38. 39. 40. al. 43 44, 4s. 46. 41. ‘The thermodynamic cycle of a gas turbine engine is the paaen cave cycle. Page 362 The Brayton thermodynamic cycle is the constant FLUC ___ {pressure or volume) cycle. Page 362 The thrust a turbojet or turbofan engine produces when the aireralt is not moving is 983 __ (gross or net) thrust. Page 364 ‘The thrust produced by a turbofan engine is the sum of the thrust produced by the ~Asat. rgfire and that produced by the fan Page 366 When momentum is added to the air passing through the engine, the thrust is pound . (forward or rearward). Page 366 ‘When all of the rearward components of thrust have been subtracted from the forward components. the remaining thrust is that which is available for —frgpulctaans Page 366 Three Parameters that may be m: in Ete PM —- Page 367 ‘Three things that affect the thrust produced by a turbojet or turbofan engine are: a Berypueah b._Atasds i c. Pages 368, 369 "age An increase in the airspeed, with all else remaining the same, will cause turbine engine thrust to Pic anes (increase or decrease). Page 368 An increase in the temperature of the inlet ait, with all else remaining the same, will cause turbine engine thrust to. * (increase or decrease), Page 368 sured to determine the aimount of thrust « turbojet engine is developing48, An increase in the pressure of inlet air, with all else remaining the same, will cause turbine engine thrust to__AMVE* LOL: (increase or decrease). Page 368 49. An increase in altitude will cause urbine engine thrust to LCL & (increase or decrease). Page 368 ‘50. An efficient cruising altitude for a turbojet- or turbo! owered airyralt is near 36,000 feet. Above this litude, the thrust produced by the engine Augean frcases or drops off more rapidly). Page 368 51. An increase in ram effect, with all else remaining the same, will cause turbine engine thrust to —Arrertare..__(inerease or decrease). Page 369 52. Airspeed change and rar effect both cause a change in the thrust a turbine engine produces. The Tita peck (airspeed change or ram effect) has the greater effect on the thrust. Page 369 53. Two ways the thrust can be augmented on a turbojet or turbofan engine are: 54, One pound of thrust is equal to one thrust horsepower when the areraftis flying at_* Dt mites per hour. Page 370 shaft horsepower produces ap- 55. When computing the static thrust produced by a turboprop engine. or proximately __2- pounds of thrust. Page 370 56. When computing the equivalent shaft horsepower of a turboprop engine, the propeller efficiency is considered to be ‘e__ percent. Page 37057. The speed of the high-pressure compressor in a dual-compressor turbofan engine is otal (static or total) pressure measured at the Lomopsat 9 0 (N, oF Na). Page 374 58. A pressure identified as Py (compressor or turbine) divergent duet. & cet that bas ut vin the increased € direction of flow recovery speed, The speed at which the rar effect caused by he forward movernent of an aieraft increases the ait pressure at te compressor inlet und itis the same as that of the ambient ait iveraent SETA Sieh Cea nein rae eassive Answers begin on Page 414. Page numbers refer 10 chapter text UA NoRoiaiai\innlentss LPN, called Ma (inlet or outlet). Page 375 The Cold Section ‘The cold section of a gas turbine engine extends from the inlet ducts ahead of the compressor to the rear flange of the diffuser where the combustion section attaches. Air Intet Ducts ‘The air inlet ducts are technically part of the airframe, but because of their extreme importance to the operation ofthe engine, we will include them in the study of the cold section. For a gas turbine engine to operate effectively, the compressor must be ra constant flow of subsonic air with a minimum of disturbance. ‘and fabrication of the inlet ducts are carefully matched to the o these critical components must be made sothey will supplied wit The design engine, and any repairs cause no distortion of the airflow entering the engine. For the purpose of study, we will divide them into inlet ducts for subsor and supersonic aircraft. ‘Subsonic Inlet Ducts Most inlet ducts on subsonic airp Figure 10-32. Air flowing into adiver some of its velocity energy into pressure. ‘When the engine isrunning athigh speed on the grounds the compressor draws air in through the inlet duct, and the Doss ofthe ar atthe entrance the inlet duc. ena ofthe surrounding or ambient nto the yvergent type shown in anes are of the di slightly and converts gent ductexpandsWb Uh ee ee Yb bELUEUEDHEE Seema sare Answers begin on Page 4/4. Page numbers refer to chapter text. rus fe wells Ino which a ane tirbins canbe divided are be SCOR section and the be section, Page 374 60. The inlet ducts are actually part of the Abpame. (airframe or engine). Page 376 | 61. Inlet duets for turbine engines may be divided into two classifications according to the speed of the | © aitesalton which they are installed. These are: | Page 37 62, Most subsonic inlet air duets are —Bhimsntgsod (convergent or divergent). Page 376 | | | | 63. The airspeed at which the ram effect of the air lowing into a divergent inlet air duct causes the pressure | | at the front of the compressor to be the same as the ambient pressure is called the ey speed, Page 376 | 64. The gir that flows into compressors mounte at the rear of the engine first flow into a/an ‘chamber where part of the velocity ene! is changed into pressure energy. Page 377 | gs. wn gas tin ean ae cava ons unin tn hy te orally ied with PEI mauithe type inte duct, Page 378 66, Some gas turbine engine inlet duets have spring-loaded doors that automatically open when the gpeine demands more air than can be supplied through the normal duct, These are called e doors. Page 378 67, Dirt and objects on the runway are prevented from bging sucked into low-mounted turbine engines by destroying the vortex with a vortex Page 378 68, Supersonic inlet ducts are of the Await BOE eave divergent, or convergent: _Sivergent) type. Page 378 air flows through the convergent portion of a CD duet, its velocity | 69. When supersonic. 