S Vocabulary reference

Clothes Functional language

boots (n) /buːts/ botas Making suggestions
cap (n) /kæp/ gorra Let’s (go to the cinema).
dress (n) /dres/ vestido
hat (n) /hæt/ sombrero What about (going to the park)?
jacket (n) /ˈdʒækɪt/ chaqueta
jeans (n) /dʒiːnz/ vaqueros Do you want to (play computer games)?
jumper (n) /ˈdʒʌmpə(r)/ jersey
sandals (n) /ˈsændlz/ sandalias Shall we (order pizza)?
shirt (n) /ʃɜːt/ camisa
shoes (n) /ʃuːz/ zapatos Giving opinions
shorts (n) /ʃɔːts/ pantalones cortos That’s a good idea.
skirt (n) /skɜːt/ falda
socks (n) /sɒks/ calcetines I love / don’t really like it / them.
sweatshirt (n) /ˈswetʃɜːt/ sudadera
tights (n) /taɪts/ medias (enteras) I’m not sure.
trainers (n) /ˈtreɪnəz/ zapatillas de deporte
trousers (n) /ˈtraʊzəz/ pantalones I prefer … to … .
T-shirt (n) /ˈtiː ʃɜːt/ camiseta de manga corta
I don’t want to do that – it’s boring.
Free-time activities
That sounds interesting.
chat online (v) /tʃæt ˌɒnˈlaɪn/ chatear en línea
go for a pizza (v) /ˌɡəʊ fɔː(r) ə ˈpiːtsə/ salir a comer
una pizza
go shopping (v) /ɡəʊ ˈʃɒpɪŋ/ ir de compras
go swimming (v) /ɡəʊ ˈswɪmɪŋ/ ir a nadar
go to the cinema (v) /ˌɡəʊ tə ðə ˈsɪnəmə/ ir al cine
hang out with friends (v) /hæŋ ˌaʊt wɪθ ˈfrendz/
salir con los amigos
listen to music (v) /ˌlɪsn tə ˈmjuːzɪk/ escuchar
música
play an instrument (v) /ˌpleɪ æn ˈɪnstrəmənt/ tocar
un instrumento
play computer games (v) /ˌpleɪ kəmˈpjuːtə(r) ɡeɪmz/
jugar con juegos de ordenador
play sport (v) /pleɪ ˈspɔːt/ hacer deporte
read books (v) /riːd ˈbʊks/ leer libros
watch TV (v) /wɒtʃ ˌtiː ˈviː/ ver la tele

Spectrum 2 Language Trainer Starter unit

S Grammar reference
Present simple Present continuous

Afirmativa y negativa Afirmativa

I / You / We / They play / don’t play I’m
tennis. He’s / She’s / It’s studying.
He / She / It plays / doesn’t play
You’re / We’re / They’re
Interrogativa
Negativa
Do I / you / we / they
play tennis? I’m not
Does he /she / it He / She / It isn’t studying.
You / We / They aren’t
Respuestas breves
Yes, I do. No, I don’t. Interrogativa
Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t. Am I
Is he / she / it studying?
La ortografía de algunos verbos cambia en la forma
afirmativa de la 3ª persona (he, she, it): Are you / we / they
• Verbos acabados en -y (study) ➞ -ies (studies). Respuestas breves
• Verbos acabados en -sh / -ch / -s / -th / -x
Yes, I am. No, I’m not.
(watch) ➞ -es (watches).
Yes, she is. No, she isn’t.
Para construir las formas negativa e interrogativa
del present simple, se utiliza el verbo auxiliar do. Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.
I don’t like cheese. Does she go to school?
Usos
En la lengua oral, se suelen emplear las formas
El present continuous se utiliza para describir
contractas (don’t / doesn’t).
acciones que se están dando mientras hablamos.
Usos
Algunos verbos “de estado” (stative) no se
El present simple se utiliza para referirse a acciones
utilizan en la forma continua: understand, know,
que se repiten y a hechos que se consideran
think, like, love, hate.
ciertos.
Do you like fruit? (NO Are you liking fruit.)
I watch TV every day. He lives in Madrid.
Have es un verbo de estado cuando indica
posesión.
Adverbs of frequency I have a laptop. (NO I’m having a laptop.)

