A.

 Justice generally means the recognition, application and enforcement of laws by courts.
This is different from the understanding of justice. Modern jurisprudence says justice
means the implementation of concepts like equality and liberty.

It means a coherent, intelligible system of law, made known to us, enacted by a legitimate
government freely chosen by us, and enforced fairly and equitably by a courageous,
honest, impartial, and competent police force, legal profession and judiciary, that first,
respects our rights and our freedoms both as individuals and as a people; second, seeks to
repair the injustices that society has inflicted on the poor; third, develops a self-directed
and self-sustaining economy that distributes its benefits to meet, at first, the basic material
needs of all, then to provide an improving standard of living for all; fourth, changes our
institutions and structures, our ways of doing things and relating to each other, so that
whatever inequalities remain are not caused by those institutions or structures, unless
inequality is needed temporarily to favor the least favored among us and its cost is borne
by the most favored; and fifth, adopts means and processes that are capable of attaining
these objectives.

B. Caltex v. Palomar

1. FACTS :
Caltex conceived a promotional scheme which will increase its patronage for oil
products called “Caltex Hooded Pump Contest.” The contest calls for participants to estimate
the number of liters a hooded gas pump at each Caltex station will dispense during a specified
period. To participate, entry forms are only needed which can be made available upon request
at each Caltex station. No fee is required to be paid nor has purchase to be made prior to
participating. Foreseeing the extensive use of mails to publicize the promotional scheme, Caltex
made representations with the postal authorities to secure advanced clearance for mailing.
Caltex, through its counsel, posited that the contest does not violate anti-lottery provisions of
the Postal Law. The Postmaster General Palomar declined the grant of the requested clearance.
Caltex sought reconsideration. Palomar maintained that if the contest was pursued, a fraud
order will be issued against Caltex. Thus, this case at bar.

2. Construction, verily, is the art or process of discovering and expounding the meaning
and intention of the authors of the law with respect to its application to a given case,
where that intention is rendered doubtful, amongst others, by reason of the fact that
the given case is not explicitly provided for in the law This is precisely the case here.
Whether or not the scheme proposed by the appellee is within the coverage of the
prohibitive provisions of the Postal Law inescapably requires an inquiry into the
intended meaning of the words used therein.
3. No. "Caltex Hooded Pump Contest" proposed by Caltex is not a lottery that may be
administratively and adversely dealt with under the Postal Law. The term in question is
used in association with the word "lottery" which extends to all schemes for the
distribution of prizes by chance, such as policy playing, gift exhibitions, prize concerts,
raffles at fairs, etc., and various forms of gambling

Using the rules of Statutory Construction in discovering the meaning and intention of
the authors in a case clouded with doubt as to its application, it was held that the
promotional scheme does not violate the Postal Law in that it does not entail lottery or
gift enterprise. Using the principle “noscitur a sociis’, the term under construction shall
be understood by the words preceding and following it. Thus, using the definitions of
lottery and gift enterprise which both has the requisites of prize, chance and
consideration, the promo contest does not clearly violate the Postal Law because of lack
of consideration.