7 | WAL eAeaARA —_(inereases or decreases). Page 379 taremnance Tecnvicax Stiurs — POWERLANT 396 Aviation 170. When supersonic air flows through a CD inlet duct, its velocity at the compressor inlet is ee hukeodua st (subsonic or supersonic). Page 379 71. Supersonic air that has passed through a normal shock wave is — bubonic (subsonic or os supersonic). Page 379 72. The compressor of a gas turbine engine must sypply the correct amount of air for the uel, and it must have the correct _PNDWAUN and __ Page 380 73. Bnergy added to the air by a compressor initially increases the —welodt (pressure or velocity) of the air. Page 387 74, The velocity of the air passing through a compressor is a measure of its Kinchee | (kinetic or potential) energy. Page 380 Ir 15. The pressure of the air passing through a compressor is a meastre of its _(Y&* Kalial, (kinetic or potential) energy. Page 380 . ee 76. After pa sing through the compressor, the air flows through a diffuser, which converts some of the energy into pressure energy. Page 38) 777. In addition to igeyeasing the pressure of the air, some of the energy used to drive the compressor is con- verted into Kea, E Page 380 78. Air taken from the compressor to anti-ice the inet duets is called compressor. Bboed - : Page 380 7 . 79. Two types of compressors used in gas turbine engines are —Aswkipugoh and Bale ples" compressors. Page 380 80. The three components of a centrifugal compressor are: b. ©. —rowsifatd Page 360 81. The cemer of a centrifugal compressor where the air enters is called the age Page 381 82. The ducis in the diffuser are Bora” (convergent or Continued Turbine Engines Ticory & Constaucrion Chapter 40 307w Bee SEH YUe 83. A centrifugal compressor that has vanes on both sides is called a/an Bashers compressor. Page 382 | 84, The air taken into a double-entry centrifugal compressor is normally taken from a/an see _ chamber that gets its air from the inlet duct. Page 382 85. The stators used with an axial-flow compressor | \ suse the siete Dlpue dloearrs (sped up or sow | down). Page 383 86. After the air leaves the compressor, it flows through alan _ ais urer before it enters the combustion section, Page 354 87. The overall compression ratio of an axial-flow compressor is generally Maher _ (higher or [f= Seis Din iat —_tisis . pressure. Page 395 \ 111. The highest air pressure in a gas urbine,engine is the same as the ier L ‘The Hot Section “The hot section of a gas turbine begins with the combustion section and includes the turbine and the exhaust system components, The hot section Is anpjeeted to the most severe stresses in the engine and requires cure inspeetion and raaintenance. A major type of damage is era ss caused by the ‘extreme heat to which these parts are exposed. Combustion Section oubustor econnbuston chamben Tbe ‘The design fa successful combustion section, or combustors, was one of the seehici —— gajor obstacles in building the firstsuecesstul es urine BT For even in a medium-power engine, the heat enerey released per cubic foot of combustor volume is several thousand times: that released in a typical home heating system, and the pressures in the extremely thin all combustors are about ten times as high as those in an industrial furnace swith its thick walls of firebrick. -The combustors used in atusbine engine have several very stringent require- ‘ments. Some of these are: «+ Minimum pressure loss it + High combustion efficiency, mn gases as they’ pass trough the combustor therefore low smoke emission : «+ Low risk of flame blowout «+ Combustion occurring entirely” within the combustor — « Uniform temperature distribution throughout the gases . e combustor to preven! __nneannre of the gases leaving thLL ha cl sade = ia onesies en Ansivers begin on Page 414. Page numbers refer to chapter text ) 112. Approxi proximately (whatpart) of the air that flows into the combustion section is actually used in the combustion process. Page 401 113. The air that flows through the combustion section but is not used in the combustion process is used for +. Page 401 114. Three ore ohampnen aye: Page 401 115, A combustor in which the air leaving the compressor makes a 180° turn, flows through the epprbustor, and makes another 180° turn before it flows through the turbine, is wan combustor. Page 403 116, Multiple-ean combustors are most generally used on engines with Auckicfunh.