100% 0% Verb + -ing / noun

always usually often sometimes never
Utilizamos like / love / hate + sustantivo para dar
Estos adverbios se utilizan para indicar con qué opiniones.
frecuencia realizamos las acciones. Suelen emplearse Empleamos like / love / hate + verbo para opinar
con verbos en present simple. Se colocan detrás del sobre actividades.
verbo be, y delante de los demás verbos. I like pop music. (thing) I love reading. (activity)
We usually eat at 9 p.m. He is often late. Do you like + -ing / sustantivo se utiliza en
interrogativa.
Question words
En las respuestas, utilizamos los pronombres it o
Las partículas interrogativas (what, when, where, etc.) them para evitar repetir el verbo o el sustantivo.
encabezan preguntas para obtener información. Sustantivo en plural ➞ them
How often do you listen to music? ‘Do you like biscuits?’ ‘I love them.’
When is his birthday? Sustantivo en singular o forma en -ing ➞ it
‘Do you like music?’ ‘I love it.’
Spectrum 2 Language Trainer Starter unit ‘Do you like chatting online?’ ‘I hate it.’
1 Vocabulary reference
Events Review exercise 1 (then 2-3) page 21 Learn it!
clap (v) /klæp/ aplaudir Confusing words
competition (n) /ˌkɒmpəˈtɪʃn/ concurso angry (adj) /ˈæŋɡri/ enfadado
crowd (n) /kraʊd/ gentío hungry (adj) /ˈhʌŋɡri/ hambriento
fan (n) /fæn/ muestra
hold (v) /həʊld/ fan Functional language
laugh (v) /lɑːf/ celebrar, dar
performer (n) /pəˈfɔːmə(r)/ reír(se) Talking about school
scream (v) /skriːm/ artista What’s your favourite subject?
singer (n) /ˈsɪŋə(r)/ gritar
stage (n) /steɪdʒ/ escenario … is my favourite / least favourite subject.
take part (v) /teɪk ˈpɑːt/ participar
I prefer …
take place (v) /teɪk ˈpleɪs/ celebrarse, tener lugar

Are you good at …?

Adjectives
I’m (not very) good at / (not) bad at …
angry (adj) /ˈæŋɡri/ enfadado
bored (adj) /bɔːd/ aburrido
Who’s your teacher?
calm (adj) /kɑːm/ tranquilo
energetic (adj) /ˌenəˈdʒetɪk/ activo, lleno de energía
What’s he / she like?
excited (adj) /ɪkˈsaɪtɪd/ emocionado
lonely (adj) /ˈləʊnli/ solo
What time do you ...?
nervous (adj) /ˈnɜːvəs/ nervioso
positive (adj) /ˈpɒzətɪv/ positivo We have … from … to …
relaxed (adj) /rɪˈlækst/ relajado
scared (adj) /skeəd/ asustado
surprised (adj) /səˈpraɪzd/ sorprendido
tired (adj) /ˈtaɪəd/ cansado

Scout camps
campfire (n) /ˈkæmpfaɪə(r)/ hoguera
campsite (n) /ˈkæmpsaɪt/ campamento
expedition (n) /ˌekspəˈdɪʃn/ expedición
field (n) /fiːld/ terreno, campo
scout (n) /skaʊt/ (boy/girl) scout
skill (n) /skɪl/ destreza, habilidad
tent (n) /tent/ tienda de campaña

Spectrum 2 Language Trainer Unit 1 What’s on?

1 Grammar reference
Past simple (there) was / were

Afirmativa was / were

played. Afirmativa
I / You / He / She / It / We / They
went. I / He / She / It was tired.
You / We / They were tired.
Negativa
Negativa
play.
I / You / He / She / It / We / They didn’t I / He / She / It wasn’t tired.
go.
You / We / They weren’t tired.
Interrogativa
Interrogativa
play?
Did I / you / he / she / it / we / they Was I / he / she / it tired?
go? Were you / we / they tired?

Respuestas breves Respuestas breves

Yes, did. Yes, I / he / she / it was.
I / you / he / she / it / we / they Yes, you / we / they were.
No, didn’t.
No, I / he / she / it wasn’t.
La forma de pasado es la misma para todas las No, you / we / they weren’t.
personas del verbo. Para construir la afirmativa
de los verbos regulares, añadimos -ed. En Was y were son las formas de pasado de be. Be
algunos casos se dan cambios de ortografía: tiene formas de singular y plural para el past
• Verbos acabados en -e (arrive, practise) ➞ se simple.
omite la -e y se añade -d (arrived, practised). I was angry. We weren’t relaxed.
• Verbos acabados en -y (study) ➞ -ied (studied). También tiene formas de interrogativa y
negativa. No utilizamos did / didn’t.
• Verbos acabados en (o formados por)
Skirts weren’t popular. Were you happy?
consonante + vocal + consonante (rob, travel)
➞ la consonante final se duplica, y se añade there was / there were
-ed (robbed, travelled).
Afirmativa y negativa
La negativa se construye con didn’t + el infinitivo
sin to. There was a band. There were musicians.
She didn’t travel by bus. There wasn’t a band. There weren’t musicians.
La interrogativa se forma con did + el infinitivo Interrogativa y respuestas breves
sin to. Did se coloca delante del sujeto, y puede ir
Was there a band? Were there musicians?
precedido de una partícula interrogativa.
Did you go out yesterday? What did you do? Yes, there was. / Yes, there wasn’t.
Los verbos irregulares tienen sus propias No, there wasn’t. / No, there weren’t.
formas de pasado, y no suelen acabar en -ed
There was / were son las formas de pasado de
(busca la lista en la página 120). En las formas
there is / are.
interrogativa y negativa, los verbos irregulares
funcionan igual que los regulares. There was / wasn’t hacen referencia a una cosa
o persona. Se coloca a / an / some delante del
Usos
sustantivo.
El past simple se utiliza para describir acciones y
There was a banana. There was some milk.
situaciones que se completaron en el pasado.
REGULAR
What did you do last summer? - ED IRREGULAR
There were / weren’t se refieren a más de una
cosa o persona.
Las frases en past simple se utilizan si sabemos
There were two girls.
play with...
el momento en el que sucedió algo. Suelen incluir
watch a film
expresiones temporales de pasado. swim eat cake
There were lots of books.
I arrived yesterday morning. En negativa e interrogativa, any acompaña a

