Reforming Isomerization Alkylation Cracking Hydrotreating

Purpose Convert low -upgrade the Light and -converts -remove sulfur
octane octane gaseous heavy, high and nitrogen
(specifically number of hydrocarbons boiling impurities
naphtha) into light naphtha (oleffins and petroleum -prepare feed
high-octane fractions isoparaffins) feedstock into for the next
-butane are combined lighter unit like
isomerization to produce products naphtha for
to produce high-octane (naphtha, platforming
feed for component of kerosene, unit 
alkylation. gasoline diesel, etc.) or
- reduces high-quality
benzene lubricating
content by oils. 
saturation of
the benzene
fraction.
Meaning - Produce -small- -  it adds -Plays -The sulfur in
intermediate volume but high octane hy a key the oil is
products for crucial drocarbons to role in converted
following refinery motor and petrol to hydrogen
process. process aviation eum sulfide and the
- Increase the - rearrange gasoline.  refiner nitrogen
octane number the carbon - High octane y and to ammonia.
of gasoline or structure hydrocarbons provid -The ammonia
petrol without are needed to es is recovered
adding or help prevent high- and either
removing autoignition of quality converted to
anything gasoline transp elemental
from the (knocking) in ortatio nitrogen and
original an engine and n fuels hydrogen,
material to meet by burned in the
recommended upgra refinery fuel-
engine octane ding gas system, or
ratings. low- processed into
quality agricultural
feed- fertilizers.
stocks.
-
Hydro-
cracki
ng is
the
backb
one of
petrol
eum
refiner
 y,
becau
se no
refiner
y can
surviv
e
witho
ut a
hydroc
rackin
g unit
due to
stringe
nt
enviro
nment
al
regula
tions.

Materials Naphtha -low-octane -oleffins and -vacuum gas -coker

C5-C6 from parafins oil naphtha,
natural -thermal gas diesel fuel
gasoline and oil -Kerosene
light naphtha -heavy and -Gas oils
light coker gas -Atmospheric
oil resids or
reduced
crudes

Products -Feed for -branched- -alkylate, a -jet fuel -ultra-low-

aromatics chain valuable -kerosene sulfur, ultra-
complex hydrocarbon gasoline -low-sulfur low-nitrogen
blending
- High-octane with same fuel oil diesel fuel
component
gasoline carbon -  isooctane, a -lube oil -feed for
blending number but primary catalytic
product higher component in reforming
- Hydrogen ( octane the blending -jet fuel
H2 ¿ number of aviation
gasoline.
Catalyst Pt on the Pt, -acid (HF, -Amorphous -nickel,
surface of chlorinated H 2 S O4 , .. ¿ oxides (silica- palladium,
Al2 O 3 alumina, alumina) platinum,
Some other -Mixture of cobalt, and
metals as crystalline iron, Tungsten
promoter or zeolite and
modifiers and amorphous
 chlorine oxide
o
Operating T ranges ¿ -Low -Low -temperature: -Temperatures
condition o o
500 C −540 C temperature temperature 300~450 C of about
-Low pressure -Pressure - 325o C
around 14-20 -Low pressure pressu -pressures of
atm re: about 50
60~20 atmospheres.
0 bar