— (axial-flow or centrifugal) compressors. Page 401 117. The air used in the combustion process 18 called Pecan (primary or secondary) air. Page 401 118. There are normally Tne (how many) igniters used (0 ignite the fuel-air mixtare ina gas turbine engine. Page 401 sans not having an ignitor is ignited by flames from the other cans that travel through 119, The fuel clogged fuel nozzle, the turbine is likely to be damaged ki oer Src ewnene ifferences. Page 401 vison Manerenance Tecvica Sees POWERRLANT 403,121. A combustion section that has individual cans, but in which the hot gases from all of the cans are collected before they go to the turbine, is called aan Lom —aewrudlout = combustor. Page 401 122. The cans used in a can-annular combustor are & We tin (longer or shorter) than those used in an multiple-can combustor. Page 402 123, When the length of an engine must be keptas short as possible, a/an rane flew combustorcan be used. Page 403 124. The greater portion ofthe energy released from the fuel ina turbojet engine is used Ahasint eepdsit@n (for thrust or to drive the compressor). Page 404 tative the eornpressor 125. Turboprop and turboshaft engines use additional stages of _ “dlineh __to produce the shalt horsepower needed to drive the propeller or helicopter rotors. Page 404 126. The type of turbine used in gas turbine engines isthe __Aveio - (axial or radial-inflow) type. | Page 404 i | 127. The stationary vanes in a turbine section are located in the airflow pan _ Abeer. (vefore or after) the turbine rotors. Page 404 Corps KELL | 128. The component in the tuzbine sgefion that direets hot gases from the combustion section into the turbine is the | ring of turbine jude Ve or rophes. . Page 404 | 129. When the gases flowing through a turbine nozzle can no longer accelerate, the nozzle is said to be operating | inalan LY eleead «condition, Page f04 130. The speed of sound depends upon the _. Asearptrdlane-(tcmperature or pressure) of the air, Page 404 131. The point in a gas turbine engine at which the temperature is the highest is the Autonet * Page 404 132. A set of guide vanes followed by a turbine disk with its blades is called a/an —Aage _ - Page 404 133. The turbine inlet guide vanes form a series of — Lovett (convergent or divergent) nozzles, Page 404 i: Continued ———____135. Turbine disks are normally made of a Ni chil lloy. Page 405 136. Turbine blades are normally attached to the disk by the kn 2 Lee _ method, Page 405 137. Three types of turbine blades are: a. b, Aw c. aah en = papal re : Page 406 138. When the hot gases drive an impulse turbine, their direction is changed, and theirspeed_Vlomawmd, De 4 (increases, decreases, or remains the same). Page 406 remains the sam 139. When the hot gases drive areaction turbine, their djrection ischanged, andtheirspeed_AWWRLOAA, (increases, decreases, or remains the same). Page 406 140. In a reaction-impulse turbine blade, the root section of the blade acts as a/an TFrcpulce— blade. Page 406 | 141. Some turbine engines have used shrouded turbine blades toreduce__\, rvetiern + and minimize tip losses. Page 406 | 142. Some modem high-performance turbofan engines reduce turbine blade tip losses by shrinking the turbine ase when the, engine is producing its maximum power. The case is shrunk by blowing a stream of Gane dlcrchomgestoves it. Page 406 143. The primary factor that limits the amount of power a gas turing engine can produce is the maximum temperature that can be tolerated at the Tabuxtsinne cw) Ss page 406 144, Air used to cool the turbine blades is taken from the —Mighsn (higher or lower) stages of the compressor. Page 407 145. Three factors that cause iurbine failure are: Page 407Answers hegin on Page 414, Page numbers refer to chapter text. ings accessories may be driven are: : 3 htt a b RG ie Page Hi 147. The propeljer reduction gearing used by a turboprop engine is normally of the multistage + type. Page 41 “a | 1 | 146. Two ways gas turbine enAnswers are on Page 478, Page numbers below refer to chapter text. 1. The first fuel used for aviation gas turbine engines was Kererene Page 449 a | The Wo basic types of modern turbine engine fuel are: a Kanerernve Sen ao € b.__ Phar ded. Page 449 | 3. The identification numbers or letters used with a turbine engine fuel de nk (do or do. | not} relate to the fuel’s characteristics. Page 449 oe 4. The civilian jet fuel that is a kerosine-type fuel is Jet __ Ps ____ (Aor B). Page 49 TET AL | | | | | 5. The difference between fet A and Jet A-1 is their fang gl eerie o as) poins. \ Page 449 \ 6. The most widely used military jet fuel is JP-_Jf (Aor 8). Page 449 | 7. One gallon of Jet A fuel has__MA®- | aviation gasoline, Page 449 (more or fewer) Btu of beat energy than one gallon of | 8. Two reasons for allowi a. Page 449 | 9, The vapor pressure of Jet A is Lawes __ (higher or lower) than the vapor pressure of aviation 1g only’ a limite nount of aviation gasoline to be used in a turbine engine are: gasoline. Page 450 10. Jetfuelis__ MAS _ (more or less) viscous than aviation ‘gasoline. Page 450 f the fuel. Warm fuel will a in jet fuel is determined by the temperature of al " ig Sa tireng eat : (more ot less) water than cold fuel. Page 450 absorb ané ene i f scum that holds the | jeroscopic organisms that live in water that collects in Jet sigraf fuel an form sum i 7 pore in contact ‘with the metal of which the tank is made and causes Caspes.t0' ee aa Awamion Maversuasce Tecrsnean Seas POWERPLANT 452is pumped into the aircraft tank serves two purposes. 