receive lots of presents run

sustantivos incontables y sustantivos contables

Spectrum 2 Language Trainer Unit 1 What’s on?

en plural.
There wasn’t any cola. do sport
visit my family Were there any good shops?
 Irregular verb list HAVE (haven't)
HAS present perfect
Past irregular
Infinitive Past simple
participle
ser / estar be /biː/ was / were /wɒz/ / /wɜː(r)/ been /biːn/
empezar begin /bɪˈɡɪn/ began /bɪˈɡæn/ begun /bɪˈɡʌn/
traer bring /brɪŋ/ brought /brɔːt/ brought /brɔːt/
construir build /bɪld/ built /bɪlt/ built /bɪlt/
comprar buy /baɪ/ bought /bɔːt/ bought /bɔːt/
poder can /kæn/ could /kəd/
coger catch /kætʃ/ caught /kɔːt/ caught /kɔːt/
elegir choose /tʃuːz/ chose /tʃəʊz/ chosen /ˈtʃəʊzn/
venir come /kʌm/ came /keɪm/ come /kʌm/
hacer do /duː/ did /dɪd/ done /dʌn/
dibujar draw /drɔː/ drew /druː/ drawn /drɔːn/
beber drink /drɪŋk/ drank /dræŋk/ drunk /drʌŋk/
comer eat /iːt/ ate /eɪt/ eaten /ˈiːtn/
caer fall /fɔːl/ fell /fel/ fallen /ˈfɔːlən/
encontrar find /faɪnd/ found /faʊnd/ found /faʊnd/
volar fly /flaɪ/ flew /fluː/ flown /fləʊn/
conseguir get /ɡet/ got /ɡɒt/ got /ɡɒt/
levantarse get up /ɡet ʌp/ got up /ɡɒt ʌp/ got up /ɡɒt ʌp/
dar give /ɡɪv/ gave /ɡeɪv/ given /ˈɡɪvn/
ir go /ɡəʊ/ went /went/ gone / been /ɡɒn/ / /biːn/
hanged out / /hæŋd aʊt/ / /hʌŋ hanged out / /hæŋd aʊt/ / /hʌŋ
andar hang out /ˈhæŋ aʊt/
hung out aʊt/ hung out aʊt/
tener have /hæv/ had /hæd/ had /hæd/
sujetar hold /həʊld/ held /held/ held /held/
saber know /nəʊ/ knew /njuː/ known /nəʊn/
aprender
¿? learn
forget /lɜːn/ learnt / learned
forgot /lɜːnt/ / /lɜːnd/ learnt / learned
forgotten /lɜːnt/ / /lɜːnd/
salir
PERDER lose
leave /liːv/ leftlost /left/ leftlost /left/
hacer make /meɪk/ made /meɪd/ made /meɪd/
conocer meet /miːt/ met /met/ met /met/
leer read /riːd/ read /red/ read /red/
montar ride /raɪd/ rode /rəʊd/ ridden /ˈrɪdn/
telefonear ring /rɪŋ/ rang /ræŋ/ rung /rʌŋ/
correr run /rʌn/ ran /ræn/ run /rʌn/
decir say /seɪ/ said /sed/ said /sed/
ver see /siː/ saw /sɔː/ seen /siːn/
vender sell /sel/ sold /səʊld/ sold /səʊld/
enviar send /send/ sent /sent/ sent /sent/
sentarse sit /sɪt/ sat /sæt/ sat /sæt/
dormir sleep /sliːp/ slept /slept/ slept /slept/
hablar speak /spiːk/ spoke /spəʊk/ spoken /ˈspəʊkən/
nadar swim /swɪm/ swam /swæm/ swum /swʌm/
tomar take /teɪk/ took /tʊk/ taken /ˈteɪkən/
enseñar teach /tiːtʃ/ taught /tɔːt/ taught /tɔːt/
contar tell /tel/ told /təʊld/ told /təʊld/
pensar think /θɪŋk/ thought /θɔːt/ thought /θɔːt/
entender understand /ˌʌndəˈstænd/ understood /ˌʌndəˈstʊd/ understood /ˌʌndəˈstʊd/
vestir wear /weə(r)/ wore /wɔː(r)/ worn /wɔːn/
escribir write /raɪt/ wrote /rəʊt/ written /ˈrɪtn/