads due to pressure distribution on planing hulls
• Rudder loads
• Keel loads
• Propeller bearing support forces
• Loadings due to engine/tanks/other heavy installations
and equipment
• Loadings due to deck equipment (strong points for
attachments, winches, cranes)
• Ice loads
 Slamming-pressures on fast planing craft

• Pressure is proportional to the square of the relative

velocity between wave and hull bottom multiplied by
constant k.
• k-value is dependent on the bottom shape; the angle
between water and hull surfaces.
• At small angles of incidence (< 3 ) the air trapped under
hull makes determination of k-value difficult.
• Peaks of slamming-pressures are transient and very
local.
• Equation used in NBS-rule:
 Slamming-pressures on fast planing craft

• Equation in ISO-standards:
• where ncg is dynamic loading factor coming from
accelerations at the Lcg:
k L v 2 Bc 2
ncg 0,078( 1 wl 0.084)(50 ) g
10 Bc
missä = trimmikulma ( 4 ) Trim angle
uppouma(ton) Displacement
L WL vesiviivapituus Length of waterline
B x palleleveys Chine breadth
= pohjanousu ( 30 ) Deadrise
k L = iskun pitkittäisjakauman kerroin
Longitudinal distribution factor
Area reduction factor
k ar = pinta - alreduktio
Speed
v = nopeus
• Based on methods by Fridsma&Savitsky
 DESIGN PRESSURES FOR FAST PLANING BOATS
Markku Hentinen, MScTech, Gunnar Holm, MScTech
VTT Manufacturing Technology, Espoo
Why very high pressures can occur?
• Frequent slamming "normal"
• High vertical accelerations can be allowed by the crew

Measurements of bottom pressures, strains and vertical acceleration were carried out for NV 96
Calculation methods for slamming
loads

The problem is connected to the reliable

prediction of:
• the relative speed between the water
and the hull surfaces
• the coefficient k´s value as a function of
steepness of the bottom
• acceleration values for the landing
phase of the boat - it is to be noted that
due to the light displacement and high
speed the motions are highly non-linear.
 kPa Luotsi11 g
125 25,0
22,5
100
20,0
75 17,5
15,0
50 12,5
25 10,0
7,5
0 5,0
2,5
-25
0,0
-50 -2,5
01:36,000 01:36,050 01:36,100
Paneeli1 Paneeli2 Paneeli3 leikkaus1 leikkaus2 min:s
pystykiiht.

Slamming pressure during a typical slamming situation calculated from bending stresses
of the panel, shear stresses of the stiffeners. Vertical acceleration near the panel is also shown.
 Vertical acceleration at CG
DnV HSLC,
DSPL=4090 kg
160 Lloyd´s SSC,
DSPL=4090 kg
140
Meas. (NV96),
120 DSPL=4090 kg
DnV HSLC,
100
DSPL=4455 kg
80 Lloyd´s SSC,
DSPL=4455 kg
a [m /s
60] Meas. (NV96),
DSPL=4455 kg
40
DnV HSLC,
20 DSPL=4725 kg
Lloyd´s SSC,
0
DSPL=4725 kg
30 35 40
Meas. (NV96),
V [kn] DSPL=4725 kg

Comparison of the calculated and the measured acceleration values.

Global loads
Rigging loads on a 40’ sailing boat
Rudder loads in a 40’ sailing boat
Scantlings of keel
floors and bolts in
a 40´ sailing boat

Additionally.grounding loads,
see ISO 12215-9