13. The fuel additive that may be added to jet fuel ‘These are: 5 a kick Yo _nusiphes Aue) preusat~ Conover bo. Auke— tering Page 451 14, The maximum allowable pressure for fueling a jet aircraft is displayed on a placard at the antl Page 451 :Paar ee ee SSNS Answers are on Page 478. Page manbers below refer to chapter text, 15. Turbine engine fuel pumps often have two stages; the low-pressure stage uses 1 Lankiyugal (centrifugal or spur-geat-type) element, andthe high-pressure stage uses a Afar Gana“ (cen- twilugal or spur-gear-type) element, Page 455 16. Two sources of heat used (o prevent the formation of ice erystals in jet fuel are: oa oan ea z Page 45s 17. AF the fuel filter should clog. fuel will flow to the engine through the aprons valve. Page 455 18. Ifthe gears should jam in an engine-driven fuel pump, extensive damage is prevented by alan Opser tckapr ine deve shat Pag 136 19. The two high-pressure sections of a spur-gear-type fuel pump are in prasat hl (seriesor | | parallel. Page 457 20, The pressure produced by sn engine-dhiven fuel pump is maintained by aan subi nace Page 457 A jet engine fuel contro, in its normal mode of operation. alge re - (does or does not) give the pilot direct control of the amount of fuel metered into the engine, Page 459 (FADER Gis) | 29. me fuel flowmeter used with a turbine engine measures the MUS guass or volume) Tine fuel and displays the information onthe instrument panel in units of ; | (pounds or gallons) per hour. Page 459 Jes used in turbine engines are: 23. Two basic types of fuel nozz Page 459 | 24. Two types of atomizing fuel nozzles are: Continued ‘Turbine Engines Fis. Meare Srstexs Chapter 12 473 LALLA ef ex = ACL Lele27 30, 35. 414 When the engine RPMs held ca | When the engine RPM is held constant ¥ temperature will cause the thrust '0 — zl UnLOn {increase or decrease). Page 462 | 25. An immediate shutoff of fuel fi | ey the nozzle when the engine is shut down is pr inasi uel lown is provided in a simplex fuel | jozzle by the, Page 460 Tn a duplex fuel no: zz, the fuel use 7 (primary or secondary) fuel pila 2 start the engine and for idling is the __ foteccan FE The spray pattern Widen of the primary fuel is hy both the primary and seconclary fuel flowing together. Page 460 eS ee The component in a single-line duplex fue! nozzle that opens the passage to the . Whe i en an engine gqvipped with a pressurizing and dump valve is shut down, the fuel in the nozzle manifolds 4 ss Page 461 : d . The most critical temperature in a gas turbine engine wdnlit ae 2 engine is the temperature. Four of the most basic parameter dl by a turbine en control are: | ters sensed! by « turbine engine fuel control are: pone ono Lane (BLAS @TICT L&D | Se ae cen c, _ ROaO erm | o Bwunen — fveixse | Page 462 | | the fuel control, an inerease in aznbient or compressor inletair | by the fuel contol, a decrease in ambient or compro inlet air temperature will cause the TIT to aI AP Gncrease or decrease). Page 462 Modern turbine engine fuel contols mainiain the huline inl HE (TIT or RPM) constant and allow the CITT or RPM) to vary with changin ‘atmospheric conditions Page 462 its allowable limit by providing @ predetermined fuel Hydromechanical fuel controls hold the TIT near chedale that compensates for Varying a iions. Ths is nomally done by ws o/h $C dimanndewth Tram in the fuel control computer: Page 463 Se Trrerreee eee eee awuarios MansTenancs TECHIE ‘seuss POWERPLANT36. Ifthe fuel flow to the engine is inereased too rapidly during acceleration, the fire will likely go out because the mixture will be too. Tec (rich or lean). Page 463 37. The tendency of a turbine engine to surge _ WO? tovs24 _ increases or decreases) with an increase in altitude, Page 464 38. When the burner pressure increases too rapidly, the mass airflow through the engine will Brorwae _ (Gncrease or decrease). Page 464 39. The two basic classifications of turbine engine fuel controls are: ee A b | Page 464 | 40, The adjustment in a hydromechanical fel contol that assures the nozzles wil always receive the emount of fuel needed to keep the engine operating under idle conditions is the Civ ~ . | adjustment. Page 464 441, Most hydromechanical fuel controls vary the amount of fuel delivered tothe nozzles by + <= (holding a constant pressure drop across a variable orifice, or varying the pressure drop across a fixed orifice). Page 465 42, Droop is a condition in a flyweight governor that causes the stabilized engine RPM 10 Aocrseart, increase or decrease) slightly as the load increases. Page 468 43. Ifa hydromechanical fuel control is operated in its emergency mode, the fuel schedule that causes the engine to change its speed is Maennool (manual or automatic). Page 468 44. The pitch angle of the propeller blades installed on a turboprop engine is controlled by the = Page 469 | 45, Two pes of lesronic engine controls are: jaca pare fees ri Page'469 | ; 46, A supervisory BEC adjusts the (o maintain the required fuel flow for the thrust called for by the position of the throttle lever. Page 469 Turbine Engines Fue. Meremnc Svsmius Chaptor 42 475 MO mm me MRR RR & meSTUDY QUESTIONS: TURBINE ENGINE FUEL S 47. If the electronic circuitry in a supervisory EEC should fail, control automatically reverts to the Kiyde@-retdrenizal Ayilizn. Page 469 48. A full-authority digital electronic control (FADEC) cles net (does or dogs. nat) control a hydromechanical fuel control. Page 469 49. ‘Phe thrust setting parameter for a FADEC is the ___-P @ + __ (EPR or RPM). Page 470 | | 50. When a a engine is controlled by a FADEC, the EPR is maintained constant for any position of the | as the flight and environmental conditions change. Page 470 | 51, Adjusting the fuel control of a gas turbine engine is called Artinancdoay the engine. Page 472 | 52. The RPM at which a specific engine develops its rated thrust is recorded! infos thee emi A plod apecherenne meet Powers a Moron TET10. i. 13, . One joule is one. Alec beard) . The vibrator in an ignition exciter changes DC into. pubicting DO (AC or pulsating DC). Page 483 . Turbine engines normally have 1 Wh (how many? igniter plugs, Page 487 The fuel-air mixture in combustors that have no igniter is ignited by flames carried from other combustors through “feb - Page 481 . The conditions for igniting the fuel-air mixture in a turbine engine is Whe (more or less) severe than they are in a reciprocating engine, Page 48/ ‘Turbine engine ignition systems are rated according to the energy in the spark in units ot fouls (joules or watts). Page 48/ ‘watt or watts cond). Page 481 ‘The duration of the spark across the gaps of a turbine engine igniter is dhol __ (short or long). Page 481 . By limiting the duration ofthe spark, the current flow for each spark can be __ Ancreased) . (increased or decreased). Page 481 A hig! ignition system produces the high current in each spark by storing electrons in a/an Page 482 ‘Turbine-engine exciters Loornot (can or cannot) be serviced in the field. Page 482 Intermittent-duty ignition systems must be operated according to a chil hye, which allows them to cool down between the times they are operated, Page 483 Continuous-duty exciters one pst (are oF are not) normally used for initial engine starting, Page 483 _ Interference with electronic equipment installed in the aircraft by the electromagnetic energy generated in the ignition exciter is prevented by the in the exciter unit filter, Page 453 Continuedand the _~ capacitors. Page 484 15. Energy that res ey mains an in the capacitors when the ignition system is shut down is bled off through the and resistors. Page 484 | 16. i volta 6. The high-voltage AC exciter uses a Mabey ala circuit to increase the voltage from the power transformer. Page 485 17. Two basic types of turbine engine a ee ee Page 488 18. Shunted-gap igniters are normally igniters are: used in__ Agu (high or low) -voltage systems. Page 489 19. After removing the power lead from an exciter, you should wait for a specified length of time before ___ to bleed off to ground. Page 490 7 oving the lead from the igniter. This period of time allows the eperBy 7 is sjored! in the Page 490 ee aoe . After removing the lead from the igniter, ground the center conductor to the oregon Powenttavt “Avusrion Masexance THES | | tas SERS ahar 31. 498 Sila sa il coal el Sen en Ey Gn ceeuanes Answers are on Page 500. Page numbers refer to chapter text. 21. . In a dual-spool turbine engine, the starter rotates the hgh es (high or low)-pressure compressor. Page 493 a - The engines on most jet transport aircraft are started with aun 5. The primary advantage of an air turbine starter is its low weight-to- bog prt ratio. Page 493 28. 29. 30. In the process of starting a turbine en; i gine, the ignition is turned on (bee after) the engine has started rotating. Page 493 = In the proc: process of starting a turbine engine, the fuel is turned on (before or after) the ignition. Page 493 {air or electric) starters. Page 493 Botte ae Air for starting the engines on a jet transport aircraft is normally supplied by the APU Page 493 An air turbine starter requires a __ Aone A (large or small) volume of dione (high or ‘ow)-pressure compressed air, Page 493 a sources of compressed air to operate an air turbine starter are: oh at) pgs Seow ae PO rund Page 493 “The air turbine starter described in this texts disconnected from the engine when the engine starts by 1e c % ia sbpang Oaliela Page 493 he ‘pine starter described in this text, the pawls are held away from the ratchet when the engine is In the air turbiné n ad ., Page 493 running by s ‘St if the ratchet should “The air turbine starter described in tis text is protected from ataining ings # speed ere e to release the clutch by van on ava Mazreice TECINEAS SERS32, The pressure of the air supplied to the air turbine starter is controlled by a shutoff and valve. Page 495 If the air valve does not shut off after the engine has started, the turbine will be protected from reaching its burst speed by the turbine nozzle operating in van __, condition, Page 495 34, An clectric starter uses a__ arses (series or shunt)-yound motor, Page 495 | | | | i { | | eatin goats Loy. Page 495 36. Two types of combustion starters are: i 7 35. The,type of starter used by most small business jet turbine engines is a/an | | |Drake Vly fe] Ce OaUla Sisto etstaaeisns \nswers are on Pe 512. Page numbers refer to chapter text. 1 ‘The mgst common type of exhaust duct for the smaller turbojet and turbofan engines isa a (convergent or divergent) duet. Page 503 2. The exhi i : me ee considered to be an —Ergnt ——— (engine or airframe) component. 3. Exhaust gases leave the exhaust nozzle in most turbojet and low-bypass turbofan engines at the speed of 2 +. Page 503 , 4A onyrrpeat-divervent exhaust nozzle increases the thrust produced at supersonic flights by increasing the Heese (pressure or velocity) of the exhaust gases. Page 5O# \ 5, Exhaust gases enter a CD nozzle at a —_ Aub@rbe (subsonic or supersonic) speed. Page 504 flaps to control the gases as they leave the afterburner Page 504 6. Ina CD nozzle that uses two sets of overlapping duct, the flaps are actuated hyctraulically and they are controlled by the _ ACD inlet duct and a CD exhaust nozzle ser vod fansak (the same or a different) functions. | Page 504 nn decreases the total amount of sound the a turbojet engine exhaust syster (true or filse). Page 505 (uu ). Page 8. A noise suppressor used on engine produces. This statement is 7 9, The amount of noise a turbojet engine produces is related to we_tabeclt of the exhaust gases. Page 505 10. Low-frequency sound waves travel a _-gasalen (greater or shorter) distance through the air than high-frequency waves. Page 505 bofan engine produces less noise than & turbojet engine are: 11. Two. sons a tus seston tue Sasa: b TViskertlie, Ae dnat* * Page 505 _ “avian Manyreance TECINSCIS senms POWERPLANT 51012, 13, 14. 1s. 17. A thrust reyerser installed on a turbojet or turbofan engine produces a forward thrust that is between and percent of the engines rated forward thrust. Page 505 Two ypes of thrust reverses are these that use Lowell dors and _ovrendle.. vanes. Page 505 ‘Thrust reversers are most effective on the ground when the speed i Page 507 An afterburner is used ona supersoyic commercial transport to decrease the time needed for the aircraft to reach its cruising altctarele (airspeed or altitude). Page 507 When the afterburner is being used, the area ofthe exhaust nozzle is__wncrtennod Gncreased_| or decreased). Page 508 _— (low or high). ‘The engine in a Harrier aircraft produces a component of vertical thrust by veetoring the (engine or exhaust). Page 508 :Rca SoeaUlste see ei torent uaene Answers are on Page 540. Page numbers refer to chapter text. 1, A turbine engine is Las (more orJess) tolerant of improper starting procedures than a reciprocating engine. Page 515 n ‘The hazard area is considered to extend __1© © feet behind an idling turbojet engine and 2.0.0 ____ feet behind one that is developing takeoff power. Page 515 3. Ibis dangerous to be closer than_ 2. S feet to the inlet ducts of any operating turbojet or turbofan engine, Page 515 4. When a turbine engine is being started, the ignition sparks occur before (before or after) the fuel is sprayed into the combustion chambers. Page 517 5. A proper light-up is indicated by a rapid rise in GUT _. page 517 6. Three instruments that should be monitored when starting a turbine engine are: b. - «. Page 517 7. A hot start ig normally caused by a fuel-air mixture that is too y2i@A-y (rich or lean). Page 518 8. A hung, or false, start is usually caused by a malfunction of the Vedeeinhon, fo (fuel control or starter). Page 518 eas 9. Two methods of determining when a turbine engin a. b. Page Sh should be given a routine inspection are: 10, A sequence of events that consists of an engine start, takeoff, landing, and shutdown is called a/an Page 518 11. Engines operated on an approved on-condition maintenance schedule __QST2 + net (are or are not) required to be overhauled when a specific number of operational cycles have been reached. Page 518| 12, Trend monitoring compares the current operating conditions of an engine with standard base line condi- | tions that were recorded by the coaine Mowasfatae or Quer bev «when the engine ey \was run inthe test cell. Page 519 | 13. Inspection of the inside of a turbine engine installed on the aircraft is possible by using a/an a | -_ . Page 520 | eg 14. Inspection of the inside of a turbine engine is done through pts provided by the | = engine manufacturer. Page 520 15, Before the ignition system is checked on a preflight inspection, the engine must be motored with the starter to move air through the engine and completely purge it of any vga Wager Page 522 16. Three components of the cold section of @ turbofan engine ate: I 18. Two types of field cleaning of a turbine engine compressor are: i | 19. Two ypps of liquid washing of a turbine engine compressor are b. _piufovienacass = Aenonire) + Plige 323 = od 20, The most frequently used method of field cleaning a compressor isto wash it win Dorin eral oll ext = = water and a cleaning fluid. Page 523 I Fhe equi es Fa Perforce seca correo? wasting ur opm st SAGE (idle or takeoff) RPM. Page 5 ee Continued | S S&S ‘Turbine Engines Oreksrion & Mannixawce Chapter 15 55 gwLTR ee mee IGINE OPERATION’ MAI i INTENANCE: 22. The amount of repair that can be mad a Page 523 le to a compressor blade is detailed in the__& & 23. When the ed 1 edges of a fan or compress mee ipressor blade are repaired by 2, the da is file, and the le marks re renee sepa by blending, the damaged ae removed with a 7 re Tet a age 523 wy not i “A (is or is not) recommended that bent compressor blades be straightened. Page 523 25. Fi e Five components in the hot section of a turbine engine are: 26. A hot section inspection is normally required after a hot start or if, for any reason, the EGT tas exceeded a specified limit, Page 524 27. A hot section inspection normally requires that the engine be removed fromm the aireraft. This statement is (true or false). Page 524 28, A localized hot spot in a combustion chamber can be caused by a partially clogged J __.. Page 52: 9, Stress-rupture cracks normally appear f2peccchiculatcerpenicnr or parallel) tothe leading and trailing edges of the turbine blades. Page’ 525 or trailing edges of a turbine blade is normally an indication of 30. Waviness of the leading . Page 525 31. Two critical ee to be made of @ cspipe wheel on ‘a hot section inspection are: 7 fw z pS laut pore. i GAL WIC (are or are nt normaly considered accurate salted inthe aircraft Fara hot seation inspection. Page 524 32. Instrument ‘ough for a preinspection en reosancs Tecievcnsesens PONENT ‘AviaTion M: 53633. Theaformption gained in a postinspection run-up after a hot section inspection is used as a baseline For "band erring Page 525 34. A lead pencil __an SAC __ Gsoris not) an acceptable marker to use on hot section compo- nents. Page 525 35. When removing damage to the leading or tailing edge of a compressor blade. the file should be moved (parallel to or across) the length of the blade. Page 523 36. When the segment of a midspan shroud of a turbofan blade overlaps the segment on the adjacent blade, the n blade is sald to be Drngled « Page 527 37. Fan blade shingling is normally caused by a_SAadnagetel or by wan hind Midee_ condition, Pages 526, 527 | 8. an engine that has had an overtempertuce operation should be given ht Auciion tion, Page 527 i | 30, For the maximum strength ig be provided by a threaded fastener, the load applied when the fastener is torqued must be (greater or fess) than the maximum load applied to the joint, Page 5 40, Torque wrenches used in aviation maintenance must be calibrated using masters that have their accuracy traced to the NAS Page 528 “41. Unless otherwise stated, the torque specified in torque tables is for clean and Aus (ary o lubricated) threads. Page 528 442, When a torque wrench with length of 15 inches is used ith an eater that increases the arm length by eects a torque of 200 inch-pounds wil be produced athe adaptet when the torque wrench indicates + ineh-pounds, Page 528 que wrench wit length of 15 inches bused with an adapter that shortens the arm length by storgue of 200 inch-pounds wil be produce atthe adaper when the torque wrench indicates -pounds. Page 52 _2g0 inch-pounds. Page 529 .__ Gonine | ‘Turbine Engines Orexanion & Manersxanece Chapter 18 537 = —_ = | = = = a = = ee = & = & & s s =44. A JetCal Analyzer/Trimmer has three accurate master instruments. These are: a ode Kany bv. Erp c. EGQT Page 531 45, When a turbine engine is trimmed, the ambient air temperature should be measured adjacent to the Oda. wrt Page 531 46. The ambient air temperature and barometric pressure must be corrected to _-<8CO~ Qo nol conditions, in order to compare the instrument indications with the data furnished by the engine manufac- turer. Page 531 47. When a turbine engine is trimmed, the aircraft should be headed awke (into or across) the wind, Page 531 48, The four basic rules for systematic troubleshooting are: 4. | Page 533Answers nswers are on Page 380. Page numbers refer to chapter text. 1. Four pows i i owerplant instruments required for an air-cooled, supercharged reciprocating engine are: ae : Pea : ‘ 7 instrument whose indication is given by a pointer moving across a graduated circular dial is called aan = indicator. Page 543 _ Three types of data important for monitoring the operation and performance of an aireraft powerplant are: a b. Page 544 of pressure commonly measured in powerplant instrumentation are: | 4, Three type: b. — Fags paetepee Page S44 nced from a vacuum is —abelite _ pressure. Page S44 . Pressure referer Jy used with a reciprocating engine is the sure measuring instrument most widel i | | | 6. The absolute pres | L ‘gage. Page 544 7. Pressure referenced from the existing atmospheric pressure is yoo pressure. Page 545 ould have if it were stopped without any Tosses #8 called §. The presspre amoving fluid w ¢ pressure. Page 545 . 9. The pressure that results from the motion ofa fluid is called Bi yronnaie— pressure, Page 545 otion is called _ Makie pressure. Page 545 10. The pressure of a fluid not in m A ed — ee lla ee a “Avaxrtan Maneriancs TEEHMIEH genie POWERPLANT 562€ 11. The type of instrument mechanism norinally used to measure gage pressure is a/an (Goundestaie Page 546 | 12, An oil pressure gage is connected to the engine through cae abe fining | | Page 546 | ¢ | . : la 13, The Tine between the engine andthe oi pressure gage is filled with afan Aightosighk oll | Page 546 l¢ 14, When oil temperature is measured with a pressure gage. the Bourdon tube, capillary tube, and temperature | | sensing bulb are all filled with afan_ fo. liquid and sealed as a unit. Page 546 | -¢ | | | 15. A fuel pressure warming light is MQ7ZA__t more or less) sensitive than a fuel pressure gage. | € Page 547 | 16. The fae! owmeter used with fsl-njeted horizontally oppose engine fs fan puns, __ | gaye. Page 547 | 17. The fuel flowmeter ysep! 18, The two instruments used iogether lo show the power « reciprocating engine is producing are the: b. Ananipetd prix 74 Page 549 | 19, When the engine is not ruaning, the manifold pressure gage indicates the existing Aenonotic € tally opposed engine measures s a turbocharged fuel-inject tial) pressure, Page 54 or diffe m | | | | | pressure, Page 549 i | 20.__¢D is oris not possible for a supercharged reciprocating engine to have a mani- é |” foid pressure higher than the existing atmospheric pressure, Page 549 21. The amount of thrust procuced by a gas turbine engine is determined by the change in the ‘ Cavs of air flowing through the engine, Page 550 | _. Page 550 Continued | 22, The thrust pone by an axial-flow turbine engine is found by measuring the Powerplant Auxiliary Systems Isstinuesr Svsrems Chapter 16 563RNS CPAs eeaaaneskolane ania 23. EPR is the ratio of what two pressures? a PAQrdtart ot tule t b. a en eros o Page 550 ° 24. Two types of electrically operated temperature measuring instruments are: a bt Page 550 25. The sensitive element in the temperature bulb used with a xatiometer indica f thie s Mars wire. Page 550 26. The two junctions in a thermocouple are the: tor is made of a. b, a Page 35. emmperature, because the voltage difference between the two | 27. A thermocouple is useful for measuzin Jjunetions is proportional to the Whip ifs enween the two junctions. Page 551 nsated for temperature changes by 28, The reference junction in an aireratt thermocouply in ment is comper ng the indicator needle on wan ige 551 mountin 29. Two combinations of metals used for hermocoupl a. Appa __ and b. nga __and Page 552 es to measure cylinder head temperature are: for measuring exhaust gas temperature in both reciprocating and turbine 40, The metals used jn thermocouples oi wd luna. Page 552 engines are <0 Yn bstH temperature. Page 553 31. ‘The most eritical temperature in 2 turbine engine is the © AD _ (is or ig not) measured turbine inlet temperature o 32. On most turbine engines. thet directly. Page 553 turbine inlet temperature is ne engine that relates 10 the ee ina turbil ly measured i re, Page 553 temperatur 33, The temperature most gener the _. PowntrLaNt _xvraricns MAmNTENANCE TECIBNGANS ‘Senues 6434. When several thermocouples are used to average perature of the gases leaving the tail cone of turbine engine, they are connected in ~_ (series or parallel). Page 553 35. The dials of reciprocating engine tachometers are graduated in RPM times__ OO. Page 553 36. The dials of tachometers used for turbine engines are graduated in Cee RPM. Page 553 37. The tachometer for a reciprocating engine turns at_QV\Z + (what fraction) of the crankshi speed. Page 554 38. Magnetic drag tachomgers used in mogt small general aviation aircraft must be matched to the cruise of the engine so the ead will be accurate. Page 554 39. The gecuracy of a tachometer installed in an aireraft can be checked with wan AAA Migrate tachometer. Page 554 40. Three-phase AC tachometers use the afm. (voltage or frequency) of the AC produced. the tachometer generator to indicate the RPM of the engin€ Page 555 41. An instrument that shows the difference in RPM between two engines installed on a multiengine airplane called alan __beervtlwudecrope. Page 556 42. A vane-type flowmeter measures the Uber (mass or yolume) of fuel flowing to the engine, Page 556 _ of the rated | 43. Flowmeters used on turbine engines measure the NWS (mass or volume) of the a flowing to the engine. Page 557Answers are on Page 580. Page numbers refer to chapter text. (is or is not) authorized ‘truments and their systems. Page 566 48. An aviation maintenance technician with a powerplant rating to perform the required 100-hour inspections on powerplant | a, Any repair or calibration to an instrument must be done by the instrument manufacturer or by a/an | -certificated repair station approved for the particular repair to that instrument Page 566 | 50. The maximum limit for a high-temperature t powerplant instrument dial with a/an nsient, such as could o: Page 566 51. The proper range markings required for a powerplant instrument may he found in the | jee AatTor the aircraft in which the instrument is installed. Page 566 | 52. Ifa instrument has range marks on the alas, there must be a ride (what color) slip | mark painted between the glass and the instrument case bezel. Page 566 tain instruments that contain magnets are prevented from interfering with nearby instruments or elec ipment by installing them in cases made of or_ Atgall : Page 568 | | sting, is marked ona | | | | | 4. When «t thermocouple is not attached to a cylinder head temperature indicator, a piece of | \Cinpubod eel wire should be wrapped around the terminals of the instrament. Page 563 |STUDY QUESTIONS: Answers are on Page 5 ELECTRONIC IN: Page numbers refer to chapter text. 55. When the BITE detects a malfunction, it traces it to the nearest__ & O Page 570 Rk Page 56. Dedicated microcomputers used in ai i m aireraft engine co : digital) computers, Page 571 ee Goals. 57. The three, basic components in a digital compoter are: b. cA i) Page S71 58. Two types gf memory in a digital computer are: a 3a Page S71 59. RAM ploy (does or does not) allow data to be written into the memory as well as read from it. Page 571 | 60. RAM is normally Melati, (volatile or nonvolatile). Page 571 61. Three engine primary parameters displayed on the upper display of an EICAS are: a. x cy dpe Page 576 62, Three types of information displayed on the lower BICAS display are: the upper ICAS panel are colored. An advisory 3 63. Alert hat appear on the upper BICAS P: colored. An advisory message is Alert mepsages that appear 0° ps ‘AS pat pelle Cpe "a caution message is ae Tu "Page 575 2